INTRODUCTION
Motivation of the research
The rise in urbanization and limited parking availability has fueled interest in automatic car parking systems, which leverage advanced technologies and algorithms to park vehicles autonomously These systems aim to address environmental concerns while enhancing efficiency and convenience in urban settings.
The scientific and practical significance of the topic
- Design the Automatic Car Parking System with the best product to serve the customer’s demand
- Improve more about the quality of product, structure of machine than the other type of traditional way.
Objective of research
Our research focuses on addressing the challenges of the current car parking system by proposing a variety of solutions One of the most effective solutions identified by our team is the development of a fully automatic car parking system This innovative approach enhances convenience, ensuring that users can park their vehicles with confidence in safety and security, while also saving time and simplifying the parking process.
Target and research area
- Research about the technology of an Automatic Car Parking System
- Design and assemble structure of machine
- Calculate the transmission structure design
- Research the electrical and control design.
Methodological basic
Investigate and analysis the advantages and disadvantages of the Automatic Car Parking System to have several improvements in the future.
Benefit of project
Automatic automobile parking systems provide numerous benefits such as increased parking capacity, significant time and cost savings, enhanced convenience, improved safety, environmental sustainability, and seamless integration with smart city initiatives These advantages position them as an attractive solution for tackling parking challenges in densely populated areas.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The introduction of automatic car parking systems
In recent years, urban areas globally have faced significant challenges related to effective vehicle parking, driven by population growth and a lack of adequate parking spaces This has led to heightened congestion, traffic issues, and dissatisfaction among drivers To combat these problems, innovative technologies have emerged, facilitating the implementation of automatic car parking systems.
Automatic automobile parking systems utilize advanced technologies to optimize parking space utilization and simplify the parking experience Designed to minimize the time and effort spent searching for parking, these systems enhance the overall capacity of parking facilities By incorporating various elements like sensors, cameras, computer algorithms, and robotic mechanics, automatic parking systems deliver a smooth and convenient experience for both drivers and parking attendants.
Automatic parking systems utilize a network of strategically positioned sensors that monitor parking space availability and relay real-time data to a central control system This system employs advanced algorithms to identify the optimal parking spot for incoming vehicles Once a space is allocated, drivers are guided through clear signage or autonomous driving features, ensuring a seamless and stress-free parking experience.
Automated parking systems integrate with modern payment solutions and smartphone applications, enabling seamless payment processing and advance reservation of parking spots for users This technology not only enhances convenience and peace of mind for drivers but also aids parking operators in efficiently managing their facilities, analyzing parking trends, and gaining valuable insights for future enhancements and planning.
The advent of automatic car parking systems marks a significant advancement in parking technology By leveraging innovative technologies, these systems enhance space utilization, bolster security, and streamline the parking process, revolutionizing how vehicles are parked.
Emerging technologies that automate parking activities offer effective solutions for urban areas struggling with efficient parking management As advancements continue, we can expect significant improvements in autonomous vehicle parking systems, leading to smoother and smarter parking experiences for drivers worldwide.
The growing population in urban areas leads to heightened transportation demands, resulting in a surge of individual vehicles To alleviate peak-hour traffic congestion, city managers must enhance traffic flow by investing in infrastructure improvements, including the construction of highways, underground routes, and the expansion of existing roads Additionally, developing more parking facilities is essential to accommodate the needs of residents effectively.
In major cities like Ho Chi Minh City, finding a parking spot in the city center has become increasingly challenging due to the high volume of daily car traffic, which far exceeds the available parking spaces.
Figure 2 1: Traffic congestion in metropolises on peak hours [1]
The city's inadequate measures for static traffic management have hindered the development of additional parking facilities Efforts to improve the parking situation have been ineffective, as investors have not acknowledged their potential Consequently, the state of parking lots in major cities is increasingly becoming a significant concern.
As Tet celebrations unfold across the country, the rise of unofficial parking lots has become a pressing issue, with many facilities lacking security and quality management while charging exorbitant rates This has left numerous drivers dissatisfied and highlighted the urgent need for smart and secure parking solutions to alleviate urban traffic congestion.
Overview of traffic station in Vietnam
2.2.1 Demand for parking lot in Vietnam recently
Ho Chi Minh City faces significant parking challenges, prompting our team to create an innovative automatic parking system This advanced solution prioritizes user safety and efficiency, effectively minimizing both time and labor costs associated with parking.
Ho Chi Minh City Police report a staggering 50-100% average loss of motorbikes, with 30% of these thefts occurring in hospitals, supermarkets, and commercial areas The primary cause of these incidents is often linked to thieves using fraudulent tickets or the vehicle owners misplacing their parking tickets This alarming trend has led to the development of a more secure parking system to combat motorbike theft in the city.
Our team decided to use this model as the theme for our research because of its security
Discover compelling evidence that demonstrates how your business can capture a significant client base in a thriving industry, ensuring sales that surpass competitors and attract investors and potential partners alike.
A comprehensive product market analysis is a crucial element of a business plan, focusing on current market size and growth trends This analysis informs key sections of the business plan, including production, marketing strategies, and total capital requirements, all of which rely on the sales forecasts derived from this segment Key components to emphasize in our market analysis include understanding customer needs, competitive landscape, and potential market opportunities.
Figure 2 3: Car parked on the pavement [3]
Traffic congestion is a widely discussed issue, highlighted by various media outlets including radio and television, which frequently report on the problem Additionally, specialized channels provide real-time updates on traffic conditions in the area The city's streets experience heavy and complex vehicle flow, surpassing the capacity of existing roadways.
However, due to the massive number of vehicles, the current parking points is not enough for the needs of customers So the major reason are:
1 Car senders' attitudes sometimes become sensitive, as well as their professional levels
2 The security of most parking park is not following the standard
3 Customers spend a long time to go to a nearby parking lot and they do not know about the state of the parking park which they are heading to
4 Customers find it uncomfortable to wait a long period for their turn during vehicle sending times
2.2.3 Misidentification of automatic parking lot
Many individuals express concerns about the safety of Automatic Parking Lot technology, fearing that reduced human oversight may compromise property security However, we argue that this system still effectively protects users' assets Smart technology enables devices to communicate and relay data to a centralized platform, allowing remote supervision of the parking facility Additionally, utilizing both physical cards and license plates can lead to cost savings.
Many businesses remain reluctant to transition from traditional parking lots to smart parking solutions due to concerns about the ongoing maintenance costs associated with automated systems While this hesitation is understandable, a closer examination of the parking demands in our country reveals a compelling case for the benefits of smart parking.
The Automatic Parking Lot System has the potential to revolutionize parking by addressing common challenges faced in traditional car parks This innovative system enhances efficiency and offers a convenient, comfortable experience for customers during every visit The primary aim of this project is to streamline parking operations and improve user satisfaction.
This project aims to develop a cost-effective prototype of an automatic parking lot system that showcases its viability as a modern parking solution for urban areas By addressing the challenges faced by traditional parking facilities, we seek to enhance the overall customer experience The system will enable users to monitor parking availability remotely, empowering them to make informed decisions about their parking options.
General process
1 Entrance: The entry point of the parking park
2 Vehicle Detection: Sensors will detect the appearance of a vehicle
3 Parking Space Selection: The system selects an appropriate parking space based on many factors
4 Vehicle Guidance: The system provides instructions to the driver on how to navigate to the selected parking space
5 Parking Space: The physical parking space where the vehicle will be parked
6 Vehicle Position Control: The system controls the vehicle's movement and positioning within the parking space
7 Parking Completion: Confirmation that the vehicle has been successfully parked
8 Exit: The exit point of the parking facility.
Some of car parking systems
The tower parking system features an elevator designed to transfer vehicles to a surrounding parking area, allowing for the addition of extra storeys This central lift unit operates solely in a vertical direction and parks vehicles on both sides A key advantage of this system is its ability to integrate seamlessly into existing structures without impacting vibration or sound levels, while also occupying significantly less space compared to traditional parking lots.
The vehicle parking and retrieval process is managed by a centralized positioning system within cylindrical silo structures, where the outer perimeter is designated for parked cars At the core of the system is a lift and rotation mechanism that facilitates vehicle positioning, typically allowing only one vehicle to be accessed at a time.
The silo parking system features advanced mechanics that allow for simultaneous vertical and horizontal positioning, enabling quick movement of vehicles This system can be installed above ground or underground, making it ideal for areas with challenging soil conditions While the silo can accommodate one or more parking modules, it generally allows for the parking or retrieval of one car at a time.
The rotary parking system is designed to maximize space by accommodating more than two cars in a compact area, allowing up to six vehicles to be parked in a space intended for two This innovative system can be customized to meet varying user needs and is effective in restricted-size zones Vehicles enter the parking area on the ground floor, and when an empty compartment becomes available, all cars rotate clockwise To retrieve a specific vehicle, the system rotates until the desired car reaches the ground level, allowing the driver to exit before loading or unloading another vehicle.
Comparison
Both modern method (Automatic Car Parking System ) and traditional spontaneous parking have their competitive advantages
Figure 2 8: Automatic Car Parking System Principle Outstanding Feature
Automated car parking systems leverage advanced technology and machinery to fully automate the parking process, utilizing robotic systems to park vehicles in designated areas without requiring human intervention.
Automatic car parking systems enhance efficiency by significantly decreasing the time needed for parking and retrieving vehicles This streamlined, automated process leads to faster turnaround times and minimizes congestion, making parking more convenient for users.
Automated parking systems greatly enhance safety by significantly reducing the risk of human error These robotic mechanisms are engineered to park vehicles with precision and care, minimizing the likelihood of collisions and damage.
Figure 2 9: Traditional Spontaneous Parking Outstanding Features
Traditional parking systems have been widely utilized for years, with users accustomed to the process of obtaining a ticket, finding a parking space, and making payments at designated machines or central stations.
Implementing a traditional parking system is a cost-effective solution, especially for smaller parking facilities or temporary arrangements, as it requires minimal technology and infrastructure compared to modern automated systems.
Traditional parking systems are versatile in terms of the types of vehicles they can accommodate
Traditional parking systems offer versatility by accommodating various vehicle types, including motorbikes, bicycles, and larger vehicles, and can be easily customized to meet different size requirements without significant modifications.
Security is a significant concern for drivers when they leave their vehicles for an extended period, as they often worry about the condition and safety of their car.
Install Process
Figure 2 10: Install Process Diagram First step: Research the customer’s demand
Second step: Design the overall system architecture
Third step: Construct the frame of machine
Fourth step: Install various sensors, such as ultrasonic or infrared sensors, at appropriate locations to detect the presence of vehicles
Fifth step: Develop a control system to manage the overall operation of the parking system
Sixth step: Install mechanical components such as conveyors, lifts, and platforms for vehicle movement Integrate motors, gears, and pulley systems to enable automated vehicle transportation within the parking system
Research driver’s demands System Design Assemble the frame
Ensure safety features are in place
The seventh step involves designing and developing a user-friendly interface for drivers to effectively interact with the parking system This interface should offer beneficial solutions that enhance user experience, making interactions more efficient and manageable for drivers.
Eighth step: Implement security measures like surveillance cameras and access control systems (RFID technique) Ensure safety features are in place, such as emergency stop buttons and obstacle detection mechanisms
Ninth step: Conduct extensive testing to verify the functionality and performance of the automatic car parking system
Tenth step: Establish a regular maintenance schedule to ensure proper functioning
RFID, or Radio Frequency Identification, is a remote data recognition technology that enables the reading of information stored on a chip without direct exposure Utilizing radio waves, RFID can transmit data over distances ranging from 50 cm to 10 meters, depending on the specific type of RFID label or card used.
A magnetic card will be issued to service users To identify and track radio waves, this sort of card comprises ICs with identity information about a product, animal, or person
Magnetic cards will enhance automobile parking management by providing precise information, allowing for better control of vehicle data These cards function similarly to ID cards, offering unique identification for both car owners and their vehicles Each RFID card operates within a distinct frequency range, ensuring secure and individualized access.
It acts as a signal reader/scanner When a card passes through the electromagnetic area due to the antenna generated, the information on the card will be read and decoded
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) is a widely utilized protocol for asynchronous serial data transmission, facilitating device-to-device communication It is commonly employed in applications involving modules like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and RFID card readers, particularly with platforms such as Raspberry Pi and Arduino As a prevalent communication standard in the industry, UART plays a crucial role in connecting various microcontrollers and devices.
In UART communication, two UART devices interact directly by converting parallel data from a control device, like a CPU, into serial data This serial data is transmitted to a receiving UART, which then converts it back into parallel data for the receiving device.
Stepper Motor
An electromechanical device known as a stepper motor transforms electrical power into mechanical power Additionally, it is a synchronous, brushless electric motor that has a large number of steps per entire rotation
When appropriately sized for the application, a stepper motor can achieve precise positioning without the need for feedback devices By applying an electrical pulse, the stepper motor rotates the motor shaft a specific distance, utilizing the principles of magnetism.
The construction of a stepper motor closely resembles that of a DC motor, featuring a central permanent magnet rotor that rotates when force is applied This rotor is surrounded by multiple stators, each wound with magnetic coils The stators are strategically positioned near the rotor, allowing their magnetic fields to effectively control the rotor's movement.
A stepper motor operates by sequentially energizing each stator, which magnetizes and functions as an electromagnetic pole This process utilizes repulsive energy to propel the rotor forward, enabling precise control of movement.
The stator’s alternative magnetizing as well as demagnetizing will shift the rotor gradually
&allows it to turn through great control
There are three main types of stepper motors, they are:
Permanent magnet motors, also referred to as tin-can or can-stack motors, utilize a permanent magnet in the rotor, generating motion through the attraction or repulsion between the rotor's permanent magnet and the stator electromagnets One of the primary advantages of these motors is their lower manufacturing cost.
Variable reluctance (VR) motors utilize a simple iron rotor and function on the principle that minimum reluctance is achieved with minimal gaps, leading to the attraction of rotor points towards the stator magnet poles This fundamental type of motor, similar to stepper motors, has been in use for many years The rotor's angular position is determined by the magnetic circuit's reluctance created between the stator and rotor teeth.
Hybrid stepper motors are named because they use a combination of permanent magnet (PM) and variable reluctance (VR) techniques to achieve maximum power in small package sizes
The hybrid stepper motor is the most popular motor type due to its superior performance in speed, step resolution, and holding torque compared to permanent magnet rotors Although it is more expensive than permanent magnet stepper motors, it effectively combines the advantages of both permanent magnet and variable reluctance stepper motors These motors are particularly suitable for applications requiring smaller stepping angles, such as 1.5, 1.8, and 2.5 degrees.
Belt Transmission
Belt and pulley transmission systems offer several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, lubrication-free functionality, and quiet operation, making them ideal for use in household appliances Additionally, the ability to slip can be beneficial in certain applications.
+ The driving belt may slip, for instance, if a machine like a pillar drill becomes stuck This could shield the user from harm and safeguard the drive motor from deterioration
Disadvantages of belt and pulley transmission:
+ The biggest drawback is that slips can happen Therefore, they should only be utilized in situations where slip won't interfere with machine operation.
Lead Screw
A lead screw is a mechanical linear actuator that converts rotational motion into linear motion through the interaction of screw shaft and nut threads, which glide against each other without ball bearings This direct contact results in increased friction losses due to the large surface area between the screw shaft and nut Over time, advancements in lead screw thread design have focused on minimizing friction to enhance efficiency.
Types of Lead Screw Threads
Square threads feature flanks that are perpendicular to the screw's axis, resulting in no radial or bursting pressure on the nut due to their 0-degree thread angle This design leads to reduced resistance to motion and lower friction, making square threads an efficient choice for various applications.
Square threads are commonly utilized in power transmission applications, particularly in lathe machines and jackscrews Despite their effectiveness, these threads are challenging and expensive to produce, typically requiring a single-point cutting tool for manufacturing Additionally, square threads have a lower load capacity due to the similar areas of the tooth at both the crest and root.
Acme threads, developed in the mid-1800s, feature a 290-thread angle and offer a higher load capacity than square threads due to their wider base They also have a lower thread count per inch, which enhances the lead, and their wear can be compensated However, Acme threads are less efficient than square threads because of the friction caused by the thread angle.
The buttress thread is engineered to support high axial loads and transmit power unidirectionally, with the direction determined by the orientation of its weight-bearing and trailing flanks The weight-bearing flank features a 70-degree angle, while the trailing flank has a 45-degree angle With a wider base, the buttress thread's tooth provides approximately twice the shear strength compared to a square thread, and its efficiency closely matches that of the square thread due to minimal frictional losses.
Electrical Components
The power source serves as the primary energy supply for the system, necessitating a consistent voltage and current supply over time Therefore, we have selected a 12V 20A power supply for optimal performance.
Initially, we chose the Arduino Mega 2560 for our 3D printer project due to its popularity and accessibility Its straightforward programming language and easy hardware connections make it a favored option among makers However, we have since reconsidered our choice, which we will discuss further in the article.
The Arduino mega 2560 board is a microprocessor board designed to be built applications that interact with each other or with a more conducive environment
The circuit board is built on the Arduino mega 2560 8bit microprocessor platform.[10]
The Arduino IDE software simplifies the process of programming and uploading code to the microcontroller, utilizing the accessible C/C++ programming language Its user-friendly interface makes it easy for users, even those without specialized knowledge, to navigate and utilize the extensive Arduino Mega 2560 library and source code effectively Additionally, the integration of an LCD screen enhances the functionality and user experience of projects developed with this platform.
The LCD 1602 is a liquid crystal display that functions similarly to a dot matrix module, enabling the display of characters, numbers, and various symbols It consists of 5x7 or 5x11 dot matrix positions, with each position capable of displaying a single character input.
A dot pitch between two characters and a space between lines can be used by the LCD
1602 to distinguish characters and lines The LCD's meaning number may display two rows, each with 16 characters
In this project , the LCD is also the screen to display the status of the system
2 Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
3 Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers
4 Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters
5 Each character is built by a 5×8-pixel box
6 Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
7 It can also display any custom generated characters
8 Available in Green and Blue Backlight
At present, LCDs are used frequently in CD/DVD players, digital watches, computers, etc
LCDs are widely utilized in electronic projects and devices for message display, having largely replaced CRTs (Cathode Ray Tubes) in the screen industry due to their energy efficiency, lighter weight, and smaller size.
In this project, we utilize a 16x02 LCD to display the available parking space, along with a "Full Slot" message when the parking lot reaches capacity Additionally, we incorporate the RFID RC522 module for enhanced functionality.
The RFID RF522 module, utilizing the MFRC522 chip, functions as a reader that captures ID codes from RFID cards Typically, it is paired with RFID tags available in both credit card and keychain formats These cards feature memory capacities of either 1K or 4K, organized into sectors and blocks.
The RC522 RFID reader module not only reads but also writes to RFID tags To access the encoded information, the tag must be positioned near the reader, without requiring a direct line of sight The reader creates an electromagnetic field that energizes the tag's antenna, enabling the chip to function.
Figure 2 19: RFID RC522 [12] e) Proximity Sensor
When an object enters the field of a proximity sensor, which does not require touch, the sensor recognizes the presence of the object, which is frequently referred to as the
Proximity sensors are devices that detect targets using various methods, including sound, light, infrared radiation (IR), or electromagnetic fields These sensors are widely utilized in diverse applications such as smartphones, recycling facilities, autonomous vehicles, anti-aircraft systems, and production lines.
Proximity sensors come in various types, each designed to detect targets in unique ways Among these, the inductive proximity sensor and the capacitive proximity sensor are the most commonly used varieties.
The thing to be detected won't be damaged or worn because it might be picked up even without being touched
The life-extension employs a semiconductor output since the non-contact output method is used, which has no impact on the contact point's life (apart from the magnetic type)
Unlike optical detection methods, this approach is ideal for environments such as water and oil, remaining unaffected by stains, oil, or water on the detection item It also accommodates items featuring Teflon casings and high chemical resistance.
Unlike touch sensors, inductive and electrostatic capacitance sensors are influenced by ambient temperature and the presence of nearby objects, necessitating careful placement to avoid mutual interference Inductive sensors must account for the effects of surrounding metal, while electrostatic capacitance sensors need to consider the influence of adjacent items.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
Block Diagram
: To provide the energy for all circuit.
: To transfer and receive the control signal.
: To scan and identify the user tag.
: To show the process and information
: To provide motion of lifting mechanism of 2 axis
: To keep and drop the vehicle into the cell parking.
: To move the Z-axis of lifting system.
: To move the Y-axis of lifting system.
: To provide air for system
: To detect car and movement of system.
Operational Description
The car is initially placed in standby mode, awaiting transportation, while an RFID scanner reads the RFID card, which is numbered 1 to 9 for easy identification of the parking puzzle The controller receives the signal from the scanner and displays the designated parking position on an LCD screen Subsequently, the controller sends signals to the stepper motors on the Y and Z axes to adjust to the correct location An air compressor then provides airflow to the solenoid and cylinder, which form the lifting system's arm, enabling the car to be lifted from standby mode and moved to the appropriate parking puzzle position.
The car parking process involves switching to the designated mode and using an RFID card to scan The system then retrieves the vehicle from the puzzle frame and moves it to a standby position.
Mechanical Design
3.3.1 Calculation and equipment choosing a) Frame Design
We opted for shaped aluminum to construct the frame, as it is the most commonly used material in DIY 3D printers worldwide Aluminum is the second most utilized metal in construction, following steel, making it an ideal choice for our project.
Then we researched about the advantages and disadvantages of this material to decide that we should choose shaped aluminum to build the frame or not
Aluminum is a highly sustainable material due to its recyclable nature, which allows it to be reused without losing its original properties This characteristic not only makes aluminum cost-effective but also significantly benefits the environment.
One of the key benefits of aluminum is its corrosion resistance When aluminum is exposed to air, it forms a protective layer of aluminum oxide on its surface, which effectively shields the metal from corrosion.
+ The third advantage of aluminum is Versatile and Flexible Due to the characteristics of aluminum being durable, strong and light, it is an ideal material for the construction industry
One significant drawback of aluminum is its cost; when undertaking a large construction project, budget considerations are crucial Unfortunately, aluminum tends to be pricier than other materials like steel, which can impact overall project expenses.
Due to its inability to withstand the same stress levels as steel, a greater quantity of this material is necessary to maintain structural integrity, which can lead to higher overall costs in certain designs.
One significant drawback of aluminum is its overall strength; while it is celebrated for its malleability, this characteristic makes it more susceptible to dents and scratches compared to steel In contrast, steel offers superior strength and is less prone to warping, deformation, or bending under various forces or heat However, this strength comes at the cost of weight, as steel is considerably heavier and denser than aluminum.
After considering the advantages and disadvantages, our team has chosen V-slot Shaped Aluminum for constructing the machine frame This material offers a lightweight yet robust solution capable of supporting the weight of the table Additionally, the cost of Shaped Aluminum aligns well with our budget Among the various sizes available, we believe that the 20x20 size is the most appropriate for our machine's requirements.
Figure 3 3: Several types of Shaped Aluminums
We also use the aluminum for other parts of the frame such as Screws, Machining Details, Sliding T-nut, etc b) Motion in Z-Axis (Base on prototype)
In our design, we opted for Lead Screws instead of Ball Screws due to the lightweight nature of the lifting arm, making Lead Screws a suitable choice for low-cost positioning applications.
Our team utilizes an old Z-Axis kit from a CNC machine, featuring a lead screw with an 8mm lead This specification allows us to accurately calculate the steps per millimeter for precise movement.
B = 360/(α*λ*m) = 360/ {1.8*8*(1/16)} = 400 (steps/mm) m =1/16 (maximum micro step) α = 1.80 (the step angle of the motor) λ = 8mm (diameter of lead screw)
To calculate how many step of lead screw to move each millimeter , we can solve
Linear distance = 400 / λ = 400 / 8 = 50 (steps/mm) c) Motion in Y – Axis (Base on prototype)
To control the lifting mechanism in the Y – axis , we need to use the pulley and belt Belt Step = (360 degrees / α) * (λ / (m * R))
With the all variable shown : α (step angle of the motor) = 1.80 degre λ (belt pitch) = 2 mm m (micro step) = 1/16
Then to calculate the linear distance the belt and gear can travel based on the steps
Linear distance = 400 / (λ * R) = 400 / (2*20) = 10 (steps/mm) d) Determine and calculate according to the actual need
Instead of utilizing a stepper motor for the shafts and lifting mechanism based on our prototype, we opted to implement an electric motor paired with a drive sprocket for the lifting mechanism.
For example , we have some basic parameter of the structure
- Weight of lifting object: Q = 2500 kg = 25000 N ( SUV Q2)
First , we have to choose the electric motor and speed reduction machine
Figure 3 6: Electric motor and speed reduction machine The capacity calculated when lifting the object is equal to the tonnage determined by the formula:
With η = ηp η0 = 0.96 0.92 = 0.88 structural performance ηpchain transmission efficiency = 0.96 η0transmission and coupling performance = 0.92
The tooth chain should only be used when the transmission speed is over 10m/s and there is a requirement to work quietly and without noise
For the chain transmission of the lift, choose a roller chain of the TOCT10947-64 range Then we will calculate the maximum chain tension
Chain breaking force: Sd >= Smax * nx
Nx = 8:10 - safety factor of chain
* Select the size of drive sprocket
Determine the forces acting on the shaft:
Puzzle Parking is a simple designed automatic parking system that works in place of conventional concrete parking floors
Each parking floor has a maximum height of 2100mm for SUVs and 1600 for SEDAN
This innovative technology allows drivers to simply park their cars on a pallet on the first floor of each parking block The system then automatically transports the car pallet to the designated parking position using an advanced lifting and sliding mechanism.
Total parking spaces in the whole parking lot: (depending on each project)
Vehicle dimensions excluding parking mirror on automatic parking system: (depending on the project)
Notice of vacant seats at each block (distinguishable from SEDAN - SUV)
Each block will be equipped with additional space indicator lights, and the driver actively approaches the vacant parking block
Figure 3 7: The front-side view of prototype b) Left-side
Figure 3 8: The left-side view of prototype c) The back-side
Figure 3 9: The back-side view of machine d) The fully-workout machine
Electrical Design
In this section, we would like to show you our electrical design such as wiring diagrams and schematics
To optimize our parking system, we require two stepper motors—one for the Y-axis and another for the Z-axis Additionally, an RFID system will be implemented to scan the ID of each parking cell Proximity sensors will play a crucial role in detecting vehicle positions within the parking area and determining the location of the lift system, which is essential for efficient operation.
When the power is on, the system defaults to parking mode By scanning an RFID card, the system will automatically park the car in the designated position if it recognizes the UID If the UID is not recognized, the scanning process must be repeated or the system reset To switch to parking out mode, simply press the designated button and follow the same steps as in parking in mode.
When the system is online, the first step is to set the mode, which initializes the LCD and activates the UART function Upon detecting the sensor IN, RFID data is required for information retrieval, necessitating the use of an RFID card for scanning If the card is accepted, it is sent to the controller for login verification, which then analyzes the validity of the ID If the ID is valid, the status is displayed on the LCD, allowing the vehicle to be parked; otherwise, the RFID scanning procedure must be repeated.
This process is also the same with the parking out mode.
EXPERIMENT AND RESULT
Experiment
We make the experiments with the automatic car parking system in 2 cases
First , we will look around the prototype and see each part to know how to control the system correctly
In this project, we utilize a small car model to effectively demonstrate the functionality of a real car This scaled-down version allows us to clearly observe the system's operation, making it easier to understand and manage without complications.
The weight of each car model is only about 50 gram but it has different type of car , for example truck , SUV and so on
Figure 4 1: Small car model Because our system can operate in 2 mode so , we need to separate in 2 case to explain how it work
Case 1: To park the car into the cell of frame
To initiate the parking process, first set the car to standby mode and scan a random RFID card Our parking frame consists of nine cells, each associated with a unique RFID card that contains an individual ID for identification purposes.
If losing the RFID card , we are not able to scan and have to wait for a new RFID card due to the unique ID of it
To identify the parking cell for a vehicle, simply remove an RFID card numbered 1 to 9 and insert it into the RFID scanner, allowing the system to read the ID.
The LCD will display the status, indicating whether a car is in the standby position When a car is detected in standby, the infrared sensor sends a signal to the controller (CPU) for processing.
Upon recognition of the RFID card, the lifting mechanism initiates movement to the standby position to retrieve the vehicle The Y-axis stepper motor activates first from its initial state, utilizing a lead screw mechanism to efficiently transport and accurately place the car in the designated parking spot.
Figure 4 4: Car in standby position
After finishing the process, the lifting mechanism will automatically return to the standby position, waiting for the new instruction
When attempting to park a second car in the same position as the first, the LCD will display a notification stating "Cannot park."
Figure 4 5: Infrared sensor to detect car The infrared sensor on each cell will detect the presence of the car and send signal to the controller
Figure 4 6: Successfully Parking Case 2 : Take out the car
To access the car in cell number 4, it is essential to use an RFID card that matches the designated number.
First, we have to change to the parking out mode by switching the button on the control and electrical board
If we do not do this step, it is not possible to take the car out of the parking frame
In this case, we put a car into the standby position to see if the program can recognized or not
Figure 4 8: Testing with the blocking standby position
No doubt, the program can easily find that there is another car inside the standby position with the helping of algorithm and proximity sensor
It show us a warning message in the LCD that showed “These is a car in the standby- position”
After removing the blocking car out of the standby- position , the system can work again and it able to transport the car down fast and precisely without any problems
The system not only facilitates the transfer of vehicles in and out but also identifies various scenarios, displaying the parking frame status on an LCD for both users and drivers, allowing supervisors to manage operations with ease.
These are : Announcement of car and no car
No car in stand-by position and no car in cell : Show on LCD ( There is no car need to be parked)
A car in stand-by position and a car in cell : Show on LCD (There is a car in cell , can not park in)
No car in stand-by position and a car in cell : Show on LCD ( There is a car in cell)
A car in stand-by position and a car in cell : Show on LCD ( There is a car in stand-by position , can not park out)
A car in stand-by position and no car in cell : Show on LCD ( There is no car in cell – There is a car in standby-position
No car in stand-by position and no car in cell : Show on LCD ( There is no car in cell)
Result
1 Accuracy of positioning: The experiment show that how precisely the system can identify the position of the vehicle within the parking space High accuracy combines with the smooth movement and no lag
2 Time of parking: The measurement of the time taken by the system , the expected result is efficient and timely parking about 30 seconds for each car , reduce the overall time required compared to manual parking
3 Safety: By using RFID card , the result show that it is really safe for the users , not only to reduce the collision compared to the traditional parking , but also help to protect this expensive property from stealing , broking and so on
4 User experience: The user experience of the automatic parking system should also be taken into account, including any additional features or comforts provided, ease of use, clear instructions or feedback The experiment's participants' feedback can be used to gauge how user-friendly the system is.
Overall
Conducting this experiment allows us to acquire valuable knowledge and experiences, enhancing our system By integrating advanced technologies like facial recognition and image processing, we can significantly improve our machine's security capabilities and overall performance.
The current prototype faces challenges in real-world application due to technological limitations To enhance efficiency in the lifting mechanism, we propose replacing the stepper motor and lead screw with an electric motor, driver sprocket, and chain system.
Finally, we can make sure that the demand of the automatic car parking system will be increased in the near future
In other hand , we feel that our project is only applying for the simulation so we will try to regenerate the system to another way for making more realistic.
CONCLUSION AND IMPROVEMENT
Conclusion
With the increasing number of automobiles and motorbikes on the roads, there is an urgent need to enhance parking systems Traditional parking lots often suffer from congestion due to various factors, highlighting the necessity for innovative solutions to improve efficiency and accessibility.
An automatic parking system is the most effective way to reduce labor costs, enhance precision, and accelerate vehicle entry and exit Consequently, the design of the parking lot should be tailored to its size, operational hours, parking capacity, and emergency requirements.
For optimal performance, the system must be installed correctly in a suitable environment Upgrading to superior hardware can enhance the speed and precision of the lifting mechanism, resulting in faster operation.
Establishing an effective method where auxiliary devices may communicate and share data
Discover and contrast with currently available smart parking lots in the market
Integrating RFID and image processing into parking lot management will improve the security and dependability of the lot.
Improvement
The future of automatic car parking systems holds significant potential for enhancement and growth, driven by real-time analysis and AI algorithms that predict parking demand and optimize available spaces Additionally, integrating facial recognition technology can further enhance safety and security within these systems.
This project represents a significant advancement in smart transportation solutions, enhancing the quality of life for residents Its successful implementation will contribute to the ongoing development of smart cities, paving the way for a more sustainable and efficient future.
[1] “Vietnam Traffic – The Reality of Traffic in Vietnam & Essential Guides” https://www.elprocus.com/stepper-motor-types-advantages-applications/(accessed
[2] “ HCMC faces tremendous pressure on parking spaces “ https://vietnamnet.vn/en/hcmc-faces-tremendous-pressure-on-parking-spaces-
[3] “ Finding parking a battle in major cities” https://e.vnexpress.net/news/trend/finding-parking-a-battle-in-major-cities-4590923.html (accessed June.20,2023)
[4] “What is Automated car parking system? “ https://www.mutrade.com/news/what-is-automated-car-parking-system-what-you-didnt- know-about-the-tower ((accessed June.20,2023)
[5] “Different types of automated parking system “ https://constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-automated-parking-system/(accessed June.20,2023)
[6] “ Rotary parking system “ https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/524387950346838268/ (accessed June.20,2023)
[7] “What is a Stepper Motor: Types & Its Working” https://www.elprocus.com/stepper-motor-types-advantages-applications/ (accessed
[8] “Stepper motor : working, construction, types and driving methods” https://www.gadgetronicx.com/stepper-motor-working-construction-types-drive/
[9] “Lead Screw” https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/ball-screw/lead-screws.html(accessed
[10] “Mega 2560 Rev3” https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/mega-2560 (accessed June.25,2023)
[11] “LCD 1602” https://circuitdigest.com/article/16x2-lcd-display-module-pinout-datasheet(accessed June.25,2023)
[12] “RC552 RFID Module” https://components101.com/wireless/rc522-rfid-module (accessed June.25,2023)
//Khai báo chân động cơ
//Khai báo cảm biến hồng ngoại
MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN,RST_PIN);
//Khai báo chế độ lấy- gửi xe
Serial.begin(9600); lcd.init(); lcd.backlight();
SPI.begin(); mfrc522.PCD_Init();
Serial.println("vui long quet the");
The code initializes various pins for input and output in an electronic circuit It sets the Lay and Gui pins as input with pull-up resistors, while configuring Py, Dy, Pz, Dz, and xilanh as output pins Additionally, it establishes multiple control buttons (CB1 to CB10) as input with pull-up resistors, ensuring proper functionality The digitalWrite function is used to set specific pin states, enabling the correct operation of the connected components This setup is crucial for managing the circuit's behavior and ensuring reliable input and output interactions.
//Gọi chương trình về home vehome();
//Chọn chế độ lấy hay gửi xe if((digitalRead(Lay)==1)&&(digitalRead(Gui)==0)){ lcd.setCursor(3,1); lcd.print("CHE DO LAY XE");
} if((digitalRead(Lay)==0)&&(digitalRead(Gui)==1)){ lcd.setCursor(3,1); lcd.print("CHE DO GUI XE");
} if((x==1)&&(y==1)&&(z==1)){ lcd.setCursor(1,0); lcd.print("VUI LONG QUET THE!");
////Chương trình quẹt thẻ RFID if(!mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent())
{return;} if(!mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial())
String content=""; for(byte i=0;i