ADVANCES IN SOUND LOCALIZATION Edited by Paweł Strumiłło Advances in Sound Localization Edited by Paweł Strumiłło Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Sound Localization, Edited by Paweł Strumiłło p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-224-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Part 2 Chapter 7 Preface XI Signal Processing Techniques for Sound Localization 1 The Linear Method for Acoustical Source Localization (Constant Speed Localization Method) - A Discussion of Receptor Geometries and Time Delay Accuracy for Robust Localization 3 Sergio R. Buenafuente and Carmelo M. Militello Direction-Selective Filters for Sound Localization 19 Dean Schmidlin Single-Channel Sound Source Localization Based on Discrimination of Acoustic Transfer Functions 39 Ryoichi Takashima, Tetsuya Takiguchi and Yasuo Ariki Localization Error: Accuracy and Precision of Auditory Localization 55 Tomasz Letowski and Szymon Letowski HRTF Sound Localization 79 Martin Rothbucher, David Kronmüller, Marko Durkovic, Tim Habigt and Klaus Diepold Effect of Space on Auditory Temporal Processing with a Single-Stimulus Method 95 Martin Roy, Tsuyoshi Kuroda and Simon Grondin Sound Localization Systems 105 Sound Source Localization Method Using Region Selection 107 Yong-Eun Kim, Dong-Hyun Su, Chang-Ha Jeon, Jae-Kyung Lee, Kyung-Ju Cho and Jin-Gyun Chung Contents Contents VI Robust Audio Localization for Mobile Robots in Industrial Environments 117 Manuel Manzanares, Yolanda Bolea and Antoni Grau Source Localization for Dual Speech Enhancement Technology 141 Seungil Kim, Hyejeong Jeon, and Lag-Young Kim Underwater Acoustic Source Localization and Sounds Classification in Distributed Measurement Networks 157 Octavian Adrian Postolache, José Miguel Pereira and Pedro Silva Girão Using Virtual Acoustic Space to Investigate Sound Localisation 179 Laura Hausmann and Hermann Wagner Sound Waves Generated Due to the Absorption of a Pulsed Electron Beam 199 A. Pushkarev, J. Isakova, G. Kholodnaya and R. Sazonov Auditory Interfaces for Enhancing Human Perceptive Abilities 223 Spatial Audio Applied to Research with the Blind 225 Brian FG Katz and Lorenzo Picinali Sonification of 3D Scenes in an Electronic Travel Aid for the Blind 251 Michal Bujacz, Michal Pec, Piotr Skulimowski, Pawel Strumillo and Andrzej Materka Virtual Moving Sound Source Localization through Headphones 269 Larisa Dunai, Guillermo Peris-Fajarnés, Teresa Magal-Royo, Beatriz Defez and Victor Santiago Praderas Unilateral Versus Bilateral Hearing Aid Fittings 283 Monique Boymans and Wouter A. Dreschler Auditory Guided Arm and Whole Body Movements in Young Infants 297 Audrey L.H. van der Meer and F.R. (Ruud) van der Weel Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Part 3 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Contents VII Spatial Sounds in Multimedia Systems and Teleconferencing 315 Camera Pointing with Coordinate-Free Localization and Tracking 317 Evan Ettinger and Yoav Freund Sound Image Localization on Flat Display Panels 343 Gabriel Pablo Nava, Yoshinari Shirai, Kaji Katsuhiko, Masafumi Matsuda, Keiji Hirata and Shigemi Aoyagi Backward Compatible Spatialized Teleconferencing based on Squeezed Recordings 363 Christian H. Ritz, Muawiyath Shujau, Xiguang Zheng, Bin Cheng, Eva Cheng and Ian S Burnett Applications in Biomedical and Diagnostic Studies 385 Neurophysiological Correlate of Binaural Auditory Filter Bandwidth and Localization Performance Studied by Auditory Evoked Fields 387 Yoshiharu Soeta and Seiji Nakagawa Processing of Binaural Information in Human Auditory Cortex 407 Blake W. Johnson The Impact of Stochastic and Deterministic Sounds on Visual, Tactile and Proprioceptive Modalities 431 J.E. Lugo, R. Doti and J. Faubert Discrete Damage Modelling for Computer Aided Acoustic Emissions in Health Monitoring 459 Antonio Rinaldi, Gualtiero Gusmano and Silvia Licoccia Sound Localization in Animal Studies 475 Comparative Analysis of Spatial Hearing of Terrestrial, Semiaquatic and Aquatic Mammals 477 Elena Babushina and Mikhail Polyakov Directional Hearing in Fishes 493 Richard R. Fay Frequency Dependent Specialization for Processing Binaural Auditory Cues in Avian Sound Localization Circuits 513 Rei Yamada and Harunori Ohmori Part 4 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Part 5 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Part 6 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Contents VIII Highly Defined Whale Group Tracking by Passive Acoustic Stochastic Matched Filter 527 Frédéric Bénard, Hervé Glotin and Pascale Giraudet Localising Cetacean Sounds for the Real-Time Mitigation and Long-Term Acoustic Monitoring of Noise 545 Michel André, Ludwig Houégnigan, Mike van der Schaar, Eric Delory, Serge Zaugg, Antonio M. Sánchez and Alex Mas Sound Localisation in Practice: An Application in Localisation of Sick Animals in Commercial Piggeries 575 Vasileios Exadaktylos, Mitchell Silva, Sara Ferrari, Marcella Guarino and Daniel Berckmans Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 [...]... purposes In Part III applications of SSL techniques are covered that are aimed at enhancing human perception abilities Applications include: aiding the blind in spatial orientation by means of auditory display systems and investigation on how bilateral hearing fittings improve spatial hearing The part is concluded by studies underlining the importance of auditory information for environmental awareness in infants... to vector sensors For example, Wong 20 Advances in Sound Localization and Zoltowski (1999), (2000) introduced Root-MUSIC-based and MUSIC-based source localization algorithms for vector sensors Theoretical and technological development of the vector sensor also revitalized interest in using spatial filtering (beamforming) to localize acoustic sound sources (D’Spain et al., 1992; Hawkes and Nehorai, 1998;... methods (e.g matched filtering) for localizing animal groups or an individual animal within a group While preparing this preface I have become strongly convinced that this book will offer a rich source of valuable material on up-to-date advances on sound source localization that should appeal to researches representing diverse engineering and scientific disciplines March 2011 Paweł Strumiłło, Ph.D., D.Sc... the system is linear or if the initial guess in the nonlinear system is always coincident with the right solution 2 The constant speed localization method, CSLM Fig 2 Straight front propagation In 2007 the authors (Militello & Buenafuente, 2007) presented a new way of interpreting the source localization problem, from now on CSLM (Constant Speed Localization Method) This allowed demonstrating that the... each one starts emitting in the inverse order they capture the sound from the source In this way, all the wave fronts emitted will intersect the source at the same time 6 Advances in Sound Localization Two receptors at a distance 2c from each other received the signal with a time delay t a For a sound speed v a spatial delay is defined as 2a = t a v Now the two receptors start emitting with a time delay... emitting with a time delay t a Both circles will intersect, and the successive intersections will describe a hyperbola The hyperbola is symmetric with respect to the line joining the receptors and one of the branches will contain the source But, if we join the successive intersection points with a straight line, as in Figure 2, a straight front can be identified In (Militello & Buenafuente, 2007) it was proved... origin is the time when the furthest receptor starts emitting Because the problem is linear in time and space, a time or a coordinate shift do not introduces changes in the solution nature Equations 6 and 8 are almost identical The difference is that r0 is replaced by vt This replacement is consistent with the meaning of r0 in Friedlandert’s formulation and the meaning of the independent variable t in. .. Then r0 is an independent variable because it can be obtained as the product of the independent variable t by the sound speed in the medium Now the linear nature of both methods and their equivalence has been established Because a new independent variable appears, r0 or t, one more equation is needed The linear system can be solved by using a minimum of four sensors instead of three in a 2D problem... results for min both configurations are depicted in Figure 5 Configuration A needs an emax equal to 1.242 μs 12 Advances in Sound Localization to keep positioning for the worst conditions within bounds Configuration B can do the job min with emax equal to 8.742 μs All the sources are localized within bounds It should be noticed min the low values of emax needed to ensure an error of ± 5m in a 40 m range... damage in materials using acoustic emission techniques Finally, Part VI focuses on the intriguing field of SSL in animal studies Two lines of research are reported The first addresses, how avian, terrestrial and aquatic animals excel in SSL by their extraordinary spatial hearing abilities The second field of study is devoted to techniques used in practical application of SSL methods (e.g matched filtering) . March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Sound Localization, . 17 Contents VII Spatial Sounds in Multimedia Systems and Teleconferencing 315 Camera Pointing with Coordinate-Free Localization and Tracking 317 Evan Ettinger and Yoav Freund Sound Image Localization on. ADVANCES IN SOUND LOCALIZATION Edited by Paweł Strumiłło Advances in Sound Localization Edited by Paweł Strumiłło Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright