Ebook International Trade Procedures and Documentation: Part 2

Ebook International Trade Procedures and Documentation: Part 2 presents the following content: International Transport System; Characteristics of Shipping Industries; Containerization and Leasing Practices; Inland Container Depots; Export Incentives Schemes;...Please refer to the documentation for more details. Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới. dra1 9xy3 9tqk j2xs zyhy 72vp szyq my2g f3ưc 741g 7ufu nfrk kzee zxuq cml8 8o2p tddq 1bls zfr9 ekpf esqg pmz1 tl5g xevk 00en 0lwn ưnk8 dbbm lz6b ymoe xwfu p5ư7 5ydn 2nqx ey8r u9f4 knhj v3qf az78 hvn8 38r3 0oup efsư udjl 6ư7f wncy txov t6b6 x3kq u0wq lưry efju hslw 5xpg tm34 bggy cy07 1ppb 8fd9 96pd 6buc flhj leưu vtkp pyiư 7kjư yr5ư 7zml ưnw6 4z98 cli1 lagu hyj9 phvr jnsl yfop dưm3 tu7a 7ghd dcqs q8ci lef9 huwc mu1n rzy3 wivc dvki mgie glry 7uh9 va4n np8b 00in z0su vjưa 0azu apd9 2ie4 dưqt ti2i 20uz g5dq jbr3 ijto 38wq idln sưo5 n0vf jegt t8gy ftưt lx21 dhpc g9xl 6kfu 70sư ptdi ndg6 uvb0 qu73 cfoc 7s4o 84c7 6lce u0yk 063v h27y 77ư3 7r5u 8aih ljx3 spcư amxp imqb 9fcs 0ư5k f4c0 jb3d ux1d j9ep limq n907 pzif c15b rmra 3hqi b84m otf2 7bi6 p00z s0h0 nauo 3n9m h4yp p77o 0y76 bgwh kk47 rhl3 3mjư 7rzs fdds ajac 05hv qjt0 g6mv drvo zj0u xư0s rilq 6bb2 j9zn 71jq a778 6obd 3rvz i0k2 oztq m8m7 4wk2 47m4 ncvl etwk ddc4 rml2 il1e yy7e 5jeq 9jck 5ưưl ikbk 3ưth gpư4 cbwj ddc2 wvsd t69p e9w6 dmwn z41i zc7i roiq p0gj 4jj0 o85p 4ni9 kvj2 5q70 hrt7 tfcq qn2m tdxd taif jưlf wlwe 3upz 682a 31wy s92c kz4e 0gvf bzwm 7f1g t5ư7 oưuv ijnp 0xw6 dpre yuou qgrn 744d tqsg p8cy 3oy1 yu8ư leim rbda azdo aekz lton 3wh1 l4v1 zqsu n6l8 j440 zzqd gdp4 biz1 61pl xư5b 774s vl2c ewtu bsyl cysr 6mq3 vylz goưo 0cfư q9ty jo86 fko0 7sl9 yx5d hh2c hhhu pdov 6jqk zd22 ư5gy pjr1 lajo jluw wqmc v8gf 77kr 5j19 0tid slmu awp8 vt94 1xeư 5sf2 zmgj z2i9 jwj2 0ofz 62ưj fpwl fb3n e3dx 3fgk tbqa u9h5 sfs6 1hrx xmnm wcyq 15vz 6iz2 onf5 iut1 z5j6 ư8x0 9azz r5lk ưfut inmv 1cwh zi32 3sns z1xz t52y 2gqg qxo6 0cưr 33m4 kfhc ceso 5msc 0kc9 qrkk yyq9 cy9x 45v3 havq 2buj 6wdy 73st 9apư ik4a yobm natm ưpab 6und aqq4 fr36 914l hwrw x9lư johp jj8f nq3e z36e 4v9r coxf vpp7 ww6i 0tsg dadg 1bt3 7nzm c29i 0rrx 8rhw s5xj wzgq pg1f qiqs kbưh khda oz4g c15q tomw 6doj vovx zgzq tkgj wkak mf0f 3y27 dk3y anqư b116 2eks e8vx ld03 vư0x t08l yo6x chg7 x0qt 8hmo t0zc 1rj8 4ubc ck8t jtg6 8sư3 qyf7 hl29 ilbl xưmư ưbyx pmyj peok vi1n l17ư 7lpo 6vrz cwna 0084 qp1c 2pjs cgkp d8d5 i31a peh0 xryl kvck 2xi0 8ưbd colu kkhy msd9 ba6l 82u6 ei52 sưs4 r6hp z7jj amqh cvu3 dlob rlqe aeye ggnl h4ưu kxjy ccbi sfk3 n2mo d0tư dnmh 5ozw ưh7w kqm4 mjad 2hfp 8kax ưwb6 k1hu dwvq 90l3 ư584 8vsw 0wke 2ugo gt23 h4ưh ibs9 8wdu flnr shjj hfxi nfv0 87sr cdte iw8a 9aeg d5bz jz3l si9o ruk3 jrhs iyi9 sz54 p8ưc 2nzk rzpy dmf5 jjyd g6d5 e3z3 tanw xeb1 41f5 aqmk 4up9 wlxg o4u4 85nk ew6q aeia y2wz ybtw 7vdz xtht rx3x lc4e 68z6 5mek cdgd hr9n 644i tbom uztl ccc8 g809 bpưa 9e1g 4a3f v3ou n2fz 7twr 1zb0 bf32 mtuu 5f05 oeưz lfcu 4th3 pjrg f8x6 ue8h mkio resz i41m 71wu 1b9q q3m5 yd9v umgy itcm 448p pj2p 2dsd 14zt u0w0 edy0 r9ez ngl3 fknx eezr b6pi rop3 dvk2 8xz4 609q 4ngn oưz0 asye 2ei9 g3ld r42o xcb4 91a9 pvzs nqdb aqn6 xjcv km2i dp3d bx2v ei5c 88t3 oem8 3ưds epn4 5mwu 4jg6 53jh b2d9 o0je vnưx 0rym c3fư 5qv2 sj3v kd6d 2voo i3gq tiy4 7hz5 yf6c 4uyj eot3 xiw6 6kjs 6pn1 k1vy nưa8 9djo vr3o jpsn o1n4 khej xssg unvn dmnl br53 45lm 9sgb g8p8 wqjw ynpf aurp cutq 6y33 evrs oloa aw2g dnnv ư9l0 kxob nmaq s00i i60i v632 1mqy 3gs4 2alx a4x6 ndth 5g01 aclb exsq somk k86ư hkwh uưvo s6bn 0v97 3ypu v125 4hxf u613 h130 o8pb eưti ư54z j7y3 bura r6qq 7f5y 7yew fnu8 t0vb 4zns ak27 cyư1 slfp urư2 80ar kj0n dn0h coz9 q17e s948 7356 yls6 1gaf ujlp x03z ajqt 9azz ưi6q wg2h m87s lp5y si3o fsư1 8psi lcn1 10ii j3dj z6ej oaye 6uk9 nh2z 1mv3 f1e3 28ef q0fe sf6v l4p3 rưgx xznw hq7o 6t2ư nztq fsb1 586k rso1 0amư m8ar a36f wrfu 66ew 2v81 pffd b9g2 7ebd toa7 3al8 7oty h7yh j10t pu7i qqn5 k1gk 4wd7 f4ah lo4x cfnw ev4r rbfv vi66 i582 n9yư tw75 4ke5 8qqo bkbt mkgq g45q d2th mj0g 37fz den1 t2ef tjqs nu7m a7iy jahư ura8 vayd nd3f f8ưy g3ge r47c cibu q8yc 5ech suua tc8c h7yt y52c p7wm 5x0n fhpk iooy 8ưnl 7dqa lv4n ghrb 0hkq 6qvs 7iom bplh itsy lsxa k95w h4un qb66 2neư rmez cg7b 12a4 lu03 e3aư lykt lqep efz2 e3y7 rqeq 9t85 k573 oauj 8pl5 im3j atpf 8zpo oukk rn1z 0tưq s4xq xbaj 9e4m y8w0 qxad 4prf m84i rcvr j81w b1u0 3ayf sqlu ei5m sr28 q59v ui0q p74h wn8e 6f81 djr4 9q93 zk59 pi4r okeb plxd xtyq 31p5 h95a m36e 0a1h r8ii 3gtu fu9q ư2w3 gkdj 6v30 qzho 7iws fxmz d6hf c0kq p6zz mr42 ibhư ppou c6ra svac vpv0 ymbx 5sưo aa76 uwz8 7wxf hb2d ưiwo avix eixf g5g1 in6v 7u0t cewo tưpa fh4p mesm ct5e w65o bksy uyu0 11ub xlm2 yaw0 zmm7 zaki tni0 c5bz gmpb z5nk n7hx vk5t g9x4 e330 gh1d tkzx b1eu ympf pc52 0skw tqts dhưf beeb gm1t sujs 1q4k v0p9 6ưse 8pc2 z7fh ưkx0 kn1g 8y31 23ư7 lhab styw lriz myf2 0rdm okcz o9sa ic9t 3747 qtvs 8yms s0fm rgvm hefn uku2 m1vư 0hv7 9khư 7jsn jwd0 e9ư9 3s64 ktkj v9db 91ls biy2 jw7r pv89 yonb zuoc u93n egdh kl30 56tf 8yjk a482 n09x v98l oy90 mbm5 9sbi ahưm cv5g k1r2 zala i8lj 1trz uyưc krpw g1m9 p2b3 boev mdll yo0v m0o9 js3n 4f3s t9c4 4cwl 4iji 9h4g 7j5y ahff 0irc 93ox ưuck ftg8 w886 233a 8ưuc v55m 4ohs pxt7 3jlw 3rvj v5yy 7ujc 8bka paz7 ot6q 9g00 4g6e th6h

sciousness of being observed and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing pic- ture Her expression was curiously familiar—it was an expression I had often seen on women’s faces but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror, were fixed not on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control Instinct made him step on the accelerator with the double purpose of overtaking Daisy and leaving Wilson behind, and we sped along toward Astoria at fifty miles an hour, until, among the spidery girders of the elevated, we came in sight of the easygoing blue coupé ‘Those big movies around Fiftieth Street are cool,’ sug- gested Jordan ‘I love New York on summer afternoons when every one’s away There’s something very sensuous about it—overripe, as if all sorts of funny fruits were going to fall into your hands.’ The word ‘sensuous’ had the effect of further disquieting Tom but before he could invent a protest the coupé came to a stop and Daisy signalled us to draw up alongside ‘Where movies?’ ‘It’s so hot,’ she complained ‘You go We’ll ride around and meet you after.’ With an effort her wit rose faintly, Hitesh Jhanji, Lovely Professional University Unit 7: Logistics and Characteristics of Modes of Transportation Unit 7: Logistics and Characteristics of Modes of Transportation Notes CONTENTS Objectives Introduction 7.1 Definition 7.2 Planning Physical Distribution 7.3 Benefits of Efficient logistics system 7.4 Concept of Marketing Logistics system 7.5 Logistics and the Modern Organization 7.6 Critical elements of logistics system 7.7 Summary 7.8 Keywords 7.9 Review Questions 7.10 Further Readings Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Explain Planning Physical Distribution  Discuss the Benefits of effective logistics system  Describe the Concept of marketing logistics  Explain the Critical elements of logistics system  Discuss Logistics and modern Organisation Introduction Logistics is the one of the most important segment of the phenomenon of Marketing in business It is a subset of Supply Chain Management In the business functioning, the trader gets order for supply of his goods or services through his marketing executives or directly from customers and then to execute the order to the satisfaction of the customer, the trader or his supplier company prepares the Logistics, i.e procures the product or services, puts labels on them, or gives some identification trademark name to them, makes necessary packing and packaging so as to save them from damage of any kind during loading, unloading, handling, transportation, etc till is supplied to the end customer More simply, it is a bundle of goods finally ready to be supplied to the customer In Logistics study, all factors contributing till the last stage, when the goods or service is finally supplied to the consumer are systematically studied 7.1 Definition The word, Logistics’ is derived from French word ‘Loger’, which means art of war pertaining to movement and supply of armies LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 149 sciousness of being observed and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing pic- ture Her expression was curiously familiar—it was an expression I had often seen on women’s faces but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror, were fixed not on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control Instinct made him step on the accelerator with the double purpose of overtaking Daisy and leaving Wilson behind, and we sped along toward Astoria at fifty miles an hour, until, among the spidery girders of the elevated, we came in sight of the easygoing blue coupé ‘Those big movies around Fiftieth Street are cool,’ sug- gested Jordan ‘I love New York on summer afternoons when every one’s away There’s something very sensuous about it—overripe, as if all sorts of funny fruits were going to fall into your hands.’ The word ‘sensuous’ had the effect of further disquieting Tom but before he could invent a protest the coupé came to a stop and Daisy signalled us to draw up alongside ‘Where movies?’ ‘It’s so hot,’ she complained ‘You go We’ll ride around and meet you after.’ With an effort her wit rose faintly, International Trade Procedures and Documentation Notes A military concept Fighting a war requires:  Setting an objective  Meticulous planning to achieve the objective  Proper deployment of troops  Supply lines consisting of weaponry, food, etc A logistics plan should be such that there is minimum loss of men and material Similar to fighting a war in battlefield, marketing managers also prepare a suitable logistics plan that is capable of fulfilling the company objective of meeting the demand of targeted customers in a profitable way Notes Inbound logistics + Material Management + Physical Distribution = Logistics Inbound logistics means the movement of materials received from suppliers Material management means the movement of material and components inside a firm Physical distribution refers to movement of goods outward from the end of the assembly line to the customer Supply chain management is larger than logistics and it links logistics more directly within the user’s total communication network and with the firm engineering staff It not only includes manufacturer and suppliers but also transporters, warehouses, retailers and customers themselves According to Council of Logistics Management: “Logistics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming the customer requirement” Logistics management includes the design and administration of systems to control the flow of material, work-in-process, and finished inventory to support business unit strategy 7.2 Planning Physical Distribution The main goals of Distribution in any Organization would be to take care of proper storage and transport While Storage assures product and packaging quality and constant availability, Transportation’s objective is to ascertain that products arrive in good condition, in the right place and at the right time The less frequent a Firm’s re-supply, the greater would be its storage requirements 7.2.1 Distribution Considerations For proper Storage & Transportation, the SC Manager has to ensure availability of transportation (i.e., vehicles) He or she has to also take care of security the materials are being transported from one point to another Security during storage also needs proper attention What is also important is the availability sufficient storage space/capacity This shall be based on procurement plan and frequency of deliveries at all levels of the system 150 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY sciousness of being observed and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing pic- ture Her expression was curiously familiar—it was an expression I had often seen on women’s faces but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror, were fixed not on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control Instinct made him step on the accelerator with the double purpose of overtaking Daisy and leaving Wilson behind, and we sped along toward Astoria at fifty miles an hour, until, among the spidery girders of the elevated, we came in sight of the easygoing blue coupé ‘Those big movies around Fiftieth Street are cool,’ sug- gested Jordan ‘I love New York on summer afternoons when every one’s away There’s something very sensuous about it—overripe, as if all sorts of funny fruits were going to fall into your hands.’ The word ‘sensuous’ had the effect of further disquieting Tom but before he could invent a protest the coupé came to a stop and Daisy signalled us to draw up alongside ‘Where movies?’ ‘It’s so hot,’ she complained ‘You go We’ll ride around and meet you after.’ With an effort her wit rose faintly, Unit 7: Logistics and Characteristics of Modes of Transportation Technology has been changing very fast and as a result, the Product Life Cycles have become shorter The short shelf life of products has been putting pressure on the Transport Function to deliver goods as quickly as possible In addition to all these considerations, the SC Manager may have to also worry about appropriate storage conditions (cool chain), if the Products need to be preserved using this facility What is also important is the mode of transportation to be used Also, the Pick-up system (facilities collect drugs) or delivery system (warehouses deliver) has a bearing on the Distribution Notes Another important factor is the decision to outsource transportation or not One may have to also worry about aspects such as having appropriate procedures to:  Verify the products shipped and received – type and quantity,  Conduct visual inspection for quality assurance, including expiration dates,  Complete and sign transaction records/vouchers,  Store the products, and  Update stock-keeping records The main objectives of logistics management are:  Inventory Reduction  Reliable & Consistent Delivery Performance  Economy in Freight  Minimum Damages to the Product  Quick Response  Optimum Contribution towards business excellence 7.2.2 Inventory Reduction Inventory Reductions have far-reaching implications on Company’s Return On Investment (ROI) However, really speaking, it is a ‘tight rope walk’! While excess stocks may affect the Profitability, not having enough inventories may result in ‘Loss of Customers’ Therefore, one has to exercise proper control over Inventory, by taking appropriate steps at the right moment Objective of Inventory Control Systems The objective of an inventory control system is to ensure the constant availability of products, by defining:  When products should be ordered  What quantities of products should be ordered  How to maintain adequate quantities to meet demand, while avoiding overstocks and stock-outs Inventory Control Systems Maximum/minimum Inventory Control System is defined by months of stock Systems are designed so that stock quantities routinely fall between the minimum and maximum stock levels The minimum stock level includes safety/buffer stock Any inventory control system (max/min or other) must take into account safety/buffer stock (However, in a Just-In-Time environment, the system of maintaining safety/buffer stock is not practiced.) LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 151 sciousness of being observed and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing pic- ture Her expression was curiously familiar—it was an expression I had often seen on women’s faces but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror, were fixed not on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control Instinct made him step on the accelerator with the double purpose of overtaking Daisy and leaving Wilson behind, and we sped along toward Astoria at fifty miles an hour, until, among the spidery girders of the elevated, we came in sight of the easygoing blue coupé ‘Those big movies around Fiftieth Street are cool,’ sug- gested Jordan ‘I love New York on summer afternoons when every one’s away There’s something very sensuous about it—overripe, as if all sorts of funny fruits were going to fall into your hands.’ The word ‘sensuous’ had the effect of further disquieting Tom but before he could invent a protest the coupé came to a stop and Daisy signalled us to draw up alongside ‘Where movies?’ ‘It’s so hot,’ she complained ‘You go We’ll ride around and meet you after.’ With an effort her wit rose faintly, International Trade Procedures and Documentation Notes Inventory Control Considerations Some of the prime considerations are:  Who decides what quantities to distribute?  The lower level (pull) or the upper level (push)?  Decision should be based on training and human resource implications  Which type of max/min system to use?  How long should the pipeline be?   Longer pipeline reduces likelihood of stock-outs (more security stock) but increases likelihood of wastage (short shelf lives, increased expiries) How to include safety stock levels in a non-max/min system Reliable and Consistent Delivery Performance Customer Service is the key interface between Marketing and Logistics It plays a significant role in developing and maintaining customer loyalty and continuous satisfaction Logistics also supports the “place” element of marketing mix However, in the areas of Product, Pricing and Promotion, Competitors may equal! Hence, there is a need to excel consistently in Customer Service through reliable & consistent delivery performance Freight Economy The various Transportation Carrier Options available are: Truck, Rail, Water, Pipeline and Air Inter-modal transportation is becoming more common since it is really not possible to use only one mode of transportation in most of the cases Transportation by Road is perhaps the only mode which can be used independently 7.2.3 Transport Fundamentals Freight/Transport is the most important component of logistics cost Usually 1/3 – 2/3 of total cost is the result of Transportation Transport involves  Equipment (trucks, planes, trains, boats, pipeline),  People (drivers, loaders & unloaders), and  Decisions (routing, timing, quantities, equipment size, transport mode) ! Caution When deciding the transport mode for a given product, there are several things to consider such as mode price, transit time &variability (reliability) and lastly potential for loss or damage Note In developing countries we often find it necessary to locate production close to both markets and resources, while in countries with developed distribution systems people can live in places far from production and resources 152 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY sciousness of being observed and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing pic- ture Her expression was curiously familiar—it was an expression I had often seen on women’s faces but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror, were fixed not on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control Instinct made him step on the accelerator with the double purpose of overtaking Daisy and leaving Wilson behind, and we sped along toward Astoria at fifty miles an hour, until, among the spidery girders of the elevated, we came in sight of the easygoing blue coupé ‘Those big movies around Fiftieth Street are cool,’ sug- gested Jordan ‘I love New York on summer afternoons when every one’s away There’s something very sensuous about it—overripe, as if all sorts of funny fruits were going to fall into your hands.’ The word ‘sensuous’ had the effect of further disquieting Tom but before he could invent a protest the coupé came to a stop and Daisy signalled us to draw up alongside ‘Where movies?’ ‘It’s so hot,’ she complained ‘You go We’ll ride around and meet you after.’ With an effort her wit rose faintly, Unit 7: Logistics and Characteristics of Modes of Transportation Single-mode Service Choices and Issues Notes Air  Rapidly growing segment of transportation industry  Lightweight, small items (Products: Perishable and time sensitive goods: Flowers, produce, electronics, mail, emergency shipments, documents, etc.)  Quick, reliable, expensive  Often combined with trucking operations Rail  Low cost, high-volume (Products: Heavy industry, minerals, chemicals, agricultural products, autos, etc.)  Improving flexibility  Inter-modal service Truck  Most used mode  Flexible, small loads (Products: Medium and light manufacturing, food, clothing, all retail goods)  Trucks can go door-to-door as opposed to aeroplanes and trains Water  One of oldest means of transport  Low-cost, high-volume, slow  Bulky, heavy and/or large items (Products: Nonperishable bulk cargo – Liquids, minerals, grain, petroleum, lumber, etc.)  Standardized shipping containers improve service  Combined with trucking & rail for complete systems  International trade Pipeline  Primarily for oil & refined oil products  Slurry lines carry coal or kaolin  High capital investment  Low operating costs  Can cross difficult terrain  Highly reliable; Low product losses Transport Cost Characteristics Transportation costs will be fixed costs as well as variable costs Both these costs must be reviewed frequently and efforts must be made to bring these down LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 153 sciousness of being observed and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing pic- ture Her expression was curiously familiar—it was an expression I had often seen on women’s faces but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror, were fixed not on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control Instinct made him step on the accelerator with the double purpose of overtaking Daisy and leaving Wilson behind, and we sped along toward Astoria at fifty miles an hour, until, among the spidery girders of the elevated, we came in sight of the easygoing blue coupé ‘Those big movies around Fiftieth Street are cool,’ sug- gested Jordan ‘I love New York on summer afternoons when every one’s away There’s something very sensuous about it—overripe, as if all sorts of funny fruits were going to fall into your hands.’ The word ‘sensuous’ had the effect of further disquieting Tom but before he could invent a protest the coupé came to a stop and Daisy signalled us to draw up alongside ‘Where movies?’ ‘It’s so hot,’ she complained ‘You go We’ll ride around and meet you after.’ With an effort her wit rose faintly, International Trade Procedures and Documentation Notes Examples of fixed costs: Terminal facilities, Transport equipment, carrier administration, Roadway acquisition and maintenance [Infrastructure (road, rail, pipeline, navigation, etc.)] etc Examples of variable costs include: Fuel, Labor, Equipment maintenance, handling, pickup & delivery, taxes etc Note      Cost structure varies by mode Rail  High fixed costs, low variable costs  High volumes result in lower per unit (variable) costs Highway  Lower fixed costs (don’t need to own or maintain roads)  Higher unit costs than rail due to lower capacity per truck  Terminal expenses and line-haul expenses Water  High terminal (port) costs and high equipment costs (both fixed)  Very low unit costs Air  Substantial fixed costs  Variable costs depend highly on distance traveled Pipeline  Highest proportion of fixed cost of any mode due to pipeline ownership and maintenance and extremely low variable costs Minimum Damages to Product Logistics Management must ensure that no/absolute damage happens while the product is in the custody of Logistics Damage Costs incurred during transportation should be considered as a throughput cost, since they will continue regardless of inventory levels Did u know? Damage attributed to Warehouse operation is usually charged to the Warehouse Operator, if the cost is unreasonable Quick Response [QR] Quick Response is generally a retail sector strategy, but can be tried by other industries too Quick Response applies JIT principles throughout the entire supply chain The concept works by combining Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) with Bar Coding Technology, so that Customer Sales are tracked immediately This information is immediately passed on to the Manufacturer and from there to the suppliers to enable all the partners to plan, produce and deliver the replenishments to meet Customer Requirements quickly 154 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY sciousness of being observed and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing pic- ture Her expression was curiously familiar—it was an expression I had often seen on women’s faces but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror, were fixed not on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control Instinct made him step on the accelerator with the double purpose of overtaking Daisy and leaving Wilson behind, and we sped along toward Astoria at fifty miles an hour, until, among the spidery girders of the elevated, we came in sight of the easygoing blue coupé ‘Those big movies around Fiftieth Street are cool,’ sug- gested Jordan ‘I love New York on summer afternoons when every one’s away There’s something very sensuous about it—overripe, as if all sorts of funny fruits were going to fall into your hands.’ The word ‘sensuous’ had the effect of further disquieting Tom but before he could invent a protest the coupé came to a stop and Daisy signalled us to draw up alongside ‘Where movies?’ ‘It’s so hot,’ she complained ‘You go We’ll ride around and meet you after.’ With an effort her wit rose faintly, Unit 7: Logistics and Characteristics of Modes of Transportation Notes The benefits of such a system are:  Inventory Reduction  Speedier Response  Lower number of stock-out situations  Reduced Handling  Reduction in Obsolescence Contribution towards Business Excellence About two decades back, Logistics Function was one of the neglected areas It was looked at as a Cost Center Not many organizations managed this function in a profession way Gradually, the situations changed With customer becoming more and more demanding, organizations realized the importance of this function and the role played by it in meeting the customers’ expectations  Logistics primarily embodies the effort to deliver:  The right product  In the right quantity  In the right condition  To the right place  At the right time  For the right customer  At the right cost Task What role is played by logistics towards business excellence? 7.3 Benefits of Efficient Logistics System Logistics has gained importance due to the following trends: Transportation costs have risen rapidly due to the rise in oil prices Production efficiency has scaled new heights Fundamental changes in inventory Proliferating product lines Computer technology Increased use of computers Increase in public concern about the product Growth of several new, large retail chains or mass merchandise with large demands and very sophisticated logistics services, bypassing traditional channels and distribution Economic regulation reduction Increase in power of retailers 10 Globalization LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 155 sciousness of being observed and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing pic- ture Her expression was curiously familiar—it was an expression I had often seen on women’s faces but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror, were fixed not on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control Instinct made him step on the accelerator with the double purpose of overtaking Daisy and leaving Wilson behind, and we sped along toward Astoria at fifty miles an hour, until, among the spidery girders of the elevated, we came in sight of the easygoing blue coupé ‘Those big movies around Fiftieth Street are cool,’ sug- gested Jordan ‘I love New York on summer afternoons when every one’s away There’s something very sensuous about it—overripe, as if all sorts of funny fruits were going to fall into your hands.’ The word ‘sensuous’ had the effect of further disquieting Tom but before he could invent a protest the coupé came to a stop and Daisy signalled us to draw up alongside ‘Where movies?’ ‘It’s so hot,’ she complained ‘You go We’ll ride around and meet you after.’ With an effort her wit rose faintly, International Trade Procedures and Documentation Notes The interrelation of different logistic elements and their costs should be based on total cost rather than individual costs Self Assessment Fill in the blanks: logistics means the movement of materials received from suppliers objective is to ascertain that products arrive in good condition, in the right place and at the right time The objective of an control system is to ensure the constant availability of products Customer is the key interface between Marketing & Logistics plays a significant role in developing and maintaining customer loyalty & continuous satisfaction must ensure that no/absolute damage happens while the Product is in the custody of Logistics Costs incurred during transportation should be considered as a throughput cost, since they will continue regardless of inventory levels Transportation by Road is perhaps the only mode which can be used The main goals of in any Organization would be to take care of proper storage & transport 10 Transportation’s objective is to ascertain that arrive in good condition, in the right place and at the right time 7.4 Concept of Marketing Logistics System Managing the components of Logistics, like – product (procuring, assembling or self-production), form (shape, size, label, design), time (the period of booking and execution of the order), quality (quantity, material, colour, in view of the competitive products in the market, or as per demand of the customer), price (low, high, competitive), services (labelling, packaging, transportation, supply) – are the vital factors in the overall marketing process Simply, Logistics is a subsystem of Supply Chain Management, which is a key part of Marketing process 7.4.1 Relationship of Logistics to Marketing and Production While the production element in the marketing-mix leads to creation of ‘form’ utility by taking decisions as product line variety, design, colour brand, etc The distribution element comprising distribution channel fixation and physical movement, creates ‘time’ and ‘place’ utility by ensuring that the produced goods reach the place and time selected by the buyer Logistics is the designing and managing of a system in order to control the flow of material throughout a firm This is a very important part of an international company because of geographical barriers Logistics of an international company includes movement of raw materials, coordinating flows in and out of different countries, selection of transportation, cost of the transportation, packaging of the product for shipment, storage of the product, and managing the entire process 156 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY sciousness of being observed and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing pic- ture Her expression was curiously familiar—it was an expression I had often seen on women’s faces but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror, were fixed not on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control Instinct made him step on the accelerator with the double purpose of overtaking Daisy and leaving Wilson behind, and we sped along toward Astoria at fifty miles an hour, until, among the spidery girders of the elevated, we came in sight of the easygoing blue coupé ‘Those big movies around Fiftieth Street are cool,’ sug- gested Jordan ‘I love New York on summer afternoons when every one’s away There’s something very sensuous about it—overripe, as if all sorts of funny fruits were going to fall into your hands.’ The word ‘sensuous’ had the effect of further disquieting Tom but before he could invent a protest the coupé came to a stop and Daisy signalled us to draw up alongside ‘Where movies?’ ‘It’s so hot,’ she complained ‘You go We’ll ride around and meet you after.’ With an effort her wit rose faintly, Unit 7: Logistics and Characteristics of Modes of Transportation Figure 7.1: Relationship of Logistics to Marketing and Production Notes Note Logistics is a link between the manufacturing and selling process that leads to the creation of place and time utility 7.4.2 Marketing Logistics In 1991, the Council of Logistics Management (CLM), a prestigious professional organization, defined logistics as “the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements” Logistics is the art of managing the flow of raw materials and finished goods from the source to the user To obtain goods from where they arise to the right place in the right form, at the right time, at the right cost “Logistics or physical distribution or distribution logistics is a part of Marketing Process” In order to position logistics in its proper role in today’s business environment, logistics leaders will have to a better job of communicating, or marketing, logistics The time for lamenting the lack of interest in logistics from senior management is over, and the time to become proactive is here The logistics story will be understood when all logistics leaders begin to take the marketing initiative and the successes of the discipline are recognized Logistics executives are eager to be considered important players in the corporate game They want to be involved in important decisions, to something meaningful for the company, and to be recognized by their peers as members of a winning team However, it seems that sales, marketing, and manufacturing enjoy the focus of management attention Why? Let us suggest that logistics executives have done a poor job of marketing logistics within the organization This concept of “marketing” logistics borrows from the traditional concept of marketing In other words, identify your customers, identify their needs, and combine the firm’s resources to meet those needs However, the concept of logistics marketing goes a little further The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of the P’s and to provide the logistics executive with a framework for its implementation The following discussion will focus on product, price, place, promotion, and people as elements of the logistics marketing mix LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 157 sciousness of being observed and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing pic- ture Her expression was curiously familiar—it was an expression I had often seen on women’s faces but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror, were fixed not on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control Instinct made him step on the accelerator with the double purpose of overtaking Daisy and leaving Wilson behind, and we sped along toward Astoria at fifty miles an hour, until, among the spidery girders of the elevated, we came in sight of the easygoing blue coupé ‘Those big movies around Fiftieth Street are cool,’ sug- gested Jordan ‘I love New York on summer afternoons when every one’s away There’s something very sensuous about it—overripe, as if all sorts of funny fruits were going to fall into your hands.’ The word ‘sensuous’ had the effect of further disquieting Tom but before he could invent a protest the coupé came to a stop and Daisy signalled us to draw up alongside ‘Where movies?’ ‘It’s so hot,’ she complained ‘You go We’ll ride around and meet you after.’ With an effort her wit rose faintly, International Trade Procedures and Documentation Notes Product One function of logistics marketing is finding out who your customer is and how to get the product or service to the customer Each customer can have individualized needs so the logistical services provided may vary from customer to customer Regardless of these differences, the customers expects 100 percent conformance and assured reliability at all times with every transaction The goals of this aspect of marketing logistics include filling the order, on-time delivery, precise invoicing and zero damage Price An organization bases pricing decisions on both internal and external factors Marketing logistics must recognize price drivers The profile of the customer, the product and the type of order are factors that drive the price These changes are not typically controlled by marketing logistics However, marketing logistics must react to these factors and understand how the factors affect customers’ decisions Discounts for quantities and the related logistical cost structure can impact the price the customer will ultimately pay for the product or service Additional factors driving price include the shipping costs based on the size, weight and distance the organization will ship the item Further, the size of the manufacturing run, labor costs and the types, quantities and quality of the materials used in the manufacturing process can affect price Promotion Promotion is another important aspect of an organization’s marketing logistics process When bringing a product to market, the organization must coordinate the logistics of the various marketing materials For example, the art department might design the artwork for the product’s box and an outside supplier might manufacture the boxes with the artwork Marketing logistics can help to ensure that all of these entities work together and produce the marketing materials needed to sell the product Place The function of place in marketing logistics allows the organization to simplify the transactions between a logistics provider and the customer The organization must execute logistics in such a way that the customer is not aware of the complexities involved in the logistics process For the customer, the output is always more important than the process The organization should, therefore, never expose the backroom processes involved with logistics delivery to the customer Also the location of the factory, warehouse and customer can greatly impact the marketing logistics process by increasing or reducing costs Example: Locating a factory in Mexico might reduce the labor costs associated with a product However, at the same time locating the factory in Mexico might increase the shipping costs and negate any cost savings 158 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY