MONITORING, CONTROL AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION Edited by Andrzej G. Chmielewski Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution Edited by Andrzej G. Chmielewski Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. 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ISBN 978-953-307-526-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Emission and Transformation of Air Pollutants 1 Chapter 1 Generation and Dispersion of Total Suspended Particulate Matter Due to Mining Activities in an Indian Opencast Coal Project 3 Ratnesh Trivedi, M. K. Chakraborty and B. K. Tewary Chapter 2 Secondary Acidification 15 Mizuo Kajino and Hiromasa Ueda Part 2 Air Pollution Monitoring and Modelling 39 Chapter 3 Gas Sensors for Monitoring Air Pollution 41 Kwang Soo Yoo Chapter 4 Development of Low-Cost Network of Sensors for Extensive In-Situ and Continuous Atmospheric CO2 Monitoring 59 Kuo-Ying Wang, Hui-Chen Chien and Jia-Lin Wang Chapter 5 Aerosol Optical Thickness and PM10 Study by Using a Handheld Spectroradiometer Over Penang 73 Tan Fuyi, Lim Hwee San, Mohd. Zubir Mat Jafri and K. Abdullah Chapter 6 Remote Sensing of PM2.5 Over Penang Island from Satellite Measurements 81 Sim Chong Keat, Lim Hwee San, Khiruddin Abdullah and Mohd. Zubir Mat Jafri Chapter 7 Photoacoustic Measurements of Black Carbon Light Absorption/Scattering Coefficients and Visibility Degradation in Jordan During 2007/2008 93 Khadeejeh M. Hamasha VI Contents Chapter 8 PM 2.5 Source Apportionment Applying Material Balance and Receptor Models in the MAMC 103 V. Mugica, R. Vallesa, J. Aguilar, J. Figueroa and F. Mugica Part 3 Air Pollution in Office and Public Transport Vehicles 119 Chapter 9 Emission and Formation of Fine Particles from Hardcopy Devices: the Cause of Indoor Air Pollution 121 David D. Massey and Ajay Taneja Chapter 10 In-Office Dispersion and Exposure to Contaminants Originating from an Unfolded Letter 135 Alfred D. Eisner, Russell W. Wiener and Jacky Rosati Part 4 Effect of Air Pollutants on Historical Objects 151 Chapter 11 Air Pollution and Cultural Heritage: Searching for “The Relation Between Cause and Effect” 153 Eleni Metaxa Chapter 12 Effect of Air Pollution on Archaeological Buildings in Cairo 179 Mohamed Kamal Khallaf Chapter 13 Influence of Air Pollution on Degradation of Historic Buildings at the Urban Tropical Atmosphere of San Francisco de Campeche City, México 201 Javier Reyes, Francisco Corvo, Yolanda Espinosa-Morales, Brisvey Dzul, Tezozomoc Perez, Cecilia Valdes, Daniel Aguilar and Patricia Quintana Part 5 Plasma Technologies for Air Pollution Control 227 Chapter 14 Plasma-Based Depollution of Exhausts: Principles, State of the Art and Future Prospects 229 Ronny Brandenburg, Hana Barankova, Ladislav Bardos, Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Miroslaw Dors, Helge Grosch, Marcin Hołub, Indrek Jõgi, Matti Laan, Jerzy Mizeraczyk, Andrzej Pawelec and Eugen Stamate Preface The municipal and industrial activities of the man affects human health, leads to degradation of the environment and even degradation of the objects built by himself or his predecessors. The pollutants are emitted to the atmosphere with off-gases from industry, power stations, residential heating systems and vehicles, some additional emissions come from the natural sources as volcanoes as well. Fossil fuels, which include coal, natural gas, petroleum, shale oil and bitumen are the main source of heat, electrical energy and are the basic duels for the engines of the transport vehicles. All these fuels contain beside major constituents (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) other materials as metal, sulfur and nitrogen compounds. During the combustion process different pollutants as fly ash, sulfur oxides ( SO x = SO2 and SO3), nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO) and volatile organic compounds are emitted. Fly ash contains different trace elements (heavy metals). Gross emission of pollutants is tremendous all over the world. These pollutants are present in the atmosphere in such conditions that they can affect man and his environment. The books addresses the subjects related to the selected aspects of pollutants emission, monitoring and their effects. The most of recent publications concentrated on the review of the pollutants emissions from industry, especially power sector. In this one emissions from opencast mining and transport are addressed as well. Beside of SO x and NOx emissions, small particles and other pollutants (e.g. VOC, ammonia) have adverse effect on environment and human being. The natural emissions (e.g. from volcanoes) has contribution to the pollutants concentration and atmospheric chemistry governs speciation of pollutants, as in the case of secondary acidification. The methods of ambient air pollution monitoring based on modern instrumentation allow the verification of dispersion models and balancing of mass emissions. The comfort of everyday human’s activity is influenced by indoor and public transport vehicles interior air contamination, which is effected even by the professional appliances operation. The outdoor pollution leads to cultural heritage objects deterioration, the mechanism are studied and the methods of rehabilitation developed. However to prevent emissions the new technologies are being developed, the new class of these technologies are plasma processes, which are briefly reviewed at the final part of the book. Prof. Andrzej G. Chmielewski Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology Warsaw, Poland [...]... reduce air 4 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution quality and this ultimately affects people, flora and fauna in and around mining areas (Crabbe et al., 2000, Wheeler et al., 2000) Implementation of effective air quality control measures by the mining company are needed and green belts development can be devised wherever necessary (Kapoor and Gupta, 1984, Sharma and Roy, 1997, Shannigrahi and. .. because of their lengths and nature of mining operations This very fact again confirms that the vehicle and haul road intersection is the major source of dust in opencast mines (Muleski and Cowherd, 1987, Sinha and Banerjee, 1997, Ghose and Majee, 2002) Emission rate for whole mine is found 0.0000108 gm per sq meter per second 10 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution With the help of FDM,... equilibrium of (R1 and R3) shifts leftward, and, as a result, HNO3 gas evaporates from the aerosol phase (Figure 1, panel 3) Wet and dry deposition rates of the highly reactive gaseous HNO3 are high (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006) Thus, as the SO42- concentration increases, the concentration fraction of HNO3 18 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution increases, with the result that deposition of total... Table 1 Other air qualities parameters are not considered because of their concentrations are found much below the threshold value in the study area The existing status of air environment was assessed through a systematic air quality surveillance program in which five ambient air quality stations have been selected to know 6 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution the air quality of the area... decreasing emissions of SO2 and NH3, the gaseous counterparts of SO42- and NO3- aerosols, in model simulations 4.1 Observational evidence We found indications of secondary acidification in the EANET monitoring data EANET began collecting data on a regular basis in 2001, following established guidelines and technical 26 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution procedures and adopting a quality... capable of solving inter-modal coagulation between two modes with very different log-normal size parameters To consider a variety of atmospheric aerosol properties, including size, chemical composition, and mixing states, a category approach of the EMTACS (Eulerian 22 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution Multiscale Tropospheric Aerosol Chemistry and dynamics Simulator) model (Kajino and Kondo,... 2000), 16 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution whereas in the same season the fraction of these gases in contaminated air masses of the Asian continental outflow was approximately 40% (September, 1999) Consequently, the bimonthly mean NO3- and Cl- concentrations in precipitation (net wet deposition) in August and September 2000 at Happo Ridge, after the eruption, increased by 2.7 and 1.9... Name of Plants Palas Sapeta Pakur Amaltas Kadam Minjari Evergreen (E) or deciduous Deciduous Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Table 7 Recommended pollution retarding plant species for green belt development 12 Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution 4 Conclusions TSPM and PM10 are the major sources of emission from various opencast coal mining activities The predicted values of. .. fraction of t-NO3, and its increase due to increased volcanic SO42- in October 2000 The volcanic SO2 concentration over the area downwind of the volcano (Figure 5b) was Secondary Acidification 23 Fig 5 Spatial distributions of anthropogenic (a and c) and Miyakejima volcanic (b and d) monthly mean surface concentrations of (a and b) SO2 (ppb) and (c and d) SO42- (μg m-3) (e) The gas-phase fraction of t-NO3... Central Pollution Control Board Notification, India, (1994) Generation and Dispersion of Total Suspended Particulate Matter Due to Mining Activities in an Indian Opencast Coal Project 13 Chaulya, S.K., Chakraborty, M.K., & Singh R.S.(2001) Air pollution modelling for a proposed limestone quarry Water, Air, and Soil Pollution Vol 126, pp 171–191 Chaulya, S K (2004) Assessment and management of air quality . MONITORING, CONTROL AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION Edited by Andrzej G. Chmielewski Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution Edited by Andrzej G alveoli of the lung (Peavey et. al, 1985). These air pollutants reduce air Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution 4 quality and this ultimately affects people, flora and fauna in and. and Effects of Air Pollution 6 the air quality of the area. The measured data of TSPM and PM 10 are shown in Table 2 along with the arithmetic mean and standard deviation (S.D.) of the measured