CURRENT TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN RFID potx

CURRENTTRENDSAND CHALLENGESINRFID  EditedbyCornelTurcu              Current Trends and Challenges in RFID Edited by Cornel Turcu Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Davor Vidic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Eric Strand, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Current Trends and Challenges in RFID, Edited by Cornel Turcu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-356-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com   Contents  Preface IX Part 1 RF/RFID Backgrounds 1 Chapter 1 Radio Frequency Background 3 Tales Cleber Pimenta, Paulo C. Crepaldi and Luis H. C. Ferreira Chapter 2 Main RF Structures 17 Tales Cleber Pimenta, Paulo C. Crepaldi, Luis H. C. Ferreira, Robson L. Moreno and Leonardo B. Zoccal Chapter 3 RF CMOS Background 37 Tales Cleber Pimenta, Robson L. Moreno and Leonardo B. Zoccal Chapter 4 Structural Design of a CMOS Voltage Regulator for an Implanted Device 53 Paulo C. Crepaldi, Luis H. de C. Ferreira, Tales C. Pimenta, Robson L. Moreno, Leonardo B. Zoccal and Edgar C. Rodriguez Part 2 Antennas/Tags 85 Chapter 5 RFID Technology: Perspectives and Technical Considerations of Microstrip Antennas for Multi-band RFID Reader Operation 87 Ahmed Toaha Mobashsher, Mohammad Tariqul Islam and Norbahiah Misran Chapter 6 Low-Cost Solution for RFID Tags in Terms of Design and Manufacture 113 Chi-Fang Huang Chapter 7 Conductive Adhesives as the Ultralow Cost RFID Tag Antenna Material 127 Cheng Yang and Mingyu Li VI Contents Chapter 8 Key Factors Affecting the Performance of RFID Tag Antennas 151 Yung-Cheng Hsieh, Hui-Wen Cheng and Yu-Ju Wu Chapter 9 Troubleshooting RFID Tags Problems with Metallic Objects Using Metamaterials 171 Mª Elena de Cos and Fernando Las-Heras Chapter 10 High Performance UHF RFID Tags for Item-Level Tracing Systems in Critical Supply Chains 187 Luca Catarinucci, Riccardo Colella, Mario De Blasi, Luigi Patrono and Luciano Tarricone Part 3 Readers 209 Chapter 11 Design and Implementation of Reader Baseband Receiver Structure in a Passive RFID Environment 211 Ji-Hoon Bae, Kyung-Tae Kim, WonKyu Choi and Chan-Won Park Chapter 12 RFID Readers for the HDX Protocol - A Designer’s Perspective 229 Dan Tudor Vuza and Reinhold Frosch Part 4 Protocols and Algorithms 255 Chapter 13 F-HB + : A Scalable Authentication Protocol for Low-Cost RFID Systems 257 Xiaolin Cao and Máire P. O’Neill Chapter 14 RFID Model for Simulating Framed Slotted ALOHA Based Anti-Collision Protocol for Muti-Tag Identification 279 Zornitza Prodanoff and Seungnam Kang Chapter 15 Using CDMA as Anti-Collision Method for RFID - Research & Applications 305 Andreas Loeffler Chapter 16 An Unconditionally Secure Lightweight RFID Authentication Protocol with Untraceability 329 Hung-Yu Chien, Jia-Zhen Yen and Tzong-Chen Wu Chapter 17 Application of Monte Carlo Method for Determining the Interrogation Zone in Anticollision Radio Frequency Identification Systems 335 Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz and Włodzimierz Kalita Chapter 18 Iterative Delay Compensation Algorithm to Mitigate NLOS Influence for Positioning 357 Koji Enda and Ryuji Kohno Contents VII Chapter 19 Efficient Range Query Using Multiple Hilbert Curves 375 Ying Jin, Jing Dai and Chang-Tien Lu Part 5 Case Studies/Applications 391 Chapter 20 The Study on Secure RFID Authentication and Access Control 393 Yu-Yi Chen and Meng-Lin Tsai Chapter 21 Attacks on the HF Physical Layer of Contactless and RFID Systems 415 Pierre-Henri Thevenon, Olivier Savry, Smail Tedjini and Ricardo Malherbi-Martins Chapter 22 Tag Movement Direction Estimation Methods in an RFID Gate System 441 Yoshinori Oikawa Chapter 23 Third Generation Active RFID from the Locating Applications Perspective 455 Eugen Coca and Valentin Popa Chapter 24 Optimization of RFID Platforms: A Cross-Layer Approach 477 Ramiro Sámano-Robles and Atílio Gameiro  Preface  Radio‐frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication throughradiowavestotransferdatabetweenareaderandanelectronictagattached to an entity for the purpose of identification, tracking and surveillance. Unlike other identification technologies such as barcodes, RFID technology offers several key benefits such as no line‐of‐sight necessity, robustness, speed, bidirectional communication, reliability in tough environments, bulk detection, superior data capabilities, etc. Because of this, RFID has become particularly successful for a wide area of applications where traditional identification technologies are inadequate for recent demands: inventory tracking, supply chain management, automated manufacturing,healthcare,etc. AstheRFIDtechnologyisbeingspreadandappliedto real world system, RFID systems have received considerable attention from researchers,engineersandindustrypersonnel.Asaresultofyearsofresearch,alotof literature has been published on the design and use of the RFID systems, covering a wide range of topics: hardware and software, protocols and algorithms,applications, etc. ThisbookpresentssomeofthemostrecentresearchresultsofRFIDusersinterestedin exchanging ideas on the present development issues of and future trends in RFID technology. It consists in a collection of 24 chapters distributed in 5 parts: RF/RFID Backgrounds, Antennas/Tags, Readers, Protocols and Algorithms, and finally, Case studies/Applications. The book starts with some background chapters related to Radio Frequency (Chapter 1),mainRFstructures(Chapter2)andRFCMOS(Chapter3).Also,thissectioncontains a chapter that deals with structural design of a CMOS voltage regulator for an implanteddevice(Chapter4). Thesecondsectionofthebookfocusesonantennasandtags.First,someperspectives and technical considerations of microstrip antennas for multi‐band RFID reader are presented (Chapter 5). Also, the high gain dual‐band antennas and limitations  have been described. Chapter6 includes low‐cost solution forRFID tags interms of design and manufacture considering that applying the traditional printing technologies to produce the antennas will lower the cost of the antenna part. Chapter 7 deals with conductive adhesives such as the ultralow cost RFID tag antenna material and X Preface includes results which are based on the screen printing method, which is very representativeatthestageoflabprototyping.Chapter8isatrueexperimentalresearch in nature and aims to investigate the process consistency and accuracy of printing RFID tag antennas via the screening printing method with a conductive  ink, silver‐ based (Ag) ink, on PET, PVC, and Wet Strength paper. Chapter 9 presents a novel CPW‐fed‐slotantennaonartificialmagneticconductor(AMC)combinationprototype suitable to be used in 5.8 GHz RFID tags on metallic objects. The last chapter of this section(Chapter10)proposes aguidelineforthedesignofanewkindofRFIDtagtobe usedineachstepofthepharmaceuticalsupplychain.Itdescribesthemainfeaturesof thepharmaceuticalscenario, mainly focusingonitem‐leveltracingsystemsandRFID devices’performance. The third section of the book is dedicated  to RFID readers. In Chapter 11 the authors presenta demodulationstructuresuitableforareader baseband receiver inapassive RFID environment. Chapter 12 introduces a new reader obtained by adding HDX functionality to an existing FDX reader, together with some design issues that influencereaderperformance. After the chapters focusing on readers design, the following chapters present certain aspects relatedto protocols and algorithms. InChapter 13 the authors propose a new scalable authentication protocol for low‐cost RFID systems, for which features are presented,bothfromthetag’sandreader’sperspective.Chapter14focusesonanRFID model  for simulating framed slotted ALOHA based anti‐collision protocol for multi‐ tag identification. Chapter 15 describes the implementation of direct sequence code divisionmultipleaccesschannelaccessmethodsforthe UHF‐RFID uplink.Chapter16 illustrates an unconditionally secure lightweight RFID authentication protocol with untraceability. Chapter 17 deals with the application of Monte Carlo method for determiningtheinterrogationzoneinanti‐collisionRadioFrequency.InChapter18, in order to mitigate the influence of the NLOS propagation, the authors propose an iterative delay compensation algorithm based on NEWTON algorithm which improves the accuracy of positioning items using the DCF and  shift vector compensationalgorithm.Finally,inChapter19,anefficientspatialrangequerymethod is designed for compensating the lost spatial relationship by the linear mapping mechanisms. The experiments conducted on real data sets demonstrate that the proposedapproachisefficientandscalable. The fifth section of the book includes 5 chapters that describe several RFID applications and studies. Chapter 20 presents some studies on secure RFID authentication and access control, while Chapter 21 shows an overview of attacks on the HF physical layer of contactless and RFID systems. Chapter 22 proposes an effective tag movement direction detection method. Chapter 23  presents a distance measurementandpositionestimationapplicationinordertoevaluateaWSNsystem. Finally,in Chapter 24,cross‐layer designispresented as anattractive tool tooptimize RFID platforms. The proposed framework for design of RFID platforms can be