SUSTAINABLE GROWTH AND APPLICATIONS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES doc

SUSTAINABLE GROWTH AND APPLICATIONS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Edited by Majid Nayeripour and Mostafa Kheshti           Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources Edited by Majid Nayeripour and Mostafa Kheshti Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Zec Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright Petr84, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published November, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources, Edited by Majid Nayeripour and Mostafa Kheshti p. cm. 978-953-307-408-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com   Contents  Preface IX Part 1 Sustainable Growth 1 Chapter 1 EU Energy Policies and Sustainable Growth 3 Carlo Andrea Bollino and Silvia Micheli Chapter 2 Sustained Renewability: Approached by Systems Theory and Human Ecology 21 Tobias A. Knoch Chapter 3 Renewable Energy Use and Energy Efficiency – A Critical Tool for Sustainable Development 49 Pius Fatona Chapter 4 Renewable Energy and Coal Use in Turkey 61 Ali Osman Yılmaz Chapter 5 Experiences of Community Wind Electrification Projects in Bolivia: Evaluation and Improvements for Future Projects 85 Laia Ferrer-Martí, Bruno Domenech, Walter Canedo, Carlos Reza, Mirtha Tellez, Milton Dominguez, Lorenzo Perone and Jaime Salinas Chapter 6 Taxes Incentives to Promote Res Deployment: The Eu-27 Case 107 José M. Cansino, María del P. Pablo-Romero, Rocío Román and Rocío Yñiguez Part 2 Applications 123 Chapter 7 Structural Design of a Dynamic Model of the Battery for State of Charge Estimation 125 Frédéric Coupan, Ahmed Abbas, Idris Sadli, Isabelle Marie Joseph and Henri Clergeot VI Contents Chapter 8 Parameterisation of the Four Half-Day Daylight Situations 147 Stanislav Darula and Richard Kittler Chapter 9 Energetic Willow (Salix viminalis) – Unconventional Applications 181 Andrzej Olejniczak, Aleksandra Cyganiuk, Anna Kucińska and Jerzy P. Łukaszewicz Chapter 10 Biomass Energy Conversion 209 Sergio Canzana Capareda Chapter 11 Air Gasification of Malaysia Agricultural Waste in a Fluidized Bed Gasifier: Hydrogen Production Performance 227 Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani, Reza A. Moghadam and Mohamad Amran Mohd Salleh Chapter 12 Extraction and Optimization of Oil from Moringa Oleifera Seed as an Alternative Feedstock for the Production of Biodiesel 243 A.S. Abdulkareem, H. Uthman, A.S. Afolabi and O.L. Awenebe Chapter 13 Tall Wheatgrass Cultivar Szarvasi-1 (Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus cv. Szarvasi-1) as a Potential Energy Crop for Semi-Arid Lands of Eastern Europe 269 Sándor Csete, Szilvia Stranczinger, Bálint Szalontai, Ágnes Farkas, Róbert W. Pál, Éva Salamon-Albert, Marianna Kocsis, Péter Tóvári, Tibor Vojtela, József Dezső, Ilona Walcz, Zsolt Janowszky, János Janowszky and Attila Borhidi Chapter 14 Analysis of Time Dependent Valuation of Emission Factors from the Electricity Sector 295 C. Gordon and Alan Fung Chapter 15 Photovoltaic Conversion: Outlook at the Crossroads Between Technological Challenges and Eco-Strategic Issues 313 Bouchra Bakhiyi and Joseph Zayed   Preface  Worldwide attention to environmental issues combined with the energy crisis force us to reduce greenhouse emissions and increase the usage of renewable energy sources as a solution to providing an efficient environment. This book addresses the current issues of sustainable growth and applications in renewable energy sources. The fifteen chapters of the book have been divided into two sections to organize the information accessible to readers. The book provides a variety of material, for instance on policies aiming at the promotion of sustainable development and implementation aspects of RES. Authors contributing to the book have tried to prepare the information in an accessible way. We would like to extend our appreciation to all the authors for their cooperation and the attention that they have given to this book. During this project, it was a pleasure for us to work with InTech – Open Access Publisher. We express our appreciation to all our colleagues in this publication, especially Ms. Ivana Zec, the Publishing Process Manager in charge of this book project.  Majid Nayeripour Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Iran Mostafa Kheshti Xi'an Jiaotong University, China [...]... share to face the raising in energy consumption mainly driven by developing countries, such as China and India Actually, non-OECD countries are the main drivers in the increase of energy demand as a result of their economic and population growth 5 EU Energy Policies and Sustainable Growth Fig 1 Gross Inland Consumption in 2007 Source: Eurostat (2009) Renewable energies, including hydroelectric, geothermal,... hydro energy is due to water evaporation and gravitational lifting to higher altitudes and rain, iv) tidal energy is based on the earth-moon gravitational energy and stored in ocean movement, 24 Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources v) geothermal energy is heat from radioactive decay stored in the geosphere itself, and vi) biomass is sun energy transformed by photosynthesis into... fittest” Exponential demand growth until reaching a limit seems 22 Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources to be an inherent property of life and evolution in general (Faber, 1987) The other side of demand growth – waste and pollution – complies with this, although it is not using a resource but destroying the purity of another one Obviously, this sustainability challenge beyond... Gross income consumption by country in 2007 Source: Eurostat (2009) Almost 18% of total electricity in 2007 was generated by renewable energy and, according to the Reference Scenario, it is supposed to rise to 22% in 2030 Actually energy production from renewables is more expensive than fossil fuel based technologies, and the reasons for 6 Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources. .. Renewable energy resources and their distributed exploitation Renewable energy resources are due to their primary and secondary origins in principle homogenously distributed in an extensive and variant mixture compared to the very localized fossil resources: i) sun energy depends mostly on the geographic altitude, ii) wind energy is strong at coasts, great plains or mountains, iii) hydro electric energy. .. given to the producers relying on renewable energy sources Also in this case, premiums should be adjusted in accordance with the performance of different technologies 14 Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources With regard to the regulatory quantity-driven strategies, the desired level of energy generated from renewable resources or market penetration is defined by governments The... 1 Sustainable Growth 1 EU Energy Policies and Sustainable Growth Carlo Andrea Bollino and Silvia Micheli Department of Economics, Finance and Statistics, University of Perugia Italy 1 Introduction The concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere was at 438 parts per million (ppm) of CO2 equivalent in 2008, that is almost twice the pre-Industrial Revolution level (IEA, 2010) Such an increase... economic and environmental assessments of a world in which the economy continues on its current course without polluting emission reductions policies), energy demand should increase by 1.5% per year between 2007 and 2030 and fossil fuels remain the main sources of energy They represent three quarters of global energy consumption during the same projection period and the dirtiest fuel, i.e coal, is expanding... price as well) through voluntary EU Energy Policies and Sustainable Growth 7 agreement with manufacturers Electricity and heat generation constitute the largest polluting sectors in 2008, by making a 41% contribution to the world CO2 emissions in 2008, relying on carbon fuel, especially in developing countries such as China and India Fig 2 Top 10 emitting countries in 2008 (Gt CO2) Source: IEA, 2010... least 20% greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels by 2020, and the goal of reducing emissions by 30% by 2020 if other developed countries make comparable efforts;  a binding target for the EU of 20% of energy from renewable sources by 2020, including a target for biofuels 10 Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources % change Kyoto 90-08 Target 7 980.1 -9.2% -4.7% 432.3 550.9 . SUSTAINABLE GROWTH AND APPLICATIONS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Edited by Majid Nayeripour and Mostafa Kheshti           Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy. Jiaotong University, China Part 1 Sustainable Growth 1 EU Energy Policies and Sustainable Growth Carlo Andrea Bollino and Silvia Micheli Department of Economics, Finance and Statistics, University. as China and India. Actually, non-OECD countries are the main drivers in the increase of energy demand as a result of their economic and population growth. EU Energy Policies and Sustainable