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FUTURE AERONAUTICAL COMMUNICATIONS Edited by Simon Plass Future Aeronautical Communications Edited by Simon Plass Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Nikolic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Johan Swanepoel, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Future Aeronautical Communications, Edited by Simon Plass p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-625-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Current Trends 1 Chapter 1 SESAR and SANDRA: A Co-Operative Approach for Future Aeronautical Communications 3 Angeloluca Barba and Federica Battisti Chapter 2 Handling Transition from Legacy Aircraft Communication Services to New Ones – A Communication Service Provider's View 25 Frederic Durand and Luc Longpre Part 2 Future Aeronautical Network Aspects 55 Chapter 3 SOA-Based Aeronautical Service Integration 57 Yifang Liu, Yongqiang Cheng, Yim Fun Hu, Prashant Pillai and Vincenzo Esposito Chapter 4 Transport Protocol for Future Aeronautics 83 Muhammad Muhammad and Matteo Berioli Chapter 5 Security Concepts in IPv6 Based Aeronautical Communications 101 Tommaso Pecorella, Romano Fantacci, Luigia Micciullo, Antonietta Stango, Neeli Prasad, Piotr Pacyna, Norbert Rapacz and Tomasz Chmielecki Chapter 6 Quality of Service Management and Interoperability 129 Christian Kissling and Tomaso de Cola Chapter 7 Interoperability Among Heterogeneous Networks for Future Aeronautical Communications 147 Kai Xu, Prashant Pillai, Yim Fun Hu and Muhammad Ali VI Contents Chapter 8 Design Aspects of a Testbed for an IPv6-Based Future Network for Aeronautical Safety and Non-Safety Communication 171 Oliver Lücke and Eriza Hafid Fazli Part 3 Challenges for the Satellite Component 185 Chapter 9 The Role of Satellite Systems in Future Aeronautical Communications 181 Nicolas Van Wambeke and Mathieu Gineste Chapter 10 Development of a Broadband and Squint-Free K u -Band Phased Array Antenna System for Airborne Satellite Communications 201 David Marpaung, Chris Roeloffzen, Willem Beeker, Bertrand Noharet, Jaco Verpoorte and Rens Baggen Part 4 Future Aeronautical Data Links 225 Chapter 11 Future Aeronautical Communications: The Data Link Component 227 Nikos Fistas Chapter 12 Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System (AeroMACS) 235 James M. Budinger and Edward Hall Chapter 13 Utilizing IEEE 802.16 for Aeronautical Communications 263 Max Ehammer, Thomas Gräupl and Elias Pschernig Chapter 14 The LDACS1 Link Layer Design 291 Thomas Gräupl and Max Ehammer Chapter 15 The LDACS1 Physical Layer Design 317 Snjezana Gligorevic, Ulrich Epple and Michael Schnell Part 5 Visions for Aeronautics Chapter 16 IFAR – The International Forum for Aviation Research 335 Richard Degenhardt, Joachim Szodruch and Simon Plass Chapter 17 The Airborne Internet 349 Daniel Medina and Felix Hoffmann Preface Introduction There are well-founded concerns that current air transportation systems will not be able to cope with their expected growth. Current processes, procedures and technologies in aeronautical communications do not provide the flexibility needed to meet the growing demands. Aeronautical communications is seen as one major bottleneck stressing capacity limits in air transportation. Ongoing research projects are developing the fundamental methods, concepts and technologies for future aeronautical communications that are required to enable higher capacities in air transportation. A study of EUROCONTROL states achievement of the aeronautical communications capacities in Europe in the next decade. Still, the main aeronautical communications is based on analog voice communication. The analog techniques are using the HF band for remote and oceanic regions and the VHF band is used for populous continental areas. There already exist aeronautical digital data links which do not increase a data rate of about 32 kbits/s but accessible satellite links. Table 1 lists available digital aeronautical data and satellite links. Moreover, the expected air traffic management (ATM) paradigm shift towards more strategic and tactical planning requires additional communication capabilities which are not provided by current air traffic control (ATC) and ATM communication systems. Technology Band Access Scheme Modulation Data Rate A VDL2 (VHF Data Link 2) VHF CSMA D8PSK 31.5 kbits/s A ACARS VHF CSMA AM MSK 2.4 kbits/s A HFDL (HF Data Link) HF TDMA MPSK 1.8 kbits/s S Iridium L hybrid FDMA/TDMA DE-QPSK 9.6 kbits/s S Globalstar L combination of CDMA with FDMA Offset-QPSK 9.6 kbits/s S Inmarsat Swift Broadband L hybrid FDMA/TDMA QPSK / 16QAM < 450 kbits/s Table 1. Existing digital aeronautical data links (A) and satellite links (S). X Preface From Vision to Action Integrating existing and future communications infrastructure in a system of systems is the vision of the future communications infrastructure (FCI) to enable the goals for a safe, secure and capable future ATM communications. In 2003 ICAO expressed the need of new functionalities in aeronautical communications by an evolutionary approach. The Action Plan 17 by EUROCONTROL and the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed a comprehensive view of the overall needs in 2007. From 2007 to 2009, the EU research project NEWSKY (NEtWorking the SKY) addressed these demands by launching a first feasibility study for a global airborne network design and developing initial specifications for a new aeronautical communications network based on Internet technologies (IPv6). Also the EU research project SANDRA (Seamless Aeronautical Networking through integration of Data-links, Radios and Antennas) aims at designing and implementing an integrated aeronautical communications system and validating it through a testbed and further in-flight trails on an Airbus 320. Both, the FAA and the European Commission support intensive studies in this field, namely by the NextGen and SESAR programs. Of course, additional effort is and has to be spent in the area of future aeronautical data links, i.e., satellite, L-band Digital Aeronautical Communication System (LDACS), AeroMACS to facilitate the concept of a seamless aeronautical network. Outline of the Book This book assembles recent research results, emerging technologies and trends in the field of aeronautical communications. The book is organized in 5 parts covering occurring trends, aspects for future aeronautical networks, the challenges for the satellite component, emerging aeronautical data links, and visions for aeronautical communications. In the first part, Barba & Battisti give an insight of the recent SESAR program and the SANDRA research project including their main objectives, research activities and their collaboration. Current trends for datalink service providers (DSPs) are indentified by Durand & Longpre and also new emerging roles and its new players for future aircraft IT systems and associated ground components are discussed. Future aeronautical network aspects are covered in the second part. The integration of a service-oriented architecture in an aeronautical communications environment is shown in the chapter of Yifang et al. whereas the system wide information management (SWIM) ground-to-ground services are extended to air-to-ground information exchange. Muhammad & Berioli investigate the influence of the different data traffic characteristics by ATM communications to the transmission control protocol (TCP) and detailed analysis of the ATM traffic pattern and suggestions on the system design are given. Due to safety and security requirements an aeronautical communications system is a critical infrastructure. Pecorella et al. give an overview of [...]... more detail regarding the needed interoperability among the heterogeneous future aeronautical network Xu et al present the required functionalities for a smooth communication between the upper and lower layers of an aeronautical communications system Finally, Lücke & Fazli show different design aspects for an IPv6-based aeronautical communications testbed and highlight several technical details such as... flight operations exists and a secure wideband wireless communications system is proposed: AeroMACS Also the existing VHF analog voice communications and VDL2 are a bottleneck for the groundbased aeronautical communications today Therefore, new aeronautical data links are needed Fistas describes the European view and approach on the FCI and its future proposed data links: AeroMACS; LDACS and a satellite... transversal and robust header compression Already facing and upcoming challenges for the satellite component in an entire aeronautical communications system are discussed in the fourth part An overview of the current trends, requirements and problems for a future aeronautical satellite communications link are given by Van Wambeke & Gineste Reliability, low maintenance and broadband connectivity are main... giving first routing protocol strategies and simulation results Dr Simon Plass Institute of Communications and Navigation German Aerospace Center (DLR) Germany Part 1 Current Trends 1 SESAR and SANDRA: A Co-Operative Approach for Future Aeronautical Communications Angeloluca Barba1 and Federica Battisti1,2 1Selex Communications S.p.A., degli Studi Roma TRE, Italy 2Università 1 Introduction The air transportation... Avionics Architecture envisaged in the Future Communications Study (FAA/EUROCONTROL, 2007) The SANDRA consortium consists of 30 partners from 13 countries across Europe composed by industrial partners, research organizations, universities and highly specialized SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) SESAR and SANDRA: A Co-Operative Approach for Future Aeronautical Communications 9 This project defines... Avionics) allows the avionics to be updated with new applications by means of software change only, similarly the IMR will allow future communications waveforms and protocols to be updated by software alone Integrated Antennas (SP5): A key requirement for future aeronautical communications systems is the provision of broadband connectivity within aircraft cabins at an affordable price One of the key... SANDRA: A Co-Operative Approach for Future Aeronautical Communications 11 aeronautical applications and services This network is envisioned as a high-integrity, safety-rated, wireless network, with mobile terminals on the ground, on aircraft as well as other surface vehicles and improved information distribution.To respect the high level of security needed in the aeronautical environment, SANDRA will... levels In some cases only the knowhow about emerging /future communication technologies, requirements and interfaces will be reused, i.e no hardware and software will be carried over In other cases, 12 Future Aeronautical Communications reuse will be done also of platforms and development items This interaction is summarized in the following list:  Future Communication study for technologies requirements... D5, 2008) details the plan of actions that all organizations need to implement, the possible outcomes to be used in future business plans, RT/D plans, risk assessment studies, and it envisages future management processes SESAR and SANDRA: A Co-Operative Approach for Future Aeronautical Communications 15 The SANDRA system interfaces have been defined taking into account on the Air-toGround interoperability... the integrated SANDRA approach and its benefits with respect to existing aeronautical communications systems based on single radio technologies, thus incapable to overcome limitations of individual radio access systems, e.g limited coverage of direct A/G data links, high delay of satellite systems, etc 22 Future Aeronautical Communications  SP8: this SP is devoted to the investigation of key themes . FUTURE AERONAUTICAL COMMUNICATIONS Edited by Simon Plass Future Aeronautical Communications Edited by Simon Plass . for Future Aeronautical Communications 147 Kai Xu, Prashant Pillai, Yim Fun Hu and Muhammad Ali VI Contents Chapter 8 Design Aspects of a Testbed for an IPv6-Based Future Network for Aeronautical. Satellite Communications 201 David Marpaung, Chris Roeloffzen, Willem Beeker, Bertrand Noharet, Jaco Verpoorte and Rens Baggen Part 4 Future Aeronautical Data Links 225 Chapter 11 Future Aeronautical