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Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith Wordsmith

WORDSMITH A GUIDE TO PARAGRAPHS AND SHORT ESSAYS SEVENTH EDITION PAMELA ARLOV Wordsmith A Guide to Paragraphs and Short Essays Seventh Edition Pamela Arlov Middle Georgia State University 330 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10013 Vice President, Portfolio Management: Chris Hoag Cover Designer: Pentagram Editorial Assistant: Andres Maldonado Cover Illustration: Christopher DeLorenzo Marketing Manager: Roxanne McCarley Manufacturing Buyer: Roy L Pickering, Jr Product Marketing Coordinator: Erin Rush Printer/Binder: RR Donnelley/Crawfordsville Managing Editor: Joanne Dauksewicz Cover Printer: Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Development Editor: Nancy Doherty Schmitt Project Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: iEnergizer Aptara®, Ltd Acknowledgments of third-party content appear on page 529, which constitute an extension of this copyright page PEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING, and MYWRITINGLAB are exclusive trademarks in the United States and/ or other countries owned by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Arlov, Pamela, author Title: Wordsmith : a guide to paragraphs and short essays : annotated   instructor’s edition/Pamela Arlov, Middle Georgia State University Description: Seventh Edition.|[Boston] : Pearson, [2019] Identifiers: LCCN 2017054015|ISBN 9780134758893 (paperback : student   edition)|ISBN 0134758897 (paperback : student edition) Subjects: LCSH: English language—Paragraphs.|English language—Rhetoric.|   Report writing Classification: LCC PE1439 A69 2019|DDC 808/.042—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017054015 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/ 1 18 Student Edition ISBN 10: 0-13-475889-7 Student Edition ISBN 13: 978-0-13-475889-3 Loose-Leaf Edition ISBN 10: 0-13-477152-4 Loose-Leaf Edition ISBN 13: 978-0-13-477152-6 Annotated Instructor’s Edition ISBN 10: 0-13-477177-X Annotated Instructor’s Edition ISBN 13: 978-0-13-477177-9 For the Friday Friends: Wendy Johnston, Sam Johnston, Ava Wilson, Paul Wilson, Susan Phillips, Glenda Wagner, and Alan Bickford This page intentionally left blank Contents Readings by Rhetorical Chapter 3  Writing Mode ix Paragraphs: Direction  25 Readings by Subject  xi Characteristics of an Effective Preface xiii Paragraph 26 Updates to the Seventh Topic Sentences: Setting the Direction of a Edition xiii Paragraph 26 PART 1  Composition 1 Writing Topic Sentences That Fit  28 Where Should a Topic Sentence Go?  32 Chapter 1  The Writing Process 1 Chapter 4  Writing Paragraphs: Support  37 The Writing Process  2 Writing for Right-Brained Characteristics of an Effective Paragraph 38 Writers 10 The Difference between Topic Sentences Chapter 2  Preparing to and Supporting Sentences  39 Write 14 Support: Using Specific Detail  40 Prewriting 15 Prewriting Methods  16 Chapter 5  Writing Paragraphs: Unity and Coherence 56 Characteristics of an Effective Paragraph 57 v vi Contents Unity: Sticking to the Point  58 Chapter 10  Writing an Essay 182 Coherence: Holding the Paragraph Together 61 Parts of an Essay  183 Meeting the Challenge of Essay Chapter 6  Revising, Proofreading, and Writing 186 Formatting 71 The Thesis Statement: Direction  187 Writing the Essay  189 Revising 72 Proofreading 76 Chapter 11  Writing Summary Formatting 78 Reports 206 Chapter 7  Showing and Writing a Summary Report  207 Telling: Description, Narration, Five Steps in Writing an Article and Example  86 Summary 208 Description, Narration, and Example in Paraphrasing: An Essential Skill  212 Action 87 Quoting 217 Using Documentation Styles  223 Description 90 Guide to APA (American Psychological Narration 100 Examples 108 Association) Style  224 Guide to MLA (Modern Language Chapter 8  Limiting and Ordering: Definition, ­Association) Style  230 Classification, and A Model Summary Report  236 Process 120 PART 2  Grammar 247 Definition, Classification, and Process in Action   121 Chapter 12  Verbs and Subjects 247 Definition   124 Classification   131 Action and Linking Verbs  248 Process   139 Recognizing Verbs and Subjects  250 Regular and Irregular Verbs  255 Chapter 9  Examining Logical Connections: Comparison- Chapter 13  Subject-Verb Contrast, Cause-Effect, and Agreement 265 Argument 149 The Basic Pattern  266 Comparison-Contrast, Cause-Effect, and Problems in Subject-Verb Agreement  269 Argument in Action  150 Chapter 14  Verb Shifts  280 Comparison-Contrast 152 Cause and Effect  162 Shifts in Tense  281 Argument and Persuasion  168 Active Voice and Passive Voice  284 Contents vii Chapter 15  Coordination Chapter 21  Parallel and Subordination  295 Structure 386 Connecting Ideas through Parallel Structure  387 Coordination 296 Parallel Structure in Connecting Ideas through Sentences 388 Subordination 299 Chapter 22  Misplaced and Creating Emphasis through Dangling Modifiers  394 Subordination 301 Misplaced Modifiers  395 Chapter 16  Run-on Dangling Modifiers  397 Sentences 309 Chapter 23  Capital What Is a Run-on Sentence?  310 Letters 403 Correcting Run-ons  311 Capital Letters to Begin Sentences  404 Chapter 17  Sentence Fragments 324 Capitalization of Words Referring to Individuals 404 What Is a Sentence Fragment?  325 Capitalization of Words Referring to Chapter 18  Pronoun Groups 406 Case 341 Capitalization of Words Referring to Time Subject and Object Pronouns  342 and Place  407 Intensive and Reflexive Capitalization of Words Referring to Pronouns 345 Things and Activities  410 Using Who and Whom 348 Chapter 24  Words Commonly Chapter 19  Pronoun Confused 415 Agreement, Reference, and Point of View  355 Words Commonly Confused  416 Pronoun Errors  356 Chapter 25  Word Pronoun Agreement  356 Choice 423 Pronoun Reference  362 Pronoun Point of View  365 Word Choice  424 Slang and Textspeak  424 Chapter 20  Adjectives, Clichés 426 Adverbs, and Articles  372 Wordiness 427 Adjectives 373 Chapter 26  Commas 436 Adverbs 376 Articles 381 Commas to Set off Introductory Words, Phrases, and Clauses  437 Commas to Join Items in a Series  437 Commas to Join Independent Clauses 438 viii Contents Commas around Interrupters  439 Action Hero, Rulon ­Openshaw  472 Commas with Direct Quotations 440 Simplicity, William ­Zinsser  477 Commas in Names and Dates  441 Running Through the Dark, Jennifer Chapter 27  Other Sinor 481 Punctuation 444 Setting Boundaries, Cara End Punctuation: Period, Question Mark, ­DiMarco  485 and Exclamation Point  445 Crossing Invisible Lines, Eugenia The Semicolon  447 Vela 490 Colons and Dashes: Formal and Informal Don’t Blame Me! The New ­“Culture Punctuation 448 of Victimization”, John J Parentheses: Tools of Macionis 497 Understatement 450 White Lies, Erin Murphy  503 Chapter 28  Warning: This Is a Rights-Free Workplace, Apostrophes 455 Barbara Ehrenreich  507 Apostrophes in Contractions  456 Civil Rights, Caroline Apostrophes to Show Possession  457 Miller 513 PART 3  Readings 470 Conversational Ballgames, Nancy Masterton Sakamoto 518 Reading at the College Level  471 Two Ways of Seeing a River, Mark Twain 524 Credits 529 Index 530 Readings by Rhetorical Mode Description  White Lies, Erin Murphy   503 Against the Wall, Angie Canon  88 Civil Rights, Caroline Miller   513 Action Hero, Rulon Openshaw  472 Two Ways of Seeing a River, Mark Twain   524 Running Through the Dark, Jennifer Sinor 481 Example   White Lies, Erin Against the Wall, Murphy 503 Angie Canon  88 Two Ways of Seeing a River, Mark Simplicity, William Twain 524 Zinsser   477 Narration   Setting Boundaries, Cara DiMarco   485 Against the Wall, Angie Canon  88 Crossing Invisible Lines, Eugenia Vela   490 Action Hero, Rulon Openshaw   472 Warning: This Is a Rights-Free Workplace, Barbara Running Through the Dark, Jennifer Ehrenreich   507 Sinor   481 Civil Rights, Caroline Crossing Invisible Lines, Eugenia Miller   513 Vela   490 ix