Research, design and implementation of smart Aquaponics systems using Iot technology

Trang 1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING RESEARCH, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART AQUAPON

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING

RESEARCH, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART AQUAPONICS SYSTEMS USING IOT TECHNOLOGY

GRADUATION PROJECT MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

LECTURER: PhD VU QUANG HUY STUDENT: TRAN NGOC DAT

LE HONG SON TRUONG

VU THIEN AN

Ho Chi Minh City, 1st of February 2023

SKL 0 0 9 5 8 1

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HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING

GRADUATION PROJECT

Ho Chi Minh City, 1st of February 2023

RESEARCH, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART AQUAPONICS SYSTEMS USING IOT TECHNOLOGY

Major: MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING Advisor: VU QUANG HUY, PhD

TRAN NGOC DAT 18146014

LE HONG SON TRUONG 18146067

VU THIEN AN 18146006

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HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING

GRADUATION PROJECT

RESEARCH, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART AQUAPONICS SYSTEMS USING IOT TECHNOLOGY

TRAN NGOC DAT 18146014

LE HONG SON TRUONG 18146067

VU THIEN AN 18146006 Major: MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING Advisor: VU QUANG HUY, PhD

Ho Chi Minh City, 1st of February 2023

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THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

Independence – Freedom– Happiness

-

Ho Chi Minh City, Day Month……., Year… …

GRADUATION PROJECT ASSIGNMENT

Student name: Tran Ngoc Dat Student ID: 18146014

Student name: Le Hong Son Truong Student ID: 18146067

Student name: Vu Thien An Student ID: 18146006

Major: Mechatronics Engineering Class: 18146CLA

Advisor: PhD Vu Quang Huy Phone number: +84 918 748 924

Date of assignment: _ Date of submission: _

1 Project title: Research, Design and Implementation of Smart Aquaponics Systems Using IOT Technology

2 Initial materials provided by the advisor: _

3 Content of the project: _

4 Final product:

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THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

Independence – Freedom– Happiness

-

Ho Chi Minh City, Day Month……., Year… …

ADVISOR’S EVALUATION SHEET

Student name: Tran Ngoc Dat Student ID: 18146014

Student name: Le Hong Son Truong Student ID: 18146067

Student name: Vu Thien An Student ID: 18146006

Major: Mechatronics Engineering

Project title: Research, Design and Implementation of Smart Aquaponics Systems Using IOT Technology

Advisor: Vu Quang Huy, PhD

EVALUATION

1 Content of the project:

2 Strengths:

3 Weaknesses:

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THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

Independence – Freedom– Happiness

-

Ho Chi Minh City, Day Month……., Year… …

PRE-DEFENSE EVALUATION SHEET Student name: Tran Ngoc Dat Student ID: 18146014 Student name: Le Hong Son Truong Student ID: 18146067 Student name: Vu Thien An Student ID: 18146006 Major: Mechatronics Engineering Project title: Research, Design and Implementation of Smart Aquaponics Systems Using IOT Technology Name of Reviewer: EVALUATION 1 Content and workload of the project

2 Strengths:

3 Weaknesses:

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4 Approval for oral defense? (Approved or denied)

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THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

Independence – Freedom– Happiness

-

Ho Chi Minh City, Day Month……., Year… ….

EVALUATION SHEET OF DEFENSE COMMITTEE MEMBER Student name: Tran Ngoc Dat Student ID: 18146014 Student name: Le Hong Son Truong Student ID: 18146067 Student name: Vu Thien An Student ID: 18146006 Major: Mechatronics Engineering Project title: Research, Design and Implementation of Smart Aquaponics Systems Using IOT Technology Name of Defense Committee Member:

EVALUATION 1 Content and workload of the project

2 Strengths:

3 Weaknesses:

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4 Overall evaluation: (Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor)

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Disclaimer

The authors, who are accountable for truth and the accuracy of the content and information presented here, have expressed their views in this report's contents This document is not aimed as a standard, specification, or regulation

Acknowledgments

We always want to send our love and gratitude to our parents and family, who are always willing to inspire us and have faith in us so that we may put all of our positive energy into finishing the project successfully

We express our gratitude to our friends for staying by us during our four-year university experience and for helping us make great memories while navigating the challenges of being a student There were times when we felt pain and lost our balance, but the most crucial thing was that we experienced the strength of friendship, which served as our inspiration to get back up and face challenges while studying and working on projects Especially, our team desires to express deep gratitude to Advisor Mr Vu Quang Huy because of his instructions since we are on the idea till the report and implementation are completed

Finally, we also desire to send our gratitude to Ho Chi Minh University of Technology and Education, which provided the background knowledge and a friendly environment to practice for our graduation project

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Table of Content

Disclaimer 10

Acknowledgments 10

Table of Content 11

List of Figures 14

List of Tables 18

Abstract 19 Chapter 1: OVERVIEW 20

1.1 Problems in Vietnam 20

1.2 Suitable solutions 20

1.3 Overall Aquaponics 21

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 24

2.1 Types of Aquaponics systems 24

2.2 The importance of the Aquaponics system 27

2.3 Programming software 28

2.3.1 Virtual Host for Webserver 28

2.4 Overview of Internet of Things 29

2.5 Overview of Webserver 31

2.6 Communication between Webserver and Database 32

2.7 PID in controlling water flow and temperature 34

2.7.1 PID Definition 34

2.8 Plants in the Aquaponics system 35

2.9 Fishes in the Aquaponics system 37

2.10 What is IoT? 41

2.11 How do IoT technology work? 42

Chapter 3: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 43

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3.1 Block Diagram 43

3.1.1 Connection 43

3.1.2 Block Listing 44

3.1.3 System block diagram 45

3.2 Operational Description 46

3.3 Essential factors of Aquaponics system 46

3.3.1 Fish and vegetables in Aquaponics system 46

3.3.2 Effected elements in Aquaponics system 47

3.4 Equipment 50

34.1 pH sensor- PH E-201-C-TH211: 50

3.4.2 Light sensor- IC LM393: 52

3.4.3 Temperature sensor- DHT11: 52

3.4.4 Humidity sensor- E2000115 with IC LM393: 53

3.4.5 Level sensor- HC - SR04: 54

3.4.6 Siphon 55

3.4.7 Relay 55

3.4.8 Bell Siphon 57

3.4.9 Water pump 62

3.4.10 Cooling fan 64

3.4.11 Power block 65

3.4 Mechanical Design 66

3.4.1 Drafting 66

3.4.2 Inventor Design 67

3.5 Electrical Design 69

3.5.1 Electrical block 69

3.5.2 Circuit diagram of ESP8266 with NRF module communication 70

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3.5.3 Circuit diagram of Aquaponic Systems 71

3.5.4 PCB Circuit 71

3.6 Control Design 72

3.6.1 Operation Process 72

3.6.2 Timer for tracking plants 74

3.7 Implementation 74

3.7.1 Webserver 74

3.7.2 Model implementation 77

Chapter 4: EXPERIMENT RESULTS/ FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 81

4.1 Establish Target Specifications 81

4.1.1 Qualitative Statements 81

4.1.2 List of metrics 82

4.1.3 Needs and metrics correlations 83

4.2 Experiments 83

4.2.1 Static tests 83

4.2.2 Dynamic tests 85

4.3 Analysis 88

4.3.1 What is completed and needs improvements? 88

Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 90

5.1 Lessons learned 90

5.2 Future work 90

5.3 Project improvements 90

References 92 Appendix 1: Abbreviation 95

Blueprint……… ……… …100

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List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Definition of Aquaponics 25 Figure 1.2: Portable Farms Aquaponics Systems 26 Figure 1.3: Ouroboros Farms’ Aquaponics systems 26 Figure 2.1: Media-Based Technique 25

Figure 2.2: Nutrient Film Technique 29 Figure 2.3: Deep Water Culture 30 Figure 2.4: The important of Aquaponics system 31 Figure 2.5: WAMP 31 Figure 2.6: Example of IoT 33 Figure 2.7: Some applications of IoT 34 Figure 2.8: Webserver 35 Figure 2.9: PHP and MySQL relationship 36 Figure 2.10: Example of IoT system with webserver and database 36 Figure 2.11: A block diagram of a PID controller 38 Figure 2.12: Lettuce in Aquaponics system 39 Figure 2.13: Okra in Aquaponics system 39 Figure 2.14: Ginger, turmeric in Aquaponics system 40 Figure 2.15: Tomato in Aquaponics system 40 Figure 2.16: Gourds in Aquaponics system 41 Figure 2.17: Group of catfish 42 Figure 2.18: Giant fish 42 Figure 2.19: Group of Tilapia Fish 43 Figure 2.20: Group of perch, snakehead fish, snakehead fish 43 Figure 2.21: Group of craps fish 44

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Figure 3.1: Block diagram connection 43Figure 3.2: Block diagram for electric and signal connect 49

Figure 3.3: pH sensor 56 Figure 3.4: Light sensor 56 Figure 3.5: Temperature sensor 57 Figure 3.6: DHT11 specifications table 57 Figure 3.7: Humidity sensor 58 Figure 3.8: HC-SR04 specification 59 Figure 3.9: Ultrasonic sensor 59 Figure 3.10: Siphon 60 Figure 3.11: Some types of relays 60 Figure 3.12: Two Channels relay schematic 61 Figure 3.13: Relay’s pins 61 Figure 3.14: Structure of bell siphon 62 Figure 3.15: Force diagram of pressure and gravity 62 Figure 3.16: The water is pumped into the container 63 Figure 3.17: The water level become higher than the sucking level of the siphon 63 Figure 3.18: Water is beginning to be sucked down by the help of gravity 64 Figure 3.19: The amount of water is almost drained all and the loop start again 64 Figure 3.20: Standpipes and siphon pipes 66 Figure 3.21: Describe of set up bell siphon 67 Figure 3.22: Describe the operation of the water pump 68 Figure 3.23: Water Pump LifeTechAP3100 69 Figure 3.24: Cooling fan 70 Figure 3.25: A switch mode power supply with 12V output 70

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Figure 3.26: Block diagram of a mains operated AC/DC SMPS 71 Figure 3.27: Pre-design drafting 72 Figure 3.28: Isometric view 72 Figure 3.29: Exploded View 73 Figure 3.30: Aquaponic System Projection 73 Figure 3 31: Electrical block diagram with ESP8266 74 Figure 3.32: Electrical block diagram with NRF Module 75 Figure 3.33: Schematic diagram of ESP8266 and NRF module 75 Figure 3.34: Schematic diagram of Aquaponic Systems 76 Figure 3.35: Top view of PCB with ESP8266 76 Figure 3.36: PCB of NRF module 77 Figure 3.37: Control Flow Chart 78 Figure 3.38: Algorithm Flowchart about Tracking Plants 79 Figure 3.39: Web server UI 80 Figure 3.40: The tracked pH statistics are sent to the Webserver 80 Figure 3.41: Web Blynk UI 81 Figure 3.42: App BLYNK UI 82 Figure 3.43: The whole system after implementation - Aquaponics System 82 Figure 3.44: The front view of Aquaponics system 83 Figure 3.45: The top view of Aquaponics system 83 Figure 3.46: The plant after 10 days in Aquaponics system 84 Figure 3.47: The Siphon in Aquaponics system 84 Figure 3.48: The outside of electrical box 85 Figure 3.49: The inside of electrical box 85

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Figure 4.1: Temperature chart in the morning 90 Figure 4.2: Temperature chart at night 90 Figure 4.3: pH chart 91 Figure 4.4: Amonia chart 92 Figure 4.5: Humidity chart 92

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List of Tables

Table 3.1: Component Blocks 44

Table 4.1: List of Needs 82 Table 4.2: List of Metrics 82 Table 4.3: Needs and metrics correlation 83 Table 4.4: Static tests parameters - Model Aquaponic System 84 Table 4.5: Static tests parameters – Plant Spot 84 Table 4.6: Static tests parameters – Fish Tank 84 Table 4.7: Tuning value of PID: 88 Table 4.8: Test the power consumption of the Aquaponics system in full load case 88

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Abstract

In Vietnam, agriculture is regarded as one of the most significant economic sectors Although the country is in the process of industrialization and modernization of the country However, the agricultural sector with appropriate changes has been affirming its right position in the national economy Vietnam's agricultural industry is currently developing in the direction of high-tech agriculture Hi-tech agricultural regions have implemented planning, concentrated production, and applied high technology to produce several products with advantages of the region, demonstrating high productivity and being environment friendly

One of the specific kinds of high-tech agriculture is Aquaponics The aquaponics-based food system is a coined name for a technology that integrates fish farming, crops and/or animal production such as small ruminants, grass cutters, rabbits, sheep and goats, etc as

a comprehensive unit usually on 1ha parcel of land It is a closed system which may involve

at least two to several units such as aquaculture, nailery, compost unit, livestock/poultry, vegetables, worms rearing, and crop production where either the output or leisure from one

of these components becomes an input of the other

Modern aquaponics emerged from multiple agricultural methods that were seeking to provide a more sustainable environment means of food production Businesses which use aquaponics are major players in the world's agricultural economy, and the sector is continually expanding Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the aquaponics system

is both ecologically friendly and self-sustaining Aquaponics is attracting interest, but the market does not seem to be supporting it Particularly, aquaponics has a little market saturation and lacks the necessary growth-oriented attention Today's agriculture, including hydroponics, depends on chemically generated nutrients that are extracted from ore Some

of these nutrients are difficult to mine, hard to get by, and environmentally hazardous Additionally, current systems are ineffective in providing a population with enough food

The disadvantages of soil-based:

- It takes a lot of time to bring water for plants Average 2 times a day

- Water waste The amount of water for irrigation does not enter the plant, is washed away or seeps into the ground According to actual research, 60%-90%

of water seeps into the soil without being absorbed by plants

- There is wastewater released into the environment The amount of irrigation water and pesticides will flow into the environment Wasting water and polluting the environment

- Depends on the environment and the fertilizers

The disadvantages of hydroponics:

- Plants will die faster without proper care and knowledge

- Operating a system of many types of equipment, requires the necessary expertise about the equipment used, the types of plants you can grow and how they can survive and thrive in the environment have land

- In a hydroponic system, most of the time you use water and electricity The risks

of electricity and water are great

- System error problems

- Grow plants in a closed system that uses water In the event of an infection or pest infestation, they can spread rapidly to plants on the same nutrient reservoir

1.2 Suitable solutions

This is a model of vegetable farming – fish farming combined based on the principles of the natural production system In addition, if understood linguistically, Aquaponics is a combination of two words Aquaculture and Hydroponics The special feature of this model

is exploiting the good aspects of both methods Plants do not need soil, do not need fertilizer or provide nutrients, and can still grow and develop well With this model, you

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just need to plant the seeds and wait for the harvest day thanks to the microorganisms present in the aquarium Meanwhile, plants act as water purifiers, purifying water sources, promoting the growth of fish

The advantages of Aquaponics:

- Ensure food safety

- Eliminate the potential harm to plants from the soil, water, fertilizer, etc Vegetables and fruits will always keep their fresh taste

- No need to fertilize thanks to natural waste from fish

- No need to waste time watering plants thanks to automatic watering for plants

- Gives 3 times the yield of conventional soil growing methods

- Fish when raised in a closed environment should grow quickly, ensuring no toxic substances

- Bringing green space and fresh air to urban residents

- Contribute to protecting the environment

The disadvantages of the Aquaponics:

- Complicated in building the system, it is necessary to install: fish tank, backup power system, cooling system, heating system,

- High initial investment cost

- It takes about a year for the model to work stably

- Water sources, nutrient sources all require high levels

- More prone to problems than hydroponics

1.3 Overall Aquaponics

Aquaponics is a combination of aquaculture, which is growing fish and other aquatic animals, and hydroponic, which is growing plants without soil Aquaponics uses these two

in a symbiotic combination in which plants are fed the aquatic animals’ discharge or waste

In return, the vegetables clean the water that goes back to the fish Along with the fish and their waste, microbes play an important role in the nutrition of plants

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Figure 1.1: Definition of Aquaponics

Aquaponics is a big hope for sustainable organic crop production, aquaculture and water consumption The fish waste is recycled and used for plant growth instead of throwing it

in the ocean The water is recirculated in a closed system lowering the consumption of this resource

Aquaponics systems are sustainable and environment-friendly, as there are no toxic wastes and run-offs from chemicals Ultimately, aquaponics systems can help urban food growers maximize food yield This is possible by harvesting both fish for a protein source and fresh plant produce

Figure 1.2: Portable Farms Aquaponics Systems

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Figure 1.3: Ouroboros Farms’ Aquaponics systems

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Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Types of Aquaponics systems

Home gardeners already employ a variety of aquaponics system designs Each of these aquaponics system designs may be the best aquaponics system design to implement in each situation

Each design of an aquaponics system includes the following elements:

- A grow bed where the plants are grown

- A fish tank where the fish are lived

- A pump that transfers the water from the fish tank to the grow bed

- Standpipes or siphons that drain the water from the grow bed back to the fish tank

- The water pump assists in aeration and water movement throughout the entire system

- Support for the plants is provided by grow media or floating rafts

Media-Based Aquaponics System:

The media-based method, which is also known as Flood and Drain, is typical of scale aquaponics systems and well-liked by aquaponics home gardeners who do it themselves The design of the media-based system is straightforward, efficient with regard

small-to area, and has a low starting cost making it ideal for aquaponics beginners

The media-based system entails planting the veggies in a grow bed that is filled with enhance the growth (expanded clay pebbles, gravel, or lava rock) For the plants to receive the nutrients, the water from the fish tank is pumped or flows naturally into the grow beds The nitrifying bacteria colony is housed in the grow beds, which also give the plants a space to flourish Some news aquaponics systems are operated by flooding and draining the grow beds; when the water reaches a saturation point, a bell siphon is used to remove the water

Advantages of Media-Based Aquaponics System:

- Relatively simple and inexpensive

- Suitable for various types of plants, from giant fruiting plants to leafy greens

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- Minimal cleaning is required

- Ideal for hobby applications, home gardens, and as part of the commercial farm

Disadvantages of Media-Based Aquaponics System:

- A high-quality medium could be rather pricey

- Over time, the medium's pore spaces may clog, creating anaerobic conditions that are bad for your plants

- Due to poor productivity and difficulties in a large-scale implementation, this type of system by itself is typically not suited for commercial use

- The media beds require a strong, sturdy structure because they are heavy

Figure 2.1: Media-Based Technique[22]

Nutrient Film Technique:

Because of its straightforward yet efficient design that functions well in specific settings, the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) is a hydroponic growing method that has been converted to aquaponics In this technique, shallow streams of nutrient-rich water flow via horizontal PVC pipes The NFT is popular for commercial aquaponics and is also useful

in urban places where space and food production are problems

Advantages of NFT:

- The NFT takes up less room and requires fewer resources than other systems

- NFT allows for continuous water purification

- The partially submerged roots have access to sufficient oxygen

Disadvantages of NFT:

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- The narrow channels or the pipes are susceptible to clogging

- In the event that the pump breaks, the roots can become dry

- Suitable only for small rooting plants

Figure 2.2: Nutrient Film Technique[22]

Raft System:

One of the most effective aquaponics system designs is the raft system, sometimes referred

to as Deep-Water Culture (DWC) Due to its capacity for mass production, this method is frequently utilized in industrial or commercial aquaponics systems

In a raft system, rafts made of polystyrene or foam board float on top of the lengthy canals

of nutrient-rich water that are often only 20 cm deep The plants are grown on raft boards that are supported within holes by net pots Hanging down in nutrient- and oxygen-rich water, plant roots take in these elements and grow quickly The nutrient-rich water continuously cycles from the fish tank to the filter, then to the raft tank where the plants are grown, and then back to the fish tank The raft tank is often separate from the fish tank

Advantages of the Raft System:

- High crop output with low labor costs

- The roots are more exposed to the nutrients in the water

- Plants are easier to harvest since the roots are submerged in the water Not in any media

- Raft beds are easy to clean

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- Best suited for large commercial production

- It enables more fish stocking

Disadvantages of Rafts System:

- Limited to growing a little leafy greens like basil and lettuce

- If not constructed properly, it may serve as a breeding place for mosquitoes

- The roots are immersed, so it must be filtered

- Needs a bigger area to set up

Figure 2.3: Deep Water Culture[22]

2.2 The importance of the Aquaponics system

Aquaculture generates fewer greenhouse gas emissions as compared to other farming techniques When compared to chicken, pork, and beef, seafood has the best protein retention, making it a very resource-efficient meal choice It also has the lowest feed conversion ratio when compared to other proteins of a similar class Aquaculture generates fewer greenhouse gas emissions as compared to other farming techniques

With an anticipated 10 billion people expected to inhabit the planet by 2050, the demand for animal protein will increase by 52 percent The need for sustainable and healthy methods of feeding the planet has never been greater Aquaculture's role is crucial for providing a nutritious, lean protein to the world's expanding population in a sustainable manner Aquaculture's main duty is to effectively supplement wild-caught fish options to improve the amount of seafood that is available globally

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Aquaculture has the potential to improve the health of our planet and the health of our population, if it is done in a manner that is environmentally friendly, socially conscious, taking food safety and animal welfare into account

Figure 2.4: The important of Aquaponics system[23]

2.3 Programming software

2.3.1 Virtual Host for Webserver

WAMP is stands for Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP WAMP installs Apache,

MySQL, and PHP on your operating system because it is a software stack (Windows in the case of WAMP) They can be installed independently, but they are typically bundled together, and for good reason

On your computer, WAMP functions like a virtual server Since it is locally installed on your system and not linked to the internet, you may test out all of WordPress' functions without worrying about any repercussions

Figure 2.5: WAMP

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LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Perl/Python) is an acronym denoting one of the

most common solution stacks for many of the web's most popular applications However, LAMP is currently used to describe a general software stack architecture, and its parts can

be used interchangeably in most situations

The acronym's letters stand for each of the four open-source components that make it up:

- Linux for the operating system

- Apache HTTP Server

- MySQL for the relational database management system

- PHP, Perl, or Python programming language

Most Linux distributions have LAMP stack components in their software repositories

2.4 Overview of Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical "things" that can connect to other devices and systems over the internet and exchange data with them These "things" contain sensors, software, and other modern technologies integrated into them

A person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, a car with built-in sensors to warn the driver when the tire pressure is low, or any other living thing or machine that can be given an IP address and can transfer data over a network can all be considered things in the internet of things

The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is made up of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors, and communication gear, to gather, send, and act on the data they get from their surroundings IoT devices communicate the sensor data they gather by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device, which either sends data to the cloud for analysis or analyzes it locally These devices occasionally communicate with other, comparable devices, acting on the information they exchange Although users can interact with the gadgets to set them up, give them instructions, or retrieve the data, the majority of the work is done by the devices without their assistance

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Figure 2.6: Example of IoT[24]

People who use the Internet of Things can live and work more intelligently and have total control over their life IoT is crucial to business in addition to providing smart home automation devices With the help of IoT, organizations can see in real time how their systems function, gaining insights into anything from equipment performance to supply chain and logistics activities

Businesses may automate procedures and save money on labor thanks to IoT Additionally,

it reduces waste, enhances service delivery, lowers the cost of manufacturing and delivering items, and provides transparency in consumer transactions

IoT is one of the most important modern technologies as a result, and it will continue to grow as more businesses realize how connected devices can help them stay competitive Organizations can gain several advantages from the Internet of Things Some advantages are unique to certain businesses, while others apply to many other industries The following are some typical advantages of IoT for businesses:

- Monitor their overall business processes

- Improve the customer experience

- Save time and money

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- Enhance employee productivity

- Integrate and adapt business models

- Make better business decisions

- Generate more revenue

Figure 2.7: Some applications of IoT

2.5 Overview of Webserver

Web servers can be either hardware or software, or perhaps a combination of the two

On the hardware side, a web server is a machine that hosts the supporting files for a website along with the web server software (Such as HTML pages, images, CSS stylesheets, and JavaScript files, for instance) A web server provides a connection to the Internet and facilitates the physical data transfer with other internet devices

On the software side, a web server has several components that regulate how hosted files are accessible by web users This is at the very least an HTTP server Software that understands HTTP and URLs (web addresses) is known as an HTTP server (the protocol your browser uses to view webpages) The content of these hosted websites is sent to the end user's device through an HTTP server, which may be accessed via the web addresses

of the websites it stores

Either a static web server or a dynamic web server is required to publish a website

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An HTTP server is installed on a computer (hardware) that serves as a static web server (software) Static refers to this type of content because the server immediately sends the hosted files to your browser

In addition to a static web server, a dynamic web server also includes other software, most frequently an application server and a database Referring to it as "dynamic" because, before delivering material to your browser over the HTTP server, the application server refreshes the hosted files

A web server's primary responsibility is to present the content of websites An intranet server is a web server that is used exclusively internally and is not accessible to the public When someone requests a website by entering the URL or web address (such as www.economictimes.com) in the address bar of a web browser (such as Chrome or Firefox), the browser sends a request for the corresponding web page for that address over the Internet

Figure 2.8: Webserver[25]

2.6 Communication between Webserver and Database

When a web server gets a request, it will immediately deliver a standard web page to the browser making the request When a request for a dynamic page is made, the web server reacts differently and directs the request to a specific software extension that will finish the page An application server is the name for this program The application server reads the page's code, completes it by following the code's instructions, and then deletes the page The application server then returns the requested static page to the web server, which

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ultimately sends it to the requesting browser When a webpage loads, all that the browser sees is plain HTML

A database is an intentionally created collection of information that has been arranged and

is typically stored electronically in a computer system A database management system is widely used to manage databases (DBMS) The phrase "database system," which is commonly abbreviated to "just a database," refers to the information, the database management system, and any associated applications collectively

The most popular types of databases in use today frequently model their data as rows and columns in a set of tables to facilitate processing and data querying The information can then be easily handled, updated, regulated, and organized The majority of databases use structured query language for both writing and querying data (SQL)

Figure 2.9: PHP and MySQL relationship[26]

Figure 2.10: Example of IoT system with webserver and database[27]

PID automatically corrects a control function with delicacy and responsiveness A common illustration of this is how a auto's voyage control can be used to climb a hill while maintaining machine power The regulator's PID algorithm returns the measured speed to the asked speed with the least quantum of detention and overshoot by gradationally raising the machine’s output

From themid-1920s onward, the field of programmed commanding fabrics for vessels saw the primary theoretical disquisition and practical operation of PID After that, it was extensively used in manufacturing for automatic process control in curvaceous and electronic regulators The PID principle is used in all operations moment that need for accurate and effective automatic control The PID controller includes three terms:

The PID controller includes three terms:

Figure 2.11: A block diagram of a PID controller[28]

Term P is proportional to the current value of the SP – PV error

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Term I account for past values of the SP – PV error and integrates them over time to produce the I term

Term D is the best estimate of the future trend of the SP – PV error

2.8 Plants in the Aquaponics system

To date, more than 150 different types of vegetables, herbs, flowers and small plants have been successfully grown in aquaponics systems, including research and commercial systems

Vegetables with higher nutritional requirements are suitable for systems established with adequate fish stocks However, some root crops and some sensitive plants do not grow well

in aquaponics They can only be grown on media beds or wicking beds

Different vegetables have different nutritional requirements Based on nutritional needs, plants in aquaponics are divided into groups

Group of leafy vegetables

Most leafy greens can grow well in the Aquaponics system Depending on your preferences and weather conditions in the area where you live, the appropriate choice

Figure 2.12: Lettuce in Aquaponics system[29]

Legumes group

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Legumes such as chickpeas, soybeans, cowpeas, okra, peanuts, etc can all grow well in your Aquaponics system This is a group of plants with very good nutritional value and suitable for your daily needs

Figure 2.13: Okra in Aquaponics system[29]

Group of root crops

Root crops such as ginger, sweet potato, sweet potato, tapioca (cassava) or potato can be grown and grown well in the Aquaponics system Carrots, radishes, and cassava (legumes) grow very well in the Aquaponics system

Figure 2.14: Ginger, turmeric in Aquaponics system[29]

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Group of fruit trees

Tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, etc grow wonderfully in your Aquaponics system Some fruit trees such as strawberries, watermelon or even papaya can also be grown in the Aquaponics system

Figure 2.15: Tomato in Aquaponics system[29]

Group of vines for fruit

Gourds, squash, melons, cucumbers (cucumbers), bitter melons (bitter melons) or even grapes can all be grown and grown well on the Aquaponics system

Figure 2.16: Gourds in Aquaponics system[29]

2.9 Fishes in the Aquaponics system

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Fish waste is the nutrient that feeds plants in the Aquaponics system, so it is very important

to choose which fish is suitable for the plant and the climate where you live It should be noted that fish and shrimp cultured in the system must be freshwater species, as the plants

in the system can only grow when supplied with fresh water! In addition, you should also determine the purpose of developing Aquaponics for your family to choose the right fish For example, do you raise fish to eat meat or just to watch to choose the right fish!? This

is very important and in my opinion, you should determine before building the system to ensure the best fish development Here is a list of fish species you can keep in your Aquaponics system:

Group of catfish

Some catfish species are easy to raise and gain weight quite quickly such as pangasius, catfish are very suitable for aquaculture in the Aquaponics system These are species that can tolerate extreme environmental conditions The simplest is to choose a ready-made industrial food suitable for each species of fish to eat

Figure 2.17: Group of catfish[29]

Group of Giant fish

It is easy to see giant fish raised in the rock formations, especially in the southern area This is a very easy fish to raise and gain weight quickly Giant fish are omnivores, they can eat a variety of foods from fresh fish to processed foods The simplest is that you should choose ready-to-eat food for easy management and care of fish

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Figure 2.18: Giant fish[29]

Group of Tilapia Fish

Tilapia is the easiest species to keep and is the most widely kept in aquaponics systems in the world In Vietnam, tilapia is farmed almost all year round from North to South You should be aware that tilapia can spawn naturally in your system! Therefore, if you don't want that to happen, keep tilapia monogamous for the fastest growth Red tilapia (red tilapia) delicious meat and relatively fast weight gain is also a very suitable choice in the Aquaponics system Currently, tilapia feed is also produced industrially, you just need to buy and feed the fish

Figure 2.19: Group of Tilapia Fish[29]

Group of perch, snakehead fish, snakehead fish

This is a group of copper fish that have been raised for a long time and are very popular in Vietnam, especially in the southern provinces These are easy fish to raise, food can be used as industrial food or fresh food such as trash fish and shrimp However, you must be careful when using trash fish and shrimp food, because they are easy to pollute the water environment In my opinion, it is best to choose industrial feed for your system