an attitudinal study on american and vietnamese governments reponse to the covid 19 pandemic in news reports

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY BÙI THỊ TÙNG THI AN ATTITUDINAL STUDY ON THE AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE GOVERNMENTS’ RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN NEWS REPORTS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Võ Duy Đức, Ph.D BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN BÙI THỊ TÙNG THI PHÂN TÍCH NGUỒN NGỮ LIỆU THÁI ĐỘ TRONG CÁC BÀI BÁO THỂ HIỆN PHẢN ỨNG CỦA HAI CHÍNH PHỦ MỸ VÀ VIỆT NAM ĐỐI VỚI ĐẠI DỊCH COVID-19 Chuyên ngành Mã số : Ngôn ngữ Anh : 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: TS VÕ DUY ĐỨC i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the thesis An Attitudinal study on the American and Vietnamese governments' response to the COVID-19 pandemic in news reports is my work No other person's work has been used without acknowledgement in the paper This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any university Binh Dinh, 2021 Bùi Thị Tùng Thi ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Mr Vo Duy Duc, PhD for his experienced guidance and valuable comments on my work I am also indebted to him for his helpful and timely response to my questions I would also like to express my thank to the lecturers who have given me exciting knowledge and a great source of inspiration I am also grateful to Quy Nhon University, Post-graduate Department, and Foreign Languages Department for the administrative assistance Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my family and colleagues for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout the course and the study of this thesis iii ABSTRACT The study applied Appraisal Theory developed by Martin and White (2005) as a framework for the investigation into the American and Vietnamese governments' response to the COVID-19 pandemic in news reports The data comprises 40 news reports (20 in each language) downloaded from the New York Times and the Tuoi Tre The study sought to investigate the similarities and differences between the two languages regarding Attitudinal resources, namely Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation The findings showed that the deployment of the Attitudinal resources in the English and Vietnamese data shared certain similarities, such as the occurrence of all types of Attitudinal values and the more common use of Non-authorial and Explicit resources than Authorial and Implicit ones However, despite the similarities between the two languages, a number of subtle differences were also observed With regard to the differences in Positive and Negative Appreciation and In/Security Affect in the two languages, the writers indicated a radically dissimilar attitude to the pandemic of the American and Vietnamese governments Hopefully, the study offers language learners and teachers useful knowledge of Appraisal and the features of the evaluative language employed in English and Vietnamese news reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii CONVENTIONS viii Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY …………………………………… Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1.1 Appraisal Theory 2.1.2 Attitude 2.1.3 Engagement 16 2.1.4 Graduation 18 2.2 RELATED STUDIES 19 Chapter RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES 23 3.1 RESEARCH METHODS 23 3.2 DATA COLLECTION 23 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS 24 3.4 RESEARCH PROCEDURES 24 an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports v 3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 24 3.6 SUMMARY 25 Chapter FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 26 4.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF ATTITUDE IN THE NEWS REPORTS 26 4.2 AFFECT 27 4.2.1 Dis/inclination 28 4.2.2 Dis/Satisfaction 30 4.2.3 In/Security 31 4.2.4 Un/Happiness 32 4.2.5 Authorial and Non-authorial Affect 33 4.3 JUDGEMENT 38 4.3.1 Subtypes of Judgement 38 4.3.2 Explicit and Implicit Judgement 44 4.3.3 Positive and Negative Judgement 47 4.4 APPRECIATION 50 4.4.1 Subtypes of Appreciation 50 4.4.2 Positive and Negative Appreciation 56 4.5 SUMMARY 60 Chapter CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 61 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 61 5.2 IMPLICATIONS 64 5.3 LIMITATIONS 64 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 65 REFERENCES 66 APPENDIX an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports 65 limitations in the study due to practical constraints The first limitation is the number of samples as the data for the study consisted of only 20 English and 20 Vietnamese news reports Therefore, the study results would be limited, and we cannot generalize about the American and Vietnamese governments‟ attitude towards the pandemic The second limitation is the scope of the study because it only focuses on analyzing the Attitude system The other Appraisal sub-categories remain uncovered The last one is my lack of experience and limitation on related knowledge, which may cause some mistakes in explaining the results of data analysis 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Due to the limitations mentioned, further studies are recommended to investigate other resources of the Appraisal framework as follows: A study on Engagement resources in the American and Vietnamese governments‟ response to the COVID-19 pandemic in news reports; A study on Graduation resources in the American and Vietnamese governments‟ response to the COVID-19 pandemic in news reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports 66 REFERENCES Do Huynh My Lien (2015), A research into interpersonal meaning realized through Attitude resources in showbiz news, M.A thesis, Quynhon Eggins, S (1994) An Introduction to systemic functional linguistics London: Edward Arnold Hadidi, Y., & Mohammadbagheri-Parvin, L (2015) Systemic Functional Linguistics as Interpersonal Semantics: Appraisal and Attitude in the Stylistic Analysis of an English Novel International Journal of Linguistics, 7(1) Halliday, M A K., & Matthiessen, c (2004) An introduction to functional grammar (3rd ed.) London: Edward Arnold Halliday, M A K (1994) An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed) E Arnold Le Thi Hien (2015), Attitudinal aspects in health news in English, M.A thesis, Quynhon Martin, J R., & White, P R R (2005).The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English New York: Palgrave Macmillan Martin, J.R., & David Rose (2003) Working with Discourse meaning beyond the clause London: Continuum Martin, J R (2000) Beyond exchange: Appraisal systems in English In: Hunston, S & Thompson, G (Eds.), Evaluation in text: Authorial stance and the construction of discourse (pp 142–176) Oxford: Oxford University Press Namon Jirasataporn (2018), Attitudinal Analysis of Appraisal System in American and Chinese Business Articles from TIME Magazine, an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports 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Attitudinal Resources in Comments given by Judges in American Idol and Vietnam Idol Unpublished Master's thesis Quy Nhon University Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan (2020), A preliminary on attitude in English and Vietnamese media texts in the light of Appraisal theory, VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, Hanoi Nguyen Thi Thu Hien (2016) An Appraisal Study of Social Attitudes in News Reports towards President Obama ‟ s Visit to Vietnam, 32(4), 21–29 Painter, C (2003) Developing attitude  : An ontogenetic Text Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 23(2), 183–209 Soo‐Guan Khoo, C., Nourbakhsh, A., & Na, J (2012) Sentiment analysis of online news text: A case study of appraisal theory Online Information Review, 36(6), 858–878 https://doi.org/10.1108/14684521211287936 Tong My Linh (2020) A Contrastive Study of Attitudinal resources in English and Vietnamese News Reports on Plastic Straws, M.A thesis, Quynhon Vo Duy Duc (2011) Style, Structure and Ideology in English and Vietnamese Business Hard News Reporting - A comparative study (Doctoral Dissertation), University of Adelaide, Australia WANG Ruo-mei (2016) A Practical Application of Appraisal Theory on Critical Reading in College English Teaching US-China Foreign Language, 14(12), 868–876 White, P.R.R (1998) Telling Media Tales: The News Story as Rherotic University of Sydney, Sydney an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports 68 White, P.R.R (2015a) Appraisal Theory In K Tracy, C Ilie, & T Sandel (Eds.), The International Encycloedia of Lmguage and Social Interaction (Vol 3, pp 1-7):John Wiley & Sons White, P.R.R (2015b) The Appraisal Website Retrieved from http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/appraisalguide/unframed/stage 1-attitude-affect.htm an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports APPENDIX ENGLISH NEWS REPORTS ENR1: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/12/us/politics/fauci-trumpcoronavirus.html ENR2: https://www nytimes.com/news/coronavirus/white-house-readiesnew-message-for-the-nation-on-coronavirus/2358979/ ENR3: https://www.nytimes.com/politics/donald-trump/it-s-irresponsible-its-dangerous-experts-rip-trump-s-n1191246/ ENR4: https://www.nytimes.com/politics/donald-trump-sciencecoronavirus/index.html ENR5: https://www.nytimes.com /news/coronavirus-australia-chinaus/12225654/ ENR6: https://www nytimes.com/health/u-s-exit-who-will-jeopardizeglobal-fight-against-covid-n1233142/ ENR7: https://www.nytimes.com/news/2020-03-16-1440/trump-releasesguidelines-slow-coronavirus-spread-15-days-warns-crisis-could/ ENR8: https://www.nytimes.com/politics/trump-tells-americans-to-preparefor-a-very-painful-two-weeks-as-white-house-releases-extended-coronavirusguidelines/ ENR9: https://www.nytimes.com /2020/03/11/politics/donald-trumpcoronavirus-oval-office-speech/index.html ENR10: https:// www.nytimes.com /2020/03/11/politics/donald-trumpcoronavirus-oval-office-speech/index.html ENR11: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html ENR12: https://www.nytimes.com/news/11211872/trump-blames-china-forcoronavirus-pandemic-and-says-world-is-paying-a-big-price-for-their-cover-up/ an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports ENR13: https://www.nytimes.com/politics/us-officials-investigationcoronavirus-wuhan-lab/ ENR14: https:// www.nytimes.com/us-news/2020/mar/15/trump-offers-largesums-for-exclusive-access-to-coronavirus-vaccine/ ENR15: https://www.nytimes.com/politics/white-house-aides-rattled-afterpositive-coronavirus-tests-and-officials-send-mixed-message-on-how-torespond/ ENR16: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/world/coronavirus-news.html ENR17: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/world/coronavirus-covid19.html ENR18: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/politics/donald-trumpcoronavirus-protocols/index.html ENR19: https:// www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/politics/donald-trumpcoronavirus-protocols/index.html ENR20: https://www.nytimes.com /politics/2020/09/16/trumps-chinesevirus-slur-makes-some-people-blame-chinese-americans-others-blame-trump/ APPENDIX B VIETNAMESE NEWS REPORTS VNR1: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-khong-chu-quan-nhung-khong-bi-quankhi-chong-dich-virus-corona-20200204102115133.htm VNR2: https://tuoitre.vn/pho-thu-tuong-vu-duc-dam-viet-nam-da-kiem-soatduoc-dich-20200225092847338.htm VNR3: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-vua-chong-dich-thanh-cong-vua-giuvung-kinh-te-xa-hoi-20200312094526792.htm VNR4: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-chong-ky-thi-nguoi-nhiem-covid-19-tangchi-cho-nguoi-cach-ly-20200316183510763.htm VNR5: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-nhac-quan-doi-tu-bao-ve-khong-de-dich- an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports covid-19-lay-vao-luc-luong-20200322170821325.htm VNR6: https://tuoitre.vn/ong-vu-duc-dam-phia-truoc-con-kho-khan-nhung-tadang-kiem-soat-tot-dich-benh-20200323085918072.htm VNR7: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-cac-dia-phuong-tim-giai-phap-thuc-tien- nhat-de-chong-dich-covid-19-20200329105639285.htm VNR8: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-bao-dam-luong-thuc-du-da-cho-100-trieudan-20200331202415043.htm VNR9: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-chuan-bi-phuong-an-cho-lan-song-thu-2dich-covid-19-co-the-bung-phat-20200406152954915.htm VNR10: https://tuoitre.vn/viet-nam-lien-tuc-khong-co-ca-covid-19-moinhung-nguoi-dan-khong-nen-chu-quan-20200419202628338.htm VNR11: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-mo-dan-cac-duong-bay-quoc-te-duacong-dan-ve-nuoc-phai-co-lo-trinh-phu-hop-20200515102245483.htm VNR12: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-mot-bo-phan-chu-quan-phai-dieu-tra- duong-day-dua-nguoi-trai-phep-20200725154416211.htm VNR13: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-ca-the-gioi-suy-thoai-nang-ne-kinh-teviet-nam-tren-da-hoi-phuc-20200702101709176.htm VNR14: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-co-thai-do-dut-khoat-bien-phap-manhkhong-de-dich-bung-phat-2020072711272917.htm VNR15: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-nguyen-xuan-phuc-tinh-tao-thuc-hienmuc-tieu-kep-20200813073427616.htm VNR16: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-nguyen-xuan-phuc-som-sua-doi-chinhsach-ho-tro-nguoi-mat-viec-do-covid-19-20200821194510184.htm VNR17: https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-dia-phuong-trang-bi-nhanh-cac-vat-tu-yte-nhung-khong-vuong-tham-nhung-20200807135707848.htm VNR18: https://tuoitre.vn/sap-co-chi-thi-moi-ve-phong-chong-covid-19trong-tinh-hinh-moi-20200827184144045.htm an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports an.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reportsan.attitudinal.study.on.american.and.vietnamese.governments.reponse.to.the.covid.19.pandemic.in.news.reports