ADVANCESINKNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION EditedbyCarlosRamírezGutiérrez Advances in Knowledge Representation Edited by Carlos Ramírez Gutiérrez Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romana Vukelic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published May, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Advances in Knowledge Representation, Edited by Carlos Ramírez Gutiérrez p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0597-8 Contents Preface IX Section 1 On Foundations 1 Chapter 1 That IS-IN Isn’t IS-A: A Further Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Conceptual Modelling 3 Jari Palomäki and Hannu Kangassalo Chapter 2 K-Relations and Beyond 19 Melita Hajdinjak and Andrej Bauer Section 2 Representations 41 Chapter 3 A General Knowledge Representation Model of Concepts 43 Carlos Ramirez and Benjamin Valdes Chapter 4 A Pipe Route System Design Methodology for the Representation of Imaginal Thinking 77 Yuehong Yin, Chen Zhou and Hao Chen Chapter 5 Transforming Natural Language into Controlled Language for Requirements Elicitation: A Knowledge Representation Approach 117 Carlos Mario Zapata J and Bell Manrique Losada Section 3 Usage of Representations 135 Chapter 6 Intelligent Information Access Based on Logical Semantic Binding Method 137 Rabiah A. Kadir, T.M.T. Sembok and Halimah B. Zaman Chapter 7 Knowledge Representation in a Proof Checker for Logic Programs 161 Emmanouil Marakakis, Haridimos Kondylakis and Nikos Papadakis VI Contents Chapter 8 Knowledge in Imperfect Data 181 Andrzej Kochanski, Marcin Perzyk and Marta Klebczyk Chapter 9 A Knowledge Representation Formalism for Semantic Business Process Management 211 Ermelinda Oro and Massimo Ruffolo Chapter 10 Automatic Concept Extraction in Semantic Summarization Process 233 Antonella Carbonaro Chapter 11 Knowledge-Based Approach for Military Mission Planning and Simulation 251 Ryszard Antkiewicz, Mariusz Chmielewski, Tomasz Drozdowski, Andrzej Najgebauer, Jarosław Rulka, Zbigniew Tarapata, Roman Wantoch-Rekowski and Dariusz Pierzchała Preface What is knowledge? How can the knowledge be explicitly represented? Many scientists from different fields of study have tried to answer those questions through history, though seldom agreed about the answers. Many representations have been presented by researchers working on a variety of fields, such as computer science, mathematics, cognitive computing, cognitive science, psychology, linguistic, and philosophy of mind. Some of those representations are computationally tractable, somearenot;thisbookisconcernedonlywiththefirstkind. Although nowadays there is some degree of success on the called “knowledge‐based systems” and in certain technologies using knowledge representations, no single knowledgerepresentationshasbeenfoundcompleteenoughtorepresentsatisfactorily alltherequirementsposedbycommoncognitiveprocesses,abletobemanipulatedby generalpurposealgorithms,nortosatisfyallsortsofapplicationsindifferentdomains and conditions—and may not be the case that such ‘universal’ computational representationexists‐‐, itis natural tolookfordifferenttheories,modelsandideasto explainitandhowtoinstrumentacertainmodelorrepresentation.Thecompilationof works presented here advances topics such as concept theory, positive relational algebra and k‐relations, structured, visual and ontological models of knowledge representation, as well as applications to various domains, such as semantic representation and extraction, intelligent information retrieval, program proof checking,complexplanning,anddatapreparationforknowledgemodelling. The state of the art research presented in the book on diverse facets of knowledge representation and applications is expected to contribute and encourage further advancement of the field. The book is addressed to advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, to researchers concerned with the knowledge representation field, and also to computer oriented practitioners of diverse fields where complex computerapplicationsbasedonknowledgearerequired. The book is organised in three sections, starting with two chapters related to foundationsofknowledgeandconcepts,sectionIIincludesthreechaptersondifferent views or models of how knowledge can be computationallyrepresented,andsection III presents six detailed applications of knowledge on different domains, with useful ideas on how to implement a representation in an efficient and practical way. Thus, X Preface thechaptersinthisbookcoveraspectrumofinsightsintothefoundationsofconcepts and relationships, models for the representation of knowledge, development and applicationofallofthem.Byorganisingthebookinthosethreesections,Ihavesimply triedtobringtogethersimilarthings,inanaturalway, thatmaybemoreusefultothe reader. Dr.CarlosRamírez TecdeMonterrey Querétaro, México . Section 2 Representations 41 Chapter 3 A General Knowledge Representation Model of Concepts 43 Carlos Ramirez and Benjamin Valdes Chapter 4 A Pipe Route System Design Methodology for the Representation. ADVANCESINKNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION EditedbyCarlosRamírezGutiérrez Advances in Knowledge Representation Edited by Carlos Ramírez Gutiérrez. Language for Requirements Elicitation: A Knowledge Representation Approach 117 Carlos Mario Zapata J and Bell Manrique Losada Section 3 Usage of Representations 135 Chapter 6 Intelligent Information