AROADMAPOF BIOMEDICALENGINEERS ANDMILESTONES EditedbySadıkKara A Roadmap of Biomedical Engineers and Milestones Edited by Sadık Kara Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Molly Kaliman Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published June, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com A Roadmap of Biomedical Engineers and Milestones, Edited by Sadık Kara p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0609-8 Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Rehabilitation Technologies: Biomechatronics Point of View 1 Erhan Akdoğan and M. Hakan Demir Chapter 2 Biomedical Instrument Application: Medical Waste Treatment Technologies 37 Muhammed Gulyurt Chapter 3 Biomaterials 67 A. Binnaz Hazar Yoruç and B. Cem Şener Chapter 4 Biosensors and Their Principles 115 Ahmet Koyun, Esma Ahlatcıoğlu and Yeliz Koca İpek Chapter 5 Biomedical Optics and Lasers 143 B. Cem Sener Chapter 6 Medical Technology Management and Patient Safety 183 Mana Sezdi Chapter 7 Therapeutic Lasers and Skin Welding Applications 209 Haşim Özgür Tabakoğlu and Ayşen Gürkan Özer Preface In these days, it is impossible to think an area of knowledge that can keep on developingwithoutthemakeacollaborationininterdisiplinaryfields. Biomedcal Engineering is an interdisiplinary field that advances knowledge in engineering, biology and medicine, and enhances people health through cross‐ disciplinary actions that merge the all of the engineering disiplines with the biomedicalbranchandclinicalpractice. Most of Biomedical engineers have been training in physiology, and medicine, in additiontoinengineering.Todaythousandsofmedicalinstrumentshavetakenpartin thehospitalsandlittlecare centers. Thesemodern devicesfacilitatethediagnosisand treatment ofdiseasesofthepatient’scondition. In nineteenth century a lot of important developments occur in biomedical engineering. Researches in the biomedical Engineering have very significantshare in the development of the medicine. Increasing of the human beings life span by the improvements provided inthis area is the biggest profit in the20th century.In some countrybeforethe17thcentury,whileaverageofthelifespanofhumanbeingsisnot exceed,todayinthealotofcountrypeoplehopefor80or90yearslife.Biggestfactor for increasing of the human beings life span is struggling towards the contagion. In 1665, for example, in London, 93% patient suffer from contagion is pass away. Nowadays this proportion is regressed to 4%. Appearing of the antibiotic such as Penicillin, Erythromycin was prevented to disperse the contagion. After the technologicalimprovementimplementedbythebiomedicalengineers,veryexpensive medicines were manufactured in case of mass production very cheaply. But at the present time, cancer act a part deathly. Industrialization changed environment we lived. In 1600 years cancer was defined, today cancer can be diagnosed with sophisticated visualization devices and determined phase of illness and pursued disease process. Nowadays in developed country cardiovascular diseases one of the common reason of death. Some factors like obesity, inactivity, stres are carrying the people to the fatal disorder like infarct.These illnesses are diagnosed using ECG, ultrasonic Doppler devices etc and treatmentand operated on using some sophisticated devices like angiography, heart‐Lung machine. With each year, reserachers in the biomedical engineering field make new progresses in the medical technology. VIII Preface This book presents some theoretical issues and a variety of Biomedical Engineering applications.Inconclusion,themainobjectiveofthisbookwastopresentabeginning application studies as well as theoretical contributions in the field of Biomedical Engineering. As the editor, I would like to thank the whole of the authors of this book, reviewers and the editorial staff of Intech Open Access Publisher this ambitious objective has been successfully accomplished. Without thier cotisations, it would be impossible to haveaqualitybookandhelpinthedevelopmentofthisissue. SadıkKara FatihUniversity Istanbul, Turkey [...]... rehabilitation systems The system supplies six-DOF resistive forces in response to virtual reaility-based exercises running on a host PC The used Stewart platform has double acting pneumatic cylinders, linear potentiometers as position sensors and six-DOF force sensor (Girone et al., 2001) 4.3 Sensors in rehabilitation We can examine sensors in two classes: mechanical and biological sensor 4.3.1 Mechanical... application area of force sensors in rehabilitation Position sensors: A position sensor is a device which allows position measurement Position sensors can be either linear or angular It is also known as potentiometer, rotary encoder or displacements sensor Generally, it is used in mechanical systems for position feedback Goniometers: Goniometers are used to measure joint angle in rehabilitation First... sensors: The electroencephalogram (EEG) is electrical activity of the brain EEG recordings are obtained by placing electrodes of high conductivity in different locations of the head Measures of the electric potentials are recorded between a pairs of active electrodes (bipolar recordings) or with respect to a supposed passive electrode called reference (monopolar recordings) as in EMG (Quiroga, 1998) Evaluating