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ALL ABOUT NATURAL ENEMIES #Biocontrol Hypoaspis miles HYPOASPIS MILES Target Pests Fungus gnats (Bradysia spp.), Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Life Cycle The complete life cycle takes about 14 days at 25oC, 70-80%RH • Optimum temperature: 200C (18 days) • The sex ratio is equal, 1:1 females to males • Eggs hatch in 2-3 days into young nymphs • Each Hypoaspis consumes 1-5 prey per day It can also survive as a scavenger, feeding on algae and plant debris For Best Results • Apply Hypoaspis shortly within the first few weeks of planting and before Fungus gnats levels reach more than 20 adults/trap/week • To control high numbers of FG, use of Hypoaspis can be integrated with insect parasitic nematodes (e.g., Steinernema spp.) and Bacillus thurinigiensis israelensis (BTI), both of which control the larval stage of FG ATHETA CORIARIA Target Pests Shore flies (Ephydridae) Fungus gnats (Sciaridae) Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Life Cycle The complete life cycle takes about 17 days at 260C; 60-75% RH • • • • Optimum temperature: 260C The sex ratio is equal, 1:1 female to male Eggs hatch in 3-4 days into young larval stages Each A coriaria consumes 10-20 thrips prey per day or 150 pest FG eggs per day For Best Results Atheta has a longer life cycle and takes longer to establish than the Hypoaspis predatory mite so Atheta should be used along with Hypoaspis for best results AMBLYSEIUS CUCUMERIS Target Pests Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci); Cyclamen, and Broad Mites Life Cycle A complete life cycle takes about days at 25°C, >70%RH • Optimum temperature: 200C (10-12 days) • The sex ratio is 60-70% females • Females lay 1-3 eggs per day for an average of 35 eggs • They hatch in about days • Adults live for up to 30 days • Eat an average of 1st thrips larvae per day For Best Results Use Cucumeris along with other thrips predators such as Orius spp on flowering plants and Hypoaspis to control thrips pupae in the growth media PleaseNote: Where Persimilis is being used for control of spider mite, avoid heavy applications of Cucumeris Cucumeris feed on spider mite eggs, which may limit the food supply for immature Persimilis and reduce their effectiveness AMBLYSEIUS SWIRSKII Target Pests Young larvae of various thrips species Eggs and larvae of whitefles Life Cycle The life cycle takes about days at 250C, >70% RH • • Optimum temperature: 250C The sex ratio is 60-70% females • Egg: 2-3 eggs per day, hatch in 1.7 days • Life span: 25.8 days • Eat an average of 1st thrips larvae per day and overpowered easily than 2nd larvae For Best Results • Release when plant starts flowering A swirskii doesn’t feed on adult stages of its prey, therefore • preventative releases are recommended early in the crop cycle before pest shows up Complement its action with parasitic wasps for older larval stages of whitefly and with pirate bugs for older thrips larvae and adults AMBLYSEIUS MONTDORENSIS Target Pests Young larvae of various thrips species Greenhouse Whitefly and Silverleaf Whitefly Life Cycle At optimum temperature 25oC; >70%RH Montdorensis takes about 6-7 days to complete their lifecycle An adult predator consumes an average of 14 thrips larvae per day, feeding on both first and second instar prey For Best Results • Weed management and screening (in protected crops) should be used to reduce the number of adult thrips and whitefly entering the crop • Complementary thrips biocontrol agents include Orius predatory bugs (which feed on all stages of thrips) and Hypoaspis soil-dwelling predatory mites (which kill thrips pupae at ground level) Complementary whitefly biocontrol agents include the parasitoid wasps Eretmocerus hayati (Silverleaf whitefly) and Encarsia formosa (Greenhouse whitefly) ORIUS SPP Target Pests Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) Life Cycle A complete life cycle takes about 14-21 days at 25°C • Optimum temperature: 210C (21 days) • The sex ratio is 50-60% females • Females lay eggs per day, with an average of 30 eggs in their lifetime Eggs hatched in 4-5 days • Eat an average of 20 nymphs or 6-7 adults thrips per day • Adults live for 21-28 days For Best Results Until thrips populations are established, use the predatory mite Cucumeris (Amblyseius cucumeris) on cucumber To prevent Orius from diapausing supplemental lighting must be provided to increase the day length to 14 hours or longer PleaseNote: Orius will diapause in the fall, when day lengths are less than 12.5 - 14 hours PHYTOSEIULUS PERSIMILIS Target Pest Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) Life Cycle A complete life cycle takes about days at 25°C, >70% RH • Optimum temperature: 250C • There are times more females in the population than males • Females lay 2-3 eggs per day for an average of 60 eggs over their 35-day lifetime The eggs hatched in 2-3 days • Newly hatched predators not eat, but later stages and adults feed on all stages of the prey Each predator consumes between 530 prey (eggs or mites) per day For Best Results • Persimilis needs relative humidities greater than 70% to survive, particularly in the egg stage In low humidity conditions, raise the humidity by lightly misting plants or wetting walkways • Where temperatures and humidity above 20-27°C; 65%RH • • • Optimum temperature: 250C The sex ratio is females than males (50-60% females) Each female lays about 100-200 eggs in aphids Parasitized turn into golden brown mummies after 7-12 days Four to six days later the new wasps will emerge The 2nd and 3rd instars aphids are preferred (all stages can be parasitized) For Best Results In situation, aphid populations grow too fast to be controlled by the parasite alone therefore it is advisable to introduce additional aphid predators such as Geocoris spp and Ladybeetles PleaseNote: • • The size of the adult parasite and the number of eggs it can lay, depends on the size of the aphid Aphidius does not attack many common aphid species, such as potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) so if mummies are not present check aphid identification TRICHOGRAMMA SPP Target Pests Several species of moths Life Cycle A complete life cycle takes about 8-9 days at 250C, >60% RH • • • • • • Optimum temperature: 210C (14 days) Sex ratio in the population is about equal (50% females) Mated females lay 60-70 eggs in over a period of 1-2 weeks Larvae take 10 days within the moth egg, which turns brown or black Adults begin to emerge within 2-3 days Males emerge slightly earlier and await female 20-27 emergence for mating Total life span maybe 7-75 days depending upon temperature, relative humidity and species of moth parasitized For Best Results Because Trichogramma are weak flyers, they must be well distributed throughout the crop Use Bacillus thuringiensis, Eocanthecona furcellata, and Geocoris spp to control Caterpillars until Trichogramma is well established EOCANTHECONA FURCELLATA Target Pests Many Lepidopterous pests Life Cycle A complete life cycle takes about 18.7 days at 29°C, >65% RH The life cycle of female imago (37.4 days) and male (35.2 days) • • • • • • 1st nymphal instar takes 4.08 days 2nd instar takes 3.42 days 3rd instar takes 2.97 days 4th instar takes 3.06 days 5th instar takes 5.25 days The fecundity rate of E furcellata is 134.8 eggs/female, while percentage of egg hatching is 82.9% with egg incubation period lasting for 10.1 days For Best Results Combine with Trichogramma sp and BTK powder for the best pest control effect NESIDIOCORIS TENUIS Target Pests Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci / Trialeurodes vaporariorum) Aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae/ Aphis gossypii) Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Moths (Spodoptera exigua) Life Cycle On tomato, development takes about 21.8 days at 25°C (65±5% RH; 16L:8D; Ultra-Violet LED λ=385 nm) Optimum temperature: 250C • • • At 17°C, a female lays about 100-150 eggs on tomato, 250-300 eggs on cucumber and 450-600 eggs on eggplant Nesidiocoris nymphs are 1-4mm long and cannot fly Adults are able to prey on over 30 T absoluta eggs per day PleaseNote: • • • • • Attractive fertilizing NH4+ > NO3- > Ca (NO3)2 At 35-370C ability oviposition declines by 10% Above 370C make an adults die The population of N tenuis is too large, i.e when more than 1.5 inds/tomato plant There is no or less prey In sensitive crops and varieties such as cherry tomatoes and small-truss tomato types GEOCORIS SPP Target Pests Predaceous on mites and a wide variety of small insects Life Cycle The life cycle is development takes about 7-9 days at 25oC; 60-80% RH • • • • • • • Optimum temperature: 250C Eggs that are laid singly on leaves or stems hatch in one week The sex ratio is equal, 1:1 females to males They have five nymphal instars, each of which lasts from 4-6 days Both nymphs and adults are predaceous Adults live approximately one month and a female can lay up to 300 eggs Feed on a wide variety of prey smaller than themselves (eggs and small larvae of most Lepidopteran pests, on the eggs and nymphs of plant bugs, and on all life stages of whiteflies, mites and aphids) PleaseNote: Chinch bugs, a pest of turfgrass, resemble big-eyed bugs and managers sometimes mistakenly spray when the biological control agent is found Table 1.1 Common Pests in Vietnam (and personal observations) PEST GROUP & ORDER COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Flies and Midges (Diptera) Fungus gnats Orfelia and Bradysia species Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande Onion thrips Thrips tabaci Lindeman Poinsettia thrips Echinothrips americanus Morgan Palm thrips Parthenothrips dracaenae Heeger Tobacco thrips Thrips parispinus Karny Rose thrips Thrips fuscipennis Haliday European flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa Trybom Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch Bulb scale mite Steneotarsonemus laticeps Halbert Broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks Thrips (Thysanoptera) Spider mite Tarsonemid mite (Trombidiformes) Table 1.2 Common Pests in Vietnam (and personal observations) PEST GROUP & ORDER Aphids (Hemiptera) Caterpillars (Lepidoptera) Whiteflies (Hemiptera) Mealybugs (Hemiptera) COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer Cotton aphid Aphis gosyppii Glover Foxglove aphid Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach Potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta Meyrick Cotton leafworm Spodoptera litura Tomato looper Plusia chalcites Tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius Greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood Citrus mealybug Planacoccus citri Risso Long-tailed mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni-Tozzetti Obscure mealybug Pseudococcus viburni Signoret ANIMAL AND PLANT PROTECTION METHODS1 BIOTECHNIQUES (e g Breeding and selection, genetic engineering) CULTURAL NON-SELFSUSTAINING CHEMICAL NON-SELFSUSTAINING Crop Rotation Multicropping4 Tillage Sanitation Water Management (Others) INORGANIC NATURAL SYSTHESIZED (INDUSTRIAL) Sulfur (Others) Copper Sulfate (Others) BIOLOGICAL NON-SELFSUSTAINING AUTOCIDAL HOST PLANT RESISTANCE2 SELF-SUSTAINING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AUGMENTATION Vedalia Beetle CONSERVATION Wheat3 (Cottony-cushion scale) OF NATURAL (Hessian Fly) OF NATURAL Klamath Beetle ENEMIES ENEMIES Grape (Klamath Weed) (Management (Phylloxera) Trichogramma Rust (Chondrilla juncea) Practices) (Others) ORGANIC (Cornborer) Antagonistic microorganisms Encarsia (Plant pathogens) (Whitefly) Some baculoviruses SYNTHESIZED SYNTHESIZED BY Virus (Rhinoceros beetle) (INDUSTRIAL) LIVING ORGANISMS (granulosis, NP) Some fungi Nematodes Some protozoa Semiochemicals Clorinated Hydro(Others) (Others) Pyrethrums carbons Rotenone Organophosphates List not inclusive – IPM is not included because it draws from all methods Toxins (B thuringiensis) Carbamates Placed by some experts under Cultural Control (Others) Pyrethroids Some varieties have retained resistance for decades, while others lose resistance sooner Some forms are self-sustaining (Others) Screwworm Fruits Flies (Others) Partially self-sustaining Fig Schematic diagrams of the direct and indirect interactions among plants, pests and natural enemies Exploitative Competition and Induced Plant Responses Apparent Competition or Apparent Predators Parasitoids Pests Plant *Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control – Current and Future Tactics (Book) Intraguild Predation Omnivory Hyperparasitism or Hyperpredation Fig A food web of pest species and their most commonly used natural enemies in sweet pepper crops *Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control – Current and Future Tactics (Book) Type Feeding Habit Example Commercially Available Species Specialized mite predators Type I (a) Specialized predators of Tetranychus (Tetranychidae) (b) Specialized predators of web-nest producing mites (Tetranychidae) (c) Specialized predators of tydeoids (Tydeoidea) Type II Selective predators of Tetranychid mites (a) Phytoseiulus persimilisa, Phytoseiulus macropilis (b) Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) bumbusae (c) Typhlodromina eharai, Proprioseiopsis sp Neoseiulus californicusa, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus longispinosus, Generalist predators Type III Type IV (a) Generalists living on pubescent leaves (b) Generalists living on glabrous leaves (c) Generalists living in confined spaces of dicotyledonous plants (d) Generalists living in confined spaces of monocotyledonous plants (e) Generalists from soil/litter habits (a) Kampimodromus aberrans, Galendromus occidentalis, Typhlodromus pyri, Phytoseius finitimus (b) Amblyseius swirskiia , Amblydromalus limonicus, Transeius montdorensisa , Amblyseius cucumerisa (c) Amblyseius herbicolus, Iphiseius degenerans, (d) Neoseiulus baraki, Neoseiulus paspalivorus (e) Neoseiulus barkeri Specialized pollen feeders/generalist predators Euseius sp (E gallicusa, E stipulatus, E scutalis)