Tiếng Anh cho bài thi chuẩn hóa VSTEP 35 GUIDE TO VSTEP (ULIS VNU) + có hướng dẫn Các dạng đề thi VSTEP mức 3 đến 5 và hướng dẫn làm bài, tài liệu do trường đại học ngoại ngữ đại học quốc gia hà nội biên soạn năm 2022.
ULIS-VNU FLE GUIDE TO VSTEP (FOR INTERNAL USE) HANOI 2022 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ TIẾNG ANH CHO BÀI THI CHUẨN HÓA theo định dạng VSTEP.3-5 Hà Nội, 2021 VSTEP.3-5 FORMAT PAPER Listening (~ 40 minutes) Reading (60 minutes) Writing (60 minutes) Speaking (12 minutes) NO OF QUESTIONS/ TASK REQUIREMENTS Part 1: multiple choice questions (MCQ) in short dialogues, announcements or instructions Part 2: 12 MCQs in conversations Part 3: 15 MCQs in talks/ lectures Examinees have minutes to transfer their answers to the answer sheet 40 MCQs in reading texts from 1900 to 2050 words - Passage 1: 10 questions - Passage 2: 10 questions - Passage 3: 10 questions - Passage 4: 10 questions Task 1: A letter or an email of at least 120 words, counting for 1/3 of the total scores Task 2: An essay of at least 250 words, counting for 2/3 of the total scores Part 1: Social interaction Examinees answer from to questions about different topics Part 2: Solution Discussion Examinees are provided with a situation with suggested choices, and asked to propose the best one while refuting the others Part 3: Topic development Examinees are expected to develop a discourse basing on suggested ideas or their own ideas There are several discussing questions to complete the test In both part and 3, examinees have minutes to prepare before speaking VSTEP.3-5 CUTTING SCORES from level (b1) to level (c1) in reference to CEFR-VN SCORE LEVEL 0- 3.5 Not rated 4.0 – 5.5 6.0 – 8.0 8.5 - 10 CEFR DESCRIPTION Not rated No description is available B1 Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken Can produce simple connected text on topics, which are familiar, or of personal interest Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes & ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans B2 Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialisation Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options C1 Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognise implicit meaning Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices SESSION Skills & Techniques to Master the Listening Paper of VSTEP 3-5 WARM-UP Have you ever been to the airport? Have you ever heard the instructions there? When listening to an instruction/ announcement, which you think we should focus on: nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs? SAMPLE LISTENING PAPER PART 1-Questions 1-8 (Track 1) Directions: In this part, you will hear EIGHT short announcements or instructions There is one question for each announcement or instruction For each question, choose the right answer A, B, C or D Then, on the answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer that you have chosen How many languages are taught at Hanoi International Language School? A B C D What is the boarding time of Flight VN178? A 3.30 B 3.45 C 4.15 D 4.45 What will be happening in Lecture Hall next Monday? A An art shop B An exhibition C A history lesson D A talk about history of art Where does the woman live? A Opposite the cinema B Next to Anna Boutique C On Floor of C5 building D On Floor of C5 building What is the woman doing? A Introducing the sports centre B Selling equipment to the new members C Explaining the rules in the centre D Answering members’ questions What time the banks open in winter? A 8.00 a.m B 8.30 a.m C 9.00 a.m D 9.30 a.m What is the woman talking about? A How to change the topic of a term paper B When and where to hand in a term paper C How to write a term paper D The list of topics for a term paper How is the weather today? A Cool all day B Rainy in the early morning C Windy at noon D Sunny during the day PART 2-Questions 9-20 (Track 2) In this part, you will hear THREE conversations The conversations will not be repeated There are four questions for each conversation For each question, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D Questions to 12 Listen to the discussion between two exchange students Martha and Peter How has the man mainly learnt Japanese? A By listening B By speaking C By writing Kanji D By reading aloud 10 Why did the woman travel to Spain? A To reach her goal B To learn Japanese C To meet her pen friends D To practice her Spanish 11 According to the woman, why young people learn language more quickly? A They have friends at university B Their brains are fresher C They not have much concern other than study D They find languages easier than the elder 12 What is the conversation mainly about? A Learning English B Learning languages C Learning French D Age and learning Questions 13 to 16 Listen to the conversation between Emma, the tourist and Felipe, a local person from Ecuador 13 What does the man say about the Galapagos Islands? A They are unattractive B They are a must-visit place for tourists C They are more popular with foreigners than locals D There are a lot of famous hotels and food there 14 Why are the costs in Galapagos Islands so high? A To improve their service quality B To protect the environment C To attract international tourists D To solve local economic problems 15 Which place can be compared to the Galapagos in terms of scenery? A The Amazon region B The lowlands C South Ecuador D Ecuadorean countryside 16 What the speakers mean by mentioning “more rights”? A Islanders should have more freedom to business B Ecuadoreans should visit the island with more ease C Tourists should be given more freedom on the island D Visitors should be encouraged to visit the island Questions 17 to 20 Listen to the conversation between Todd and Katia 17 What is the topic of the conversation? A Ways to get an internship B Methods of studying at university C Contrasts between working and studying D Skills needed in working environment 18 What does the girl say about presenting skills? A She wanted more practice with them B She was not aware of their importance before working C She didn’t know how to them in Spanish D She taught them to herself at university 19 What does the girl think about making mistakes in the working world? A It’s frequent and natural B It’s undesirable but normal C It’s worrying and unacceptable D It’s annoying but totally avoidable 20 What advice does the girl have for those about going to start working? A Prepare themselves for unexpected situations B Relax and have some fun C Make good transition from university to work D Make their best effort and follow their passion PART 3-Questions 21-35 (Track 3) In this part, you will hear THREE talks or lectures The talks or lectures will not be repeated There are five questions for each talk or lecture For each question, choose the right answer A, B, C or D Questions 21 to 25 Listen to a presentation about summer job searching 21 What factor deserves initial consideration when a summer job search is launched? A Sort of jobs within the field B Flexible working hours C Employees’ hobbies D Commitment to the job 22 Why does the speaker mention photography? A To highlight the importance of hobbies in job searching B To illuminate a job search process C To prove the role of local area in job searching D To suggest looking for a job on the internet 23 What principle does a person necessarily stick to when looking for the second job? A Value the second job over the current one B Ask for the current employer’s permission C Make all the contact out of company time D Have interviews scheduled during official working hours 24 What behavior will place a candidate at a great advantage in an interview? A Showing up on time B Having a great outfit C Stressing the achievements with the current company D Emphasizing the working experiences 25 What is of greatest importance for a successful attempt at the job search? A Asking for references from the current company B Referring to what have been achieved in the current job C Getting the track record of the current job D Talking to somebody in the current company for advice Questions 26 to 30 Listen to a talk about recycling carbon 26 Which process is mainly discussed in the talk? A Producing carbon through photosynthesis B Returning carbon to the atmosphere through decomposition C Recycling carbon into the soil through soil breathing D Maintaining the availability of environmental factors 27 What happens during decomposition? A Natural elements directly come into the soil when they fall on the ground B Natural nutrients are produced in death leaves and trees C Organic matter is absorbed into the soil through some natural processes D Organic elements are mineralized to CO2 28 What does “soil respiration” refer to? A The cycle of minimalizing CO2 in the soil B The stage of decomposing organic matter C The circle when CO2 is recycled D The process when CO2 gets out of the soil 29 What does the speaker say about the cycle of carbon? A It helps remain carbon in litter for a long time B It finishes when CO2 comes out of the soil to the air C It is the result of soil respiration D It creates the amount of carbon in the living biomass 30 What does the example of tropical rainforest and the Arctic Tundra illustrate? A The balance between photosynthesis and decomposition rate B The importance of litter and organic matter in the production of carbon C The effect of environmental factors on photosynthesis and decomposition rate D The way how the nutrient availability stores carbon within the soil Conclusion At the end of the day, it is clear that children should be guided by rules, but these rules should not be imposed on them because as human beings, they need to have room to develop their own traits of character and adopt a behavioral pattern of their own The Conclusion Final paragraph of essay – usually two or three sentences in length Restates your thesis statement and summarizes the main ideas of your essay In comparison with the introduction and the body, the conclusion is the shortest in terms of length Generally, it contains just two or three sentences and the conclusion restates ideas which are appealing to the readers The following words/ phrases are often used to signal the conclusion paragraph In conclusion In short In summary Ultimately To sum up All in all Exercise: Read the following conclusion and decide which one is acceptable, and what the problems are with the other two Writing Task Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on children Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience Conclusion 1: In conclusion, there is no doubt that the computer as a technological tool is here to stay The sooner children become computer-literate, the better for many aspects of their future life Conclusion 2: In conclusion, computers are so wonderful and they make children become familiar with the world out there So I think that children should be taught how to use computer as soon as possible Conclusion 3: In short, although there are problems when children use computers a lot, but I suppose that we should let children use computers 39 VSTEP 3-5 WRITING PAPER: PRACTICE Exercise 1: Some sentences of the following response are too simple Read the response and combine the sentences in order to make them complex and compound ones Add more details if necessary Task You are not happy with the course you are doing at college and would like to change to a different course Write a letter to the college director requesting to change your course You should include details about: - what course are you doing now - why you are not satisfied with that course - what course would you like to change to Response Dear Mr Hodgkins, I am currently enrolled in an Italian cooking class at St James I am writing regarding some difficulties I have had them while I am doing this subject for the past two weeks I would like to know if it is possible for me to change my course I believe that the last day allowed for students to make any changes was Wednesday 5th June But my particular situation requires special consideration The fact is that, during the enrolment session, no one mentioned that I needed to be literate in Italian, which I am not Therefore, you will comprehend that for me, getting an understanding of what the teacher is saying is beyond comprehensible Thus, I am requesting that my current enrollment be transferred from the Italian course to the French cooking class The reason is that unlike in Italian, I am fluent in French I apologise for any inconvenience this may cause to you and the staff I look forward to hearing from you Yours sincerely, Sandrine Mo 40 Exercise 2: Reorganize the following sentences of the response in a logical order Task You would like to participate in a work-related seminar in another country Write a letter to the person in charge of the seminar and ask for detailed information regarding the dates, program, accommodation and cost Response Dear Sir/Madam, Therefore, I need to get some information in detail such as the total period of time your seminar takes and the leaflets of different scheduled programs I am an electronics wholesale dealer in Pakistan and I am interested to take part in this work-related seminar I am writing to ask for information about the seminar that you are conducting during the next week I would like to receive it as soon as possible to be able to prepare adequately before the departure I think that it would be very beneficial for me to see the latest electronic appliances and have an excellent opportunity to make contacts with different companies In addition, I have a plan to come with my two staff members and would appropriate about accommodation and total expenditure, which you have estimated for each person I am looking forward to hearing from you You could send the above-mentioned information to my e-mail address Yours faithfully, Athar Nafees Exercise 3: Read the following writing task and write a response to it in 20 minutes TASK You should spend about 20 minutes on this task You received an email from Helen, a pen pal in England Read part of her email below I am going to attend an undergraduate course There are two choices for me: a computer science which provides more job prospects and history, my favourite subject Which one should I choose? Write an email responding to Helen You should write at least 120 words You not need to include your name or addresses Your response will be evaluated in terms of Task Fulfillment, Organization, Vocabulary and Grammar 41 Exercise 4: Read the following writing task and write a response to it in 40 minutes Task You should spend about 40 minutes on this task Read the following text from a book about country life It is sometimes said that the countryside offers a high quality of life, especially for families Write an essay to an educated reader to give your opinion on the statement Include reasons and any relevant examples to support your answer You should write at least 250 words Your response will be evaluated in terms of Task Fulfillment, Organization, Vocabulary and Grammar 42 SESSION Skills & Techniques to master the Speaking paper of the VSTEP 3-5 WARM-UP Can you use three adjectives to describe yourself? How you often persuade people? Is it reasonable to quote a Michel Jackson’s saying in health issues? THE SPEAKING PAPER Part 1: Social Interaction (3’) Let’s talk about your free time activities - What you often in your free time? - Do you watch TV? If no, why not? If yes, which TV channel you like best? Why? - Do you read books? If no, why not? If yes, what kinds of books you like best? Why? Let’s talk about your neighborhood - Can you tell me something about your neighborhood? - What you like most about it? - Do you plan to live there for a long time? Why/why not? Part 2: Solution Discussion (4’) Situation: A group of people is planning a trip from Danang to Hanoi Three means of transport are suggested: by train, by plane, and by coach Which means of transport you think is the best choice? 43 Part 3: Topic Development (5’) Topic: Reading habit should be encouraged among teenagers increases knowledge reduces stress Reading [your own ideas] improves memory - What is the difference between the kinds of books read by your parents’ generation and those read by your generation? - Do you think that governments should support free books for all people? - In what way can parents help children develop their interest in reading? VSTEP 3-5 SPEAKING PAPER: PRACTICAL TIPS In order to be successful in the Speaking test, you SHOULD: - show your confidence, friendliness and have appropriate eye contact; - make use of a variety of language; - extend your answer, or in other words, illustrate your points of view by giving examples or explanation; - avoid using monotonous tone; and - remember PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 44 Using idiomatic expressions A A fabulous play Look at the following advertisement of a play and make a reference to the glossary and then the following exercise The Woman in Black is a spine-tingling ghost story that will have you on edge of your seat throughout the introduction With just a minimal set and a few sound effects, this drama will scare you out of your wits! A nail-biting adaption of Susan Hill’s novel The plot twists are brilliant, and the cast of two are sensational The applause went on and on Phenomenally successful and unanimously acclaimed by the critics A must-see thriller Glossary spine-tingling very frightening or exciting in a way that you enjoy scare sb out of their frighten sb very much wits nail-biting making you excited or worried, SYN gripping twist an unexpected change or development in a story or situation sensational INF extremely good; wonderful SYN fabulous, brilliant unanimously in a way that is agreed by everyone acclaimed publicly talked or written about in an admiring way B A terrible movie Analyze the following conversation and make a reference to the glossary and the following exercise A: I had to sit through some Glossary atrocious sentimental atrocious very bad and unpleasant, SYN dire movie that Frankle wanted INF to see on TV last night, sentimental OFTEN DISAPPROVING called “Love in Summer.” people experience making feelings of 45 B: Oh I saw that – yes, it sadness, was tedious, wasn’t it? Full deliberate and obvious way of clichés – you know, all cliché a phrase or idea that has been used men so often it no longer has much are shallow, sympathy, etc in dishonesty is bad … meaning and is not interesting A: Yes, it was all terrible – shallow not feeble feelings, etc SYN superficial jokes, wooden showing serious a thought, dialogue, and the acting feeble very weak was very mediocre And wooden not Jack Burns was totally expression, emotion, or movement miscast as the romantic mediocre of only average quality lead, wasn’t he? (of an actor) not suitable for the role miscast showing enough natural B: Yeah, he was dire, and they have been given Maggie Lovett was pretty unconvincing not seeming true or real, OPP unconvincing too I don’t convincing know why I watched it all utter complete (used to emphasize sth, the way through – it was usually sth bad) (an utter waste of utter rubbish time, utter rubbish/ nonsense) rubbish INF we say sth is rubbish if we think it is of poor quality C A walk in the country I can’t keep up with Josh – I just get out of breath – so when he suggested going for a walk, I only agreed to go if we could take my sister Michelle along as well, knowing she would slow us down Anyway, we set off, and sure enough, after about ten minutes, Michelle started falling behind, and Josh was shouting at her, “Come on! Get a move on! You’re holding us up!” She tried to run after us and catch us up, but eventually she shouted that she’d enough of Josh’s military march, and all of a sudden, she turned round and headed home I was quietly pleased 46 D Swimming I love swimming – your stories A I look forward to the evenings when I can C I adore swimming – it just comes go down to the river and have a swim It’s naturally to me I took it up seriously really helped me get into shape after my accident and it’s done me a lot of good B Swimming didn’t come easy to me; I had D Last year I decided to go in for a twoto work at it But it’s just a question of kilometer charity swim It was great practice, and little by little I’m getting exercise and it helped to know it was better, which is great good for a cause Exercise 1: Replace the underlined word/ phrase with a word/ phrase with a similar meaning, using the words/ phrases you have learnt The people watching the play loved it The play was absolutely fabulous There has been considerable public praise for the play The actors in the play were very good indeed What did you think of the scenery and furniture? The musical was extraordinarily good It was a really tense and exciting story Someone started applauding and then everyone joined in Exercise 2: Complete the words in the sentences, using the words/ phrases you have learnt If a film is d……… dull, or you are bored s……………… , you should leave before the end Many movies are c……………….: they’re just boring and lacking in original themes If the director is poor, the actors may give a w…………… performance as well There is nothing worse than a comedy film with f……………… jokes If the plot of a film is hard to believe, the acting may be u……………… too Most films made in Hollywood are utter r………………………… 47 People are bored to d…………………… by all the m………… romantic comedies around I hate musicals Every single one I’ve seen has been absolutely d………………… Exercise 3: Match 1-8 with a-h to complete sentences This weather’s awful I’ve had a round and then I saw the man fall We ran to catch b a move on Sorry I’m late; I was held c enough of it I heard a shout, so I turned d up with the others He got slower and slower and fell e behind the rest of the runners I was slowed f up in traffic for an hour He ran g after the man who had stolen his He shouted at us to get briefcase h down by the strong winds Exercise 4: Complete the texts with the words/ phrases that you have learnt My sister’s an amazing tango dancer She (1) … it up when she was very young, and at first it didn’t (2) … easy to her However, bit (3) … bit she became more confident, and now she’s the local champion She’s going in (4) … a national competition next month, and I’m really (5) … forward to seeing her preform It’s strange, but my twin and I are quite different when it comes to sport Everything (6) … naturally to Charlie, and as a result he’s in good (7)… But I’m a bit overweight, and for me it’s really a (8) … of having to work (9) … any sport I try It helps if I feel it’s doing me (10) …, I suppose, but I’d rather sit and watch him 48 Extending the answers in Part Basing on the particular types of questions, you may develop the appropriate answers Yes – No questions - Do you like English? => Definitely yes! English is now an international language which connects people from different countries, different backgrounds and religions I understand that English is the key to success in the contemporary world Wh-questions (1) What - What you usually at weekends? => It’s the time I meet up my friends, and we often have a potluck party You see, each of us brings a dish as we’re very good at cooking Sometimes we pay a visit to far-off places like Ha Giang or Lai Chau The scenery and people of the last visit are still vivid in my mind now (2) Where - Where did you go last summer? => Oh, we paid a visit to a lot of places, from Hanoi to Danang and finally some provinces in the southern part of the country If Danang impressed me with its friendly people and efficient services, Vinh Long and Can Tho made a vivid impression on us with specialties and unique way of life You know, most rural dwellers there commute by boat NB: Some questions also imply places It is advised that you listen for key words carefully - What kind of places have you visited? => I have a keen interest in History For this reason, I usually prefer to visit places which have historical significance I have been to several places which retain a glorious ancient history and are important in enhancing the knowledge about our culture I have visited the Taj Mahal, Hue, Beijing and many more places => I am a working person Therefore, I prefer to visit the places which elevate my mood and energize me I have been to some of the most beautiful beaches and lakes in my country These places bring me closer to nature 49 => As I am a sales representative, my job provides many opportunities to travel to different places But all these places are related to my work and are business oriented I have been to all metro-cities such as New Delhi, Hongkong, Beijing and Tokyo - Which place would you like to visit in the future? Why? => Well, there are many places which I really want to visit, but once-in-a-life time, I would like to visit Bali It is famous for its greenery, golden beaches and picturesque views As an admirer of nature’s beauty, this place will be my first preference - What’s the best place you have ever visited? =>Well, all the places I have visited are extremely beautiful and best of their kind But, the Akshardham Temple in Delhi is the most beautiful place I have ever visited One can’t stop praising the craftsmanship involved in the carving of stones - Describe a place where you have recently been to =>I have recently visited the Forest Research Institute in Xuan Mai This is one of its own kind of research institute which not only provides world-class scientific training in forests and woods but serves as a tourist attraction as well It is occupied with six museums and a training center for Vietnamese Forest service officers Many different varieties of plants and wood can be seen there (3) Why - What is your job? Why did you choose to the job? =>I’m working at the Hanoi Tax Department as an accountant The reason for my choice is very simple I like numbers and working for a state-run office is secure now (4) When/ At what age - When you think we should get married? = At what age you think people should get married? => I not think that there is a formula for each person We may start our marital life whenever we are mature enough What I mean is we must be committed, take responsibility or even sacrifice some of our hobbies (5) How - How many people are there in your family? 50 => I have a nuclear family consisting of three members: my wife, my little son and me My wife and I are both instructors of English, but I’m the bread-winner - How much you think we can know about the clothes of a person? (Compare: What we know about the clothes of a person?) => A lot, I suppose The pattern of clothes can say about the personality of that person For example, if one likes red or very conspicuous clothes, he or she may be ambitious and wants to be the soul of the party If one likes jeans or T-shirts, he or she may be a simple and easygoing person Discrimination amongst choices for Part Situation: Summer is coming and one of your classes is organizing a farewell party In your opinion, which place is the best for them: a mountainous area, a beach or countryside? NB: There are two phases in this part Phase 1, you speak or tell the examiner your choice with explanation; in phase 2, the examiner will ask you further questions, depending on how you speak If you mention the reasons why the other two choices are not okay, s/he will ask you one question about your choice like “I think your choice is good, but … (there is something wrong) What you think about this?” Sample answer => "Oh yes! This is a very difficult but interesting situation And in fact, I had many rather similar options previously Putting myself again in this case, and greatly consider three given options, I suppose that the second choice is the most appropriate because of two following reasons To start with, it is obvious that when we are on the beach, we can organize lots of games together besides swimming One more thing to take into account is that sea food is cheap and even we could try other kinds of food which are often available there If taking Do Son as an example, we can realize that it just takes hours coming there from Hanoi and the aquatic games are really appealing to us all Hence, the above-mentioned arguments make me firmly believe that among three choices; the second is the best one." "I don't opt for the countryside and a mountainous area simply because of their weaknesses and unreasonableness If choosing mountainous area, I would face difficulties in accommodation and the safety of all class members Similarly, if choosing the countryside, I 51 would have to face with lots of inconvenience such as living conditions and of course place of interest." "Yes, this is true to some extent But as I said earlier, there are three choices, and my choice is perhaps the best in my cases I don't really want to change my mind." Developing ideas basing on logical thinking for Part Topic: Smoking should be banned completely reasons: people's health, money saving and civilized society => The issue of banning smoking or not has caused a lot of concern among people In my opinion, I totally share the point of view that it is better to ban smoking in all places because of three following reasons In the first place, it is obvious that banning smoking will make people's health better, both smokers and non-smokers This means that when not getting exposure to toxic chemicals in smoke, humans may not get some diseases like lung or throat cancer What is more, when smokers cannot buy any packs of cigarettes, they can save a lot of money which can be spent for their kids' studying or home furniture And this sum of money does not include hospital fees for smoking-related diseases Last but not least, a civilized society is one without smoke, and in which people are free from toxic to lead a healthier life In short, I once again reaffirm my stand that smoking is forbidden as soon as possible PRACTICE SPEAKING TEST Part 1: Social Interaction (3') Let's talk about sports Do you often play sports? Which one you prefer: team sport or individual sport? How can we encourage young people to play sports? Let's talk about your free time Do you have much free time in your life? (Why/why not?) What you like doing in your free time? How much free time you think a person should have every day? 52 Part 2: Solution Discussion (4') Situation: One of your friends wants to keep fit and makes friends at the same time What is the best kind of sports he should do: football, tennis or golf? Part 3: Topic Development (5') Topic: Playing sports should be encouraged among teenagers physically healthy creative Sports [your own ideas] mentally healthy Further questions What can parents to encourage their children to play sports? Do you think gyms or parks should be free? Is it the responsibility of governments to urge youngsters to play sports? 53