ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE Edited by T. J. Hammons Electricity Infrastructures in the Global Marketplace Edited by T. J. Hammons Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. 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ISBN 978-953-307-155-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Chapter 1 the Role of Nuclear in the Future Global Energy Scene 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 the Greenhouse Eect 1 1.1.2 the Global Scene 1 1.1.3 the Role of Nuclear Today 3 1.2 Public Perception of Nuclear Generation 5 1.2.1 Economics of Nuclear Power 5 1.2.1.1 Future Cost Competitiveness 8 1.2.1.2 Nuclear Fuel Costs 11 1.2.2 Disposal of Nuclear Waste 12 1.2.2.1 Classication of Nuclear Waste 13 1.2.2.2 Management of High Level Waste 15 1.2.2.3 Disposal of High Level Waste 15 1.2.2.4 Management of Low and Intermediate Waste 16 1.2.2.5 Long-Lived Intermediate Level Waste 17 1.2.2.6 Spent Fuel: Reprocessing and Recycling 18 1.2.2.7 Waste From Reprocessing 18 1.2.2.8 Recycling 18 1.2.2.9 Plutonium Recycling 18 1.2.2.10 Uranium Recycling 18 1.2.3 Safety 18 1.2.4 Proliferation 19 1.2.5 Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities 20 1.3 Advantages of Nuclear Power 21 1.4 Nuclear Power Reactors 22 1.4.1 Components 22 1.5 the Development History of Current Nuclear Reactors 23 1.5.1 Nuclear Power Plants in Commercial Operation 28 Contents Contents VI 1.5.2 Nuclear Generating Capacity By Country 28 1.5.3 Nuclear Growth Since 1970 29 1.6 Current Reactor Types 30 1.6.1 Light Water Reactors 30 1.6.1.1 the Pressurized Water Reactor (Pwr) 30 1.6.1.2 Boiling Water Reactor (Bwr) 30 1.6.2 Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (Phwr Or Candu) 31 1.6.3 Advanced Gas-Cooler Reactor (Agr) 31 1.6.4 Light Water Graphite-Moderated Reactor (Rbmr) 31 1.6.5 Fast Neutron Reactors 31 1.7 Small Nuclear Rectors 32 1.7.1 Light Water Reactors 33 1.7.2 High-Temperature Gas-Cooler Reactors 34 1.7.3 Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Reactors 39 1.7.4 Molten Salt Reactors 42 1.7.5 Modular Construction 43 1.7.6 Floating Nuclear Power Plants 44 1.8 Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors 44 1.8.1 Licensing 47 1.8.2 Light Water Reactors 47 1.8.3 High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors 53 1.8.4 Fast Neutron Reactors 54 1.8.5 Accelerator Driven Systems 56 1.9 Generation Iv Nuclear Reactors 56 1.9.1 Generation Iv International Forum Reactor Technologies 57 1.9.2 Inpro 59 1.9.3 Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (Gnep) 59 1.10 the Hydrogen Economy 59 1.10.1 Nuclear Energy and Hydrogen Production 59 1.11 the Nuclear Fuel Cycle 60 1.11.1 Uranium 61 1.11.2 Uranium Mining 61 1.11.3 Uranium Milling 62 1.11.4 Conversion 62 1.11.5 Enrichment 63 1.11.6 Fuel Fabrication 63 1.11.7 Uranium Requirements 63 Contents VII 1.12 Thorium As A Nuclear Fuel 65 1.12.1 Thorium R&D History 66 1.12.2 Thorium Power Reactors 67 1.12.3 Emerging Advanced Thorium Reactor Concepts 67 1.13 Nuclear Fusion Power 68 1.13.1 Basic Fusion Technology 69 1.13.2 Magnetic Connement (Mfe) 69 1.13.3 Inertial Connement (Icf) 71 1.13.4 Cold Fusion 71 1.13.5 Fusion History 71 1.13.6 Iter 72 1.13.7 Assessing Fusion Power 73 1.14 Nuclear Energy and Seawater Desalination 74 1.15 Acknowledgements 75 1.16 References 77 Harnessing Untapped Hydropower 79 2.1 General 79 2.2 System Benets 82 2.3 Situation At Present 84 2.4 Prior Development Methods 86 2.5 Review of Selected Regional Prospects 89 2.6 Canada 90 2.7 South and South East Asia 94 2.7.1 Bhutan 94 2.7.2 India 94 2.7.3 Laos 94 2.7.4 Malaysia 94 2.7.5 Myanmar 95 2.7.6 Nepal 95 2.7.7 Pakistan 95 2.7.8 Vietnam 95 Chapter 2 Contents VII 2.8 Africa 95 2.8.1 Ethiopia 99 2.8.2 Uganda 99 2.8.3 Zambia 99 2.8.4 Mozambique 100 2.8.5 Ghana 100 2.9 Latin America 100 2.9.1 Argentina 100 2.9.2 Brazil 100 2.9.3 Chile 101 2.9.4 Colombia 101 2.9.5 Venezuela 101 2.10 China 101 2.10.1 Precipitation and Topographical Conditions in Southwest China 102 2.10.2 Prospective Large Projects in Southwest China 102 2.10.3 Associated Transmission 103 2.11 Transmission 103 2.11.1 North America 107 2.11.2 South America 108 2.11.3 Scandinavia 108 2.11.4 India 110 2.11.5 China 111 2.11.6 Africa 112 2.11.7 South East Asia 113 2.12 Environmental 114 2.12.1 River Barriers 117 2.12.2 Alteration of Flow Regimes and Temperature 117 2.12.3 Flow Diversion 118 2.12.4 Sedimentation 118 2.12.5 Nutrients 118 2.12.6 Water Quality 118 2.12.7 Social Aspects 119 2.12.8 A Sustainable Portfolio 120 2.13 Project Development 121 2.14 The Future 122 Contents IX 2.15 Acknowledgement 128 2.16 References 128 Harnessing Untapped Biomass Potential Worldwide 129 3.1 Introduction 129 3.2 An Overview of Biomass Combined Heat and Power Technologies 131 3.3 Biomass Availability for Biopower Applications 133 3.3.1 Energy Crops 134 3.3.2 Primary Residues 134 3.3.3 Secondary Residues 134 3.3.4 Tertiary Residues 134 3.3.5 Biomass Potential for 2020 135 3.4 Thermo-Chemical Technologies for Biomass Energy 135 3.4.1 Combustion 135 3.4.2 Gasication 136 3.4.3 Pyrolysis 137 3.5 the Biomaxtm A New Biopower Option for Distributed Generation and Chp 139 3.5.1 Technology 139 3.5.2 Summary of Biomax Features 141 3.5.3 Comparison of Biomax Bio-Power System With Other Power Generation Technologies 142 3.6 Motivating the Power Industry with Biomass Policy and Tax Incentives 143 3.7 Energy Generation Through the Combustion of Municipal Solid Waste 144 3.7.1 the Concept 144 3.7.2 Technical Challenges 144 3.7.3 Biomass and Renewable Status 145 3.7.4 Public Acceptance 145 3.7.5 Potential 146 Chapter 3 Contents X 3.8 Senegal Bio Mass Exploitation: An Assessment of Applicable Technologies for Rural Development 147 3.8.1 Innovative Renewable Energy Technology for Rural Enterprise 147 3.8.2 the Bio-Max System 148 3.9 Acknowledgement 150 3.10 References 150 Energy Potential of the Oceans in Europe and North America: Tidal, Wave, Currents, Otec and oshore Wind 153 4.1 Introduction 153 4.2 Ocean Wave and Tidal Power Projects in San Francisco 154 4.3 Wave Power Technologies 155 4.3.1 Wave Power Conversion Devices and Technologies 156 4.3.2 Electrical Interconnection 157 4.3.3 Cost 157 4.4 Feasibility Assessment of oshore Wave and Tidal Current Power Production: A Collaborative Public/ Private Partnership 158 4.4.1 Feasibility of Wave and Tidal Current Energy 159 4.4.2 Wave Project Results 160 4.4.2.1 U.S. Wave Energy Resources 160 4.4.2.2 Feasibility Denition Study Sites 161 4.4.2.3 Feasibility Study - Wec Devices 162 4.4.2.4 Demonstration-Scale Plant Design–Oregon Example 163 4.4.2.5 Commercial-Scale Plant Design –Oregon Example 164 4.4.2.6 Learning Curves and Economics 165 4.5 Recent Progress in oshore Renewable Energy Technology Development 166 4.5.1 Tidal Energy 166 4.5.1.1 Tidal Forecasts 167 4.5.1.2 Projects 168 4.5.2 Wave Energy 168 4.5.2.1 Wave Energy Forecast 169 4.5.3 oshore Wind 140 4.6 Role of Tidal Power in the United Kingdom to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions 172 Chapter 4 [...]... China alone has 11% of the total and India 6% So their energy needs, now and in the long-term future, will come mainly from coal For example, in the case of China 68.3% of their energy came from indigenous coal in 2005 No one would deny the developing nations their chance to improve their standard of living But if they increase energy consumption at the rate suggested, using their indigenous reserves... 16.3.4.1 Investment 614 16.3.4.2 Overseas Investment 614 16.3.4.3 Power System Planning 615 16.3.5 Challenges 615 16.4 Restructuring of the Electric Power Industry and the Current State of the Power Market in Japan 616 16.4.1 Progress in the Restructuring of the Japanese Electric Power Industry 617 16.4.2 Outline of the Institutional Revisions Effective in 2005 618 16.4.2.1 Neutral Agency 618 16.4.2.2 the. .. 12 Integrated Natural Gas -Electricity Resource Adequacy Planning in Latin America 451 12.1 Introduction 452 12.2 Electricity and Gas Deregulation 454 12.3 Integrated Gas -Electricity Adequacy Planning in Brazil: Technical and Economical Aspects 456 12.3.1 the Brazilian Electricity and Natural Gas Sectors 456 12.3.2 Brazil’s Main Challenges in Electricity- Gas Integrated Adequacy Planning 460 12.3.2.1 the. .. and conflicting demands, which we only now beginning to identify Whilst their resolution will fashion the future world, the immediate challenge is to provide enough energy, water and food, to raise the standard of living of the ever-increasing world population without “imperiling our irreplaceable environment” 1.1.1 The Greenhouse Effect In the last few years global warming, caused by the build up... Challenges in Northeast Asia 646 16.7.1.1 Recent Progress in Energy Integration in Northeast Asia 646 16.7.1.2 the On-Going Energy Integration Projects in Northeast Asia 648 16.7.2 Developing International Power Markets in East Asia 648 16.7.3 Energy Market Globalization 649 16.8 Acknowledgement 665 16.9 References 665 XXVII XXVIII Contents Chapter 17 Market Mechanisms and Supply Adequacy in the Power... Further Reading 798 19 12 Conclusion 798 19.13 Acknowledgement 798 19.14 References 799 The Role of Nuclear in the Future Global Energy Scene 1 1 X The Role of Nuclear in the Future Global Energy Scene 1.1 Introduction Energy and human life are closely liked Civilization, present and future, depends on energy to provide the facilities the human race needs The world being created today will determine the. .. Characteristics of the Russian Power Industry 598 16.2.2 First Steps of Restructuring 599 16.2.3 A New Stage of Restructuring 601 16.2.4 Investment Attraction Into Russia’s Power Industry 604 16.2.5 A Transition Period in the Restructuring Process 605 16.2.6 Regional Problems of the Market Development 605 16.2.7 Expected Effects of the Market Reform 607 16.3 Power Industry Restructuring in China 608 16.3.1 China... Planning and Investment in China 539 14.5.2.1 Energy Shortage Problems and Proposed Alleviation Measures 540 14.5.2.2 the Proposed Counter Measures 541 14.6 Generation Planning and Investment Under Deregulated Environment: Comparison of Usa and China 543 14.6.1 Reforming History of the Power Industry in China 543 XXIII XXIV Contents 14.6.2 Generation Investment 545 14.6.2.1 Generation Investment in the. .. Approach Adopted 750 19.2.3 the Role of Nepad and the Typology of Stap 750 19.2.4 Nepad Energy Flagship Projects 750 19.3 the Future of SAPP, WAPP, CAPP, and EAPP with IINGA 751 19.3.1 African Power Pools and the Centrality of INGA 751 19.3.2 Electricity Trading Between the North American Interconnects 754 19.3.3 the Preliminary Capp Model 757 19.3.4 Investment and Electricity Pricing Issues 758 19.4 Security... with the prediction this would double by 2050 Carbon dioxide emissions come from various sources, such as humans breathing, the natural world and the burning of fossil fuels, either in the generation of electricity or directly in transport Today, the supply of electricity is responsible for 16% of worldwide carbon dioxide emissions For the developed world this proportion is greater For example, in the . Production 59 1. 11 the Nuclear Fuel Cycle 60 1. 11. 1 Uranium 61 1 .11 .2 Uranium Mining 61 1 .11 .3 Uranium Milling 62 1. 11. 4 Conversion 62 1. 11. 5 Enrichment 63 1. 11. 6 Fuel Fabrication 63 1. 11. 7 Uranium. South America 10 8 2 .11 .3 Scandinavia 10 8 2 .11 .4 India 11 0 2 .11 .5 China 11 1 2 .11 .6 Africa 11 2 2 .11 .7 South East Asia 11 3 2 .12 Environmental 11 4 2 .12 .1 River Barriers 11 7 2 .12 .2 Alteration of Flow. Temperature 11 7 2 .12 .3 Flow Diversion 11 8 2 .12 .4 Sedimentation 11 8 2 .12 .5 Nutrients 11 8 2 .12 .6 Water Quality 11 8 2 .12 .7 Social Aspects 11 9 2 .12 .8 A Sustainable Portfolio 12 0 2 .13 Project Development 12 1 2 .14