THE DELIVERY OF NANOPARTICLES doc

THE DELIVERY OF NANOPARTICLES Edited by Abbass A. Hashim The Delivery of Nanoparticles Edited by Abbass A. Hashim Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sandra Bakic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published May, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com The Delivery of Nanoparticles, Edited by Abbass A. Hashim p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0615-9 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Toxic Nanoparticles 1 Chapter 1 Silver Nanoparticles 3 Hassan Korbekandi and Siavash Iravani Chapter 2 In vivo Toxicity Studies of Pristine Carbon Nanotubes: A Review 37 Jelena Kolosnjaj-Tabi, Henri Szwarc and Fathi Moussa Chapter 3 Cytotoxicity of Tamoxifen-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 59 Roghayeh Abbasalipourkabir, Aref Salehzadeh and Rasedee Abdullah Chapter 4 In-Situ Versus Post-Synthetic Stabilization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 71 Georg Garnweitner Section 2 Drug Nanoparticles 93 Chapter 5 The Development of Magnetic Drug Delivery and Disposition 95 Michał Piotr Marszałł Chapter 6 Drug Nanoparticles – An Overview 111 Vijaykumar Nekkanti, Venkateswarlu Vabalaboina and Raviraj Pillai Chapter 7 Aptamer-Nanoparticle Bioconjugates for Drug Delivery 133 Veli C. Özalp and Thomas Schäfer Chapter 8 Nanoparticles Based on Modified Polysaccharides 149 Hassan Namazi, Farzaneh Fathi and Abolfazl Heydari VI Contents Chapter 9 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles for Controlled Release Formulations 185 A. Martínez, A. Fernández, E. Pérez, M. Benito, J.M. Teijón and M.D. Blanco Chapter 10 Electrospray Production of Nanoparticles for Drug/Nucleic Acid Delivery 223 Yun Wu, Anthony Duong, L. James Lee and Barbara E. Wyslouzil Chapter 11 Microbubble Therapies 243 Ajay Sud and Shiva Dindyal Chapter 12 Advanced Core-Shell Composite Nanoparticles Through Pickering Emulsion Polymerization 263 Lenore L. Dai Section 3 Biological Activities 277 Chapter 13 Biological Activities of Carbon Nanotubes 279 Anurag Mishra, Yon Rojanasakul and Liying Wang Chapter 14 Nanoparticles and Nanostructures for Biophotonic Applications 293 Enzo Di Fabrizio, Francesco Gentile, Michela Perrone Donnorso, Manohar Chirumamilla Chowdary, Ermanno Miele, Maria Laura Coluccio, Rosanna La Rocca, Rosaria Brescia, Roman Krahne, Gobind Das, Francesco De Angelis, Carlo Liberale, Andrea Toma, Luca Razzari, Liberato Manna and Remo Proietti Zaccaria Chapter 15 Water-Soluble Single-Nano Carbon Particles: Fullerenol and Its Derivatives 317 Ken Kokubo Chapter 16 Self-Organization and Morphological Characteristics of the Selenium Containing Nanostructures on the Base of Strong Polyacids 333 S.V. Valueva and L.N. Borovikova Chapter 17 Rapid Nanoparticle Characterization 347 Rajasekhar Anumolu and Leonard F. Pease III Chapter 18 The Reactivity of Colloidal Inorganic Nanoparticles 377 Neus G. Bastús, Eudald Casals, Isaac Ojea, Miriam Varon and Victor Puntes Section 4 Nano-Technology 401 Chapter 19 Platinum Fuel Cell Nanoparticle Syntheses: Effect on Morphology, Structure and Electrocatalytic Behavior 403 C. Coutanceau, S. Baranton and T.W. Napporn Contents VII Chapter 20 Characteristics of the Laser-Induced Breakdown Detection of Colloidal Nanoparticles for Determining Particle Size 431 E.C. Jung and H.R. Cho Chapter 21 Bulk Nanocrystalline Thermoelectrics Based on Bi-Sb-Te Solid Solution 453 L.P. Bulat, D.A. Pshenai-Severin, V.V. Karatayev, V.B. Osvenskii, Yu.N. Parkhomenko, M. Lavrentev, A. Sorokin, V.D. Blank, G.I. Pivovarov, V.T. Bublik and N.Yu. Tabachkova Chapter 22 Self-Assembling Siloxane Nanoparticles with Three Phases 487 Masatoshi Iji Chapter 23 One-Step Synthesis of Oval Shaped Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposite: Process, Formation Mechanism and Properties 497 Nopphawan Phonthammachai, Hongling Chia and Chaobin He Chapter 24 Low Energy Emulsification Methods for Nanoparticles Synthesis 509 Veronique Sadtler, Johanna M. Galindo-Alvarez and Emmanuelle Marie –Bégué Chapter 25 Nanoparticles in Ancient Materials: The Metallic Lustre Decorations of Medieval Ceramics 525 Philippe Sciau Preface Nanoparticle is a general challenge for today’s technology and the near future observations of science. Nanoparticles cover mostly all types of sciences and manufacturing technologies. The properties of this particle are flying over today scientific barriers and have passed the limitations of conventional sciences. This is the reason why nanoparticles have been evaluated for the use in many fields. A long list of science fields is inserted in the list of near future confrontation and to study the possibility of converting the conventional roles of science to explore the art beauty of the use of nanoparticles. Researchers in this field of technology maintain to study every small system and get into the developing of even smaller devices. Professor Richard Feynman gave a talk on December 29th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) which was first published in Caltech Engineering and Science, Volume 23:5, February 1960, pp 22-36, about the possibility of the existing of nanostructure in material. Prof. Feynman actually brought the attention of scientists when he predicted his famous speech: “There’s plenty of room at the bottom”. At that time tools, instruments and equipments weren't on the highly competent altitude of analyses. Since then, the American technology institutes put forward their own potential looking for that plenty space in the bottom of the material structure. The idea was zooming inside the material to find out the novels of discoveries. In the last few years, the reality of nanotechnology has changed the dimensions of the world of science and dramatically explored the 3D piece of art of the new tiny world. This discovery confirmed that the properties of materials changed as their sizes approaches the nanoscale and as the percentage of atoms at the surface of a material becomes significantly nano-able. A size-dependent property of this tiny space has been observed such as quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance in some metal particles, super magnetism in magnetic materials and materials used in biomedicine. Nanoparticles often have unpredicted observable properties because of their own small size to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. The properties of materials are absolutely diverted as their size approaches the nanoscale and where the X Preface percentage of atoms at the surface of a material becomes significantly nano. The deliverability of such nanoscale particles is another issue which has been spot out of this technology technique and put itself as the most appropriate requirement. InTech publisher and the contributing authors of this book in nanoparticles are all overconfident to invite all scientists to read this new book. The book's potential was held until it was approached by the art of exploring the most advanced research in the field of nano-scale particles, preparation techniques and the way of reaching their destination. 25 reputable chapters were framed in this book and there were alienated into four altered sections; Toxic Nanoparticles, Drug Nanoparticles, Biological Activities and Nano-Technology. We would like to thank all the participators and we appreciate their own potential and hard work. Dr. Abbass A. Hashim Head Director of ES4TD Education Scheme for Training and Developments UK [...]... synthesis approaches The aim of this chapter is, therefore, to reflect on the current state and future prospects, especially the potentials and limitations of the above mentioned techniques for industries Moreover, we discuss the applications of silver nanoparticles and their incorporation into other materials, the mechanistic aspects of the antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles 4 The Delivery. .. biological synthetic methods Most of these methods are still in the development stages and the problems experienced involve the stability and aggregation of nanoparticles, control of crystal growth, morphology, size and size distribution, and occasional difficulty in the management of the synthesis, as in the case of the radiolysis technique Moreover, the separation of produced nanoparticles for further applications... supernatant of B subtilis and microwave irradiation in water They reported the extracellular biosynthesis of monodispersed Ag nanoparticles (5-50 nm) using supernatants of B subtilis, but in order to increase the rate of reaction and reduce the aggregation of the produced nanoparticles, they used microwave radiation which might provide uniform heating around the nanoparticles and could assist the digestive... in the cell wall, and then the metal nuclei were transported into the cell where they aggregated and grew to larger-sized particles 2.3.2 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by fungi Silver nanoparticles (5-50 nm) could be synthesized extracellularly using Fusarium oxysporum, with no evidence of flocculation of the particles even a month after the reaction (Ahmad et al 2003a) The long-term stability of. .. et al 2003b) The exposure of silver ions to F oxysporum, resulted in release of nitrate reductase and subsequent formation of highly stable silver nanoparticles in solution (Kumar et al 2007) The secreted enzyme was found to be dependent on NADH cofactor They mentioned high stability of nanoparticles in solution was due to capping of particles by 12 The Delivery of Nanoparticles release of capping proteins... is often referred to as the evaporation method since the polymer solvent is evaporated from the reaction mixture after nanoparticle dispersion However, this often leads to inhomogeneous distribution of the particles in the polymer A successful production of nanoparticles is determined by the ability to produce particles with uniform distributions and long stability, given their 20 The Delivery of Nanoparticles. .. silver nanoparticles by the biomass Lactobacillus strains, when exposed to silver ions, resulted in biosynthesis of nanoparticles within the bacterial cells (Nair and Pradeep 2002) It has been reported that exposure of lactic acid bacteria present in the whey of buttermilk to mixtures of silver ions could be used to grow nanoparticles of silver The nucleation of silver nanoparticles occurred on the cell... coli strain As a result, the various tested concentrations of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg 16 The Delivery of Nanoparticles L-1 produced inhibition of 10.9, 32.4, 55.8, 82, and 98.8 %, respectively The minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be 50 mg L-1 3 Applications of silver nanoparticles and their incorporation into other materials Nanoparticles are of great interest due to their extremely small... different types of particles: elemental crystalline silver, monoclinic silver sulfide acanthite (Ag2S), and a further undetermined structure (Klaus et al 1999) The periplasmic space limited the thickness of the crystals, but not their width, which could be rather large (100-200 nm) (Klaus-Joerger et al 2001) In another study, rapid biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles of silver using the reduction of aqueous... produce silver nanoparticles (Maliszewska et al 2009) The bioreduction of silver ions occurred on the surface of the cells and proteins might have critical role in formation and stabilization of the synthesized nanoparticles Sanghi et al (2009) have investigated the ability of Coriolus versicolor in formation of monodisperse spherical silver nanoparticles Under alkaline conditions (pH 10) the time taken . incorporation into other materials, the mechanistic aspects of the antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. The Delivery of Nanoparticles 4 2. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles 2.1 Physical. explored the 3D piece of art of the new tiny world. This discovery confirmed that the properties of materials changed as their sizes approaches the nanoscale and as the percentage of atoms at the. structure. The idea was zooming inside the material to find out the novels of discoveries. In the last few years, the reality of nanotechnology has changed the dimensions of the world of science