TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page i Understanding WAP Wireless Applications, Devices, and Services Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page ii For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Library , turn to the back of this book. Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page iii Understanding WAP Wireless Applications, Devices, and Services Marcel van der Heijden Marcus Taylor Editors Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page iv Disclaimer: This netLibrary eBook does not incude the ancillary media that was packaged with the originally printed version of the book. Library of Congress Cataloging -in-Publication Data Understanding WAP: wireless applications, devices, and services / Marcel van der Heijden, Marcus Taylor, editors. p. cm. — (Artech House mobile communications library) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-093-1 (alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems. I. Heijden, Marcel van der. II. Taylor, Marcus. III. Artech House telecommunications library. TK5103.2.U53 2000 621.3845— dc21 00-030611 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Understanding WAP: wireless applications, devices, and services. — (Artech House mobile communications library) 1. Wireless communication systems 2. Computer network protocols I. Heijden, Marcel van der II. Taylor, Marcus 621.3'845 ISBN 1-58053-093-1 Cover and text design by Darrell Judd © 2000 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-093-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00-030611 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page v Contents Preface xiii 1 Introducing the Wireless Application Protocol 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 How it all started 2 1.2.1 Why was this done together? 2 1.2.2 A worldwide solution 3 1.2.3 The WAP Forum Ltd. 3 1.2.4 The first commercial version of WAP 3 1.3 A brief description of what it is all about 4 1.3.1 Optimized for wireless communications 4 1.3.2 Deck of cards 4 1.3.3 The WAP stack 4 1.4 Applications using WAP 7 1.4.1 Information retrieval on the Internet 7 1.4.2 The serviceperson application 8 1.4.3 Notification applications 8 1.4.4 Mobile electronic commerce 8 1.4.5 Telephony applications 8 1.5 Benefits and market opportunities 9 1.5.1 Operator benefits 9 1.5.2 Content provider benefits 10 1.5.3 End user benefits 10 1.6 Challenges to the network operator 10 1.6.1 Creating a service package 11 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page vi 1.7 What is next? 12 1.7.1 Interoperability 12 1.7.2 Products, of course! 12 1.7.3 Liaisons with other organizations 12 1.8 Conclusions 13 2 The Wireless Application Environment for Creating WAP Services and Applications 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 The wireless markup language 17 2.2.1 Decks of cards 19 2.2.2 User input 20 2.2.3 Task invocation 21 2.2.4 Events 22 2.2.5 Variables and context 23 2.2.6 Other features of WML 24 2.3 Wireless markup language script 25 2.3.1 WMLScript variables and datatypes 26 2.3.2 WMLScript functions 27 2.3.3 Differences between ECMAScript and WMLScript 27 2.3.4 WMLScript statements 27 2.3.5 Wireless markup language script standard libraries 29 2.4 Byte-encoded WML and compiled WMLScript 29 2.4.1 Encoding of WML 30 2.4.2 Compilation of WMLScript 30 2.5 Overview of the wireless telephony application interface 30 2.5.1 WTAI libraries 32 2.6 Migrating from WWW to WAP 33 2.6.1 WML and HTML 33 2.6.2 WMLScript and JavaScript 34 2.6.3 Using CGI and WAP gateways 34 2.7 Markup languages and XML 35 2.8 User agent capabilities and content negotiation 36 2.9 Miscellaneous elements of WAP of interest to developers 37 2.9.1 Push 37 2.9.2 Wireless session protocol and HTTP headers 37 2.9.3 Binary encoding of wireless session protocol headers 38 2.9.4 Cache control using wireless session protocol headers 38 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page vii 2.10 Available software tools 39 2.11 WML language reference 39 3 Designing Effective User Interfaces for WAP Services 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 The user interface design process 48 3.2.1 Holistic process 48 3.2.2 Customer satisfaction 49 3.2.3 Designing for tasks 50 3.3 Design principles 52 3.3.1 Economy 52 3.3.2 Modularity 52 3.3.3 Personality 52 3.3.4 Synthesis 53 3.4 Input techniques 53 3.4.1 Avoid text entry 54 3.4.2 Defaults 55 3.4.3 Lists 55 3.5 Navigation models 56 3.5.1 Form-based navigation 56 3.5.2 Question-and-answer navigation 57 3.5.3 Put the user in control 58 3.6 Testing the user interface 59 3.6.1 Different devices 60 3.7 Future developments 61 3.7.1 First-class WAP services 61 3.7.2 Adaptive user interfaces 61 3.8 Conclusions 62 4 Wireless Telephony Application: Telephony in WAP 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 WTA architecture overview 67 4.3 The WTA framework components 68 4.3.1 The WTA user agent 68 4.3.2 The WTA interface 70 4.3.3 The repository 71 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page viii 4.3.4 An event-handling mechanism 72 4.4 The WTA server 72 4.5 WTA services and WTA service providers 73 4.6 WTA security model and access control 73 4.7 WTAI— interfacing WAP with the mobile network 74 4.7.1 The WTA interface design 74 4.7.2 Public WTAI 76 4.7.3 Network-common WTAI 77 4.7.4 Network-specific WTAI 78 4.7.5 Calling WTAI functions 79 4.7.6 WTA events 79 4.8 Repository 80 4.8.1 A persistent storage for fast service access 80 4.8.2 Channels and resources 80 4.8.3 Channel loading and unloading 83 4.9 Event handling 84 4.9.1 Event bindings 84 4.9.2 Event-handling procedure 84 4.9.3 Event parameters 86 4.9.4 Example: temporary event binding 87 4.9.5 Example: global event binding 87 4.10 Building a WTA application 88 4.10.1 The incoming-call handler service 88 5 Integrating WAP Gateways in Wireless Networks 97 5.1 Overview 97 5.2 Positioning of WAP functionality in a mobile network 98 5.2.1 WAP gateway 98 5.2.2 WAP-enabled mobile devices 99 5.2.3 WAP origin server 99 5.2.4 Wireless telephony application server 100 5.2.5 Additional support offerings by WAP gateway manufacturers 100 5.3 Functional requirements of a WAP gateway 103 5.3.1 Standardized functionality specified by the WAP Forum 104 5.3.2 Functionality required in integrating the standardized WAP functionality to an actual mobile network implementation 106 5.3.3 Value-added services provided by manufacturers 109 5.4 WAP gateway future enhancements 113 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page ix 5.4.1 Push applications 114 5.4.2 Security 114 5.4.3 Provisioning server 114 5.4.4 New generation mobile networks 114 5.4.5 Interim proprietary solutions 115 5.5 The WAP gateway— product differentiation factors 115 6 Introduction to WAP Push Services 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Definition of WAP push 118 6.3 What do we have today? 118 6.3.1 Push on the Web 119 6.3.2 Push in the wireless domain 120 6.3.3 Can the solutions converge? 120 6.4 The WAP push framework 121 6.4.1 Gateways, proxies, and servers 121 6.4.2 Push initiators 123 6.4.3 Push access protocol 124 6.4.4 The push proxy gateway 126 6.4.5 Push OTA protocol 130 6.4.6 Mobile client behavior 131 6.4.7 Service indication 132 6.4.8 Service loading 134 6.5 Security aspects 135 6.5.1 Internet security 135 6.5.2 WAP security 135 6.5.3 End-to-end security 136 6.5.4 Transitive trust 136 6.6 Making it happen 137 6.6.1 Understanding customer value 138 6.6.2 Understanding the value chain 138 6.6.3 Making the money 139 6.6.4 Some examples of push services 140 7 Wireless Application Protocol Security 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.1.1 Case 1 144 7.1.2 Case 2 144 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com [...]... world as the Internet and mobile communications have done before Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page xiv Understanding WAP: Wireless Applications, Devices, and Services is a comprehensive description of many aspects of WAP It will explain some technicalities of WAP and the system elements involved for a full understanding of the potential of WAP, though it is... expand unified messaging services 9.5.1 The WAP portal 185 187 187 188 189 190 191 191 Team-Fly® Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page xi 9.6 Wireless application protocol access to unified messaging services 9.6.1 Accessing voice and fax messages 9.6.2 Accessing e-mail messages 9.6.3 Directory services 9.6.4 Notification services 9.6.5 Service provisioning and. .. in WAP include (among others) business cards (vCard) [1], calendar events (vCalendar) [2], and so on Thus, existing standards and technologies are leveraged and can be easily migrated into WAP applications and services 1.3.3.5 A layered telecommunication stack 1.3.3.6 The WAP gateway AM FL Y Includes transport, security (see Chapter 7), and session layers In order to reach the Internet world, the WAP- enabled... develop their wireless applications and services is the wireless application environment (WAE, see [2]) The WAE consists of three main parts: l l l The wireless markup language (WML); The wireless markup language script (WMLScript); The wireless telephony application interface (WTAI) AM FL Y The WAP architecture [1] was designed with a few objectives in mind: first, the limitations of the wireless communication... It will also describe the impact of WAP on wireless operators and service providers This book is aimed at engineers and technical managers as an introduction to WAP and at business managers as a way to gain an understanding of the technical background of WAP Finally, the editors wish to express their gratitude to all who have contributed to the creation of this book and who have made working on this... applications supporting WAP further strengthens WAP as a future profitable solution In 1999, several companies launched WAP products for WAP- enabled handsets (e.g., WAP browser software) and servers (e.g., WAP gateways) as well as WAP applications (e.g., WAP mobile banking applications) At present it is clear that the market started to move at the end of 1999, and we have seen a full takeoff in 2000 1.7.3... Laurent, S., and E Cerami, Building XML Applications, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page 15 CHAPTER 2 Contents 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The wireless markup language 2.3 Wireless markup language script 2.4 Byteencoded WML and compiled WMLScript 2.5 Overview of the wireless telephony application interface 2.6 Migrating from WWW to WAP 2.7... operators and banks (see Chapter 10), newspapers, the transportation industry, corporate IT departments, and many, many more understand that the combination of the Internet and the wireless world will have far-reaching implications for them The result of this synergy is WAP WAP encompasses the specifications of a whole range of protocols and systems (see [1] and Chapter 1 for an overview) The part of WAP. .. (e.g., GSM, D-AMPS, CDMA, and PDC) and even on nonvoice systems, such as Mobitex and paging systems 1.2.3 The WAP Forum Ltd In December 1997, the four parties formed a company, WAP Forum Ltd., to control and manage the continued development of WAP The first draft of the WAP 1.0 specifications was released in April 1998, and consequently the door for new members to enter the WAP Forum was opened In June... differentiate their services In many respects, WAP will be a tool for operators to improve their services and thus reduce churn Chapter 8 describes in detail the issues that arise around the deployment of WAP by operators Figure 1.4 Typical example of a text-based WAP- enabled phone where WAP is used to create an interface to the phone's functionality Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com . Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page i Understanding WAP Wireless Applications, Devices, and Services Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page. Internet and mobile communications have done before. Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Page xiv Understanding WAP: Wireless Applications, Devices, and Services. Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Understanding WAP: wireless applications, devices, and services. — (Artech House mobile communications library) 1. Wireless communication systems 2. Computer