Hospitality and tourism management THE tây sơn ERA (18TH CENTURY)

HỒ CHÍ MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES – INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Hospitality and Tourism Management THE TÂY SƠN ERA (18TH CENTURY) Lecturer: Mã Xuân Vinh Group: Code of Class: DL2001 SEMESTER THE SCHOOL YEAR 2021 – 2022 Hồ Chí Minh City, April 2022 HỒ CHÍ MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES – INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Hospitality and Tourism Management THE TÂY SƠN ERA (18TH CENTURY) Lecturer: Mã Xuân Vinh Group: Students: Nguyễn Minh Tâm ID: 20DH131009 Nguyễn Ngọc Thắng ID: 20DH130071 Đặng Hoàng Tân ID: 20DH130032 Trần Minh Sang ID: 19DH130480 SEMESTER SCHOOL YEAR 2021 – 2022 Hồ Chí Minh City, April Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) INSTRUCTOR’S COMMENTS Hồ Chí Minh City, …/…/2022 Instructor Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The Crisis of the Trịnh regime in the North 2.1 The Agrarian Crisis 2.2 The Political and Administrative Crisis .2 Peasant revolts under the Trịnh .3 3.1 The cause of peasant revolts .3 3.2 Major peasant revolts 3.2.1 The revolt of Nguyễn Dương Hưng (1737) 3.2.2 The revolt of Nguyễn Danh Phương (1740-1751) .4 3.2.3 The revolt of Nguyễn Hữu Cầu (1741-1751) 3.2.4 The revolt of Hoàng Công Chất (1739-1769) .8 3.2.5 The revolt of Lê Duy Mật (1738-1770) .9 The Trịnh Regime towards the End of the 18th Century .10 REFERENCES 10 APPENDIX 11 Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) VOCABULARY STT Từ/cụm từ chuyên ngành Phiên âm Nghĩa từ/cụm từ Abandoned /əˈbændənd/ Bị bỏ rơi Accumulate /əˈkjuː.mjə.leɪt/ Chồng chất Administrative /əd'mɪnɪstrətɪv/ Hành chính Approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/ đến gần Aristocratic /ˌær.ɪ.stəˈkræt.ɪk/ Quý tộc Artilleries /ɑːˈtɪləriz/ Nghệ thuật Artillery /ɑːˈtɪl.ər.i/ Pháo binh Assassinating /əˈsæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ Ám sát Assets /ˈæs.et/ Tài sản 10 Base /beɪs/ Căn cứ 11 Bloodshed /ˈblʌdʃɛd/ Đổ máu 12 Brilliant period /ˈbrɪl.jənt 'piəriəd / Thời kỳ rực rỡ 13 Bureaucracy /bjʊəˈrɒk.rə.si/ Chế độ quan lại 14 Calvary ˈkavəlrē Kỵ binh 15 Cavalry /ˈkævəlri/ kỵ sĩ 16 Ceremonies /ˈsɛrɪməniz/ Nghi lễ 17 Colonial /kəˈləʊ.ni.əl/ Thuộc đô hộ, thuộc địa 18 Colonial /kəˈləʊniəl/ Thuộc địa 19 Commander - in - chief /kəˌmɑːn.dər.ɪnˈtʃiːf/ Tổng huy 20 Committed /kəˈmɪtɪd/ Cam kết 21 Compelled /kəmˈpɛld/ Tổng hợp 22 Contribution /ˌkɒn.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/ Sự đóng góp 23 Corrupt /kəˈrʌpt/ Đồi bại 24 Court /kɔːt/ Tòa án Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) 25 Crisis /ˈkraɪ.sɪs/ Cuộc khủng hoảng 26 Decay /dɪˈkeɪ/ Thối rữa 27 Deputy /ˈdep.jə.ti/ Phó (chức vụ) 28 Destitute /ˈdɛstɪtjuːt/ Cơ cực 29 Dignitaries /ˈdɪgnɪtəriz/ Chức sắc 30 Disperse /dɪˈspɜːs/ Phân tán 31 Dispersed /dɪsˈpɜːst/ Phân tán 32 Dozens /ˈdʌznz/ Hàng chục 33 Dramatically /drəˈmỉtɪk(ə)li/ Đáng kể 34 Drifted /ˈdrɪftɪd/ Trơi dạt 35 Enemy /'enәmi/ Kẻ thù 36 Enthusiastically /ɪnˌθjuːzɪˈỉstɪk(ə)li/ Một cách nhiệt tình 37 Establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ Thành lập 38 Evade /ɪˈveɪd/ Trốn tránh 39 Evangelize əˈvanjəˌlīz Truyền giáo 40 Executed /ˈɛksɪkjuːtɪd/ Thực thi 41 Feudal society /ˈfjuː.dəl səˈsaɪ.ə.ti / Xã hội phong kiến 42 Fiercely /ˈfɪəs.li/ Dữ dội 43 Fiercely /ˈfɪəsli/ Quyết liệt 44 Flee (fled) /fliː/ Chạy trốn 45 Flood /flʌd/ Làm ngập 46 Footprints /ˈfʊtprɪnts/ Dấu chân 47 Forbid /fəˈbɪd/ Ngăn cấm 48 Functionaries /ˈfʌŋkʃnəriz/ Chức 49 Fund /fʌnd/ Quỹ 50 Gorgeous /ˈgɔːʤəs/ Lộng lẫy 51 Headquarters /ˈhɛdˈkwɔːtəz/ Trụ sở Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) 52 Heir-apparent /eər/-/əˈpỉrənt/ Người thừa kế 53 Hid assets /hɪd/ /ˈæsɛts/ Ẩn nội dung 54 High-ranking /ˌhaɪˈræŋ.kɪŋ/ Cấp cao 55 Ineffective /ˌɪnɪˈfɛktɪv/ Không hiệu 56 Institute /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/ học viện 57 Landlord /ˈlænd.lɔːd/ Địa chủ 58 Landowning /ˈlændˌəʊnɪŋ/ Quyền sở hữu đất 59 Lawsuits /ˈlɔː.suːt/ Việc kiện cáo 60 Left Commander-General /kəˌmɑːn.dərˈdʒen.ər.əl/ Tả quân đô đốc 61 Manchu 62 Mandarin /ˈmæn.dər.ɪn/ Quan lại 63 Massively /ˈmæs.ɪv.li/ Ồ ạt 64 Military /ˈmɪl.ɪ.tər.i/ Thuộc quân sự 65 Ministries /ˈmɪnɪstriz/ Các 66 Misery /ˈmɪzəri/ Khốn khổ 67 Mobilizing /ˈməʊbɪlaɪzɪŋ/ Huy động 68 Mutiny /ˈmjuː.tɪ.ni/ Binh biến, loạn quân 69 Navy /ˈneɪ.vi/ Thủy quân 70 Newly- enthroned /ˈnjuːli/- /ɪnˈθrəʊnd/ Mới đăng quang 71 Obey /əʊˈbeɪ/ Tuân theo, thuận theo 72 Obey /əˈbeɪ/ Tuân theo 73 Ordered /ˈɔːdəd/ Đã đặt hàng 74 Outer /ˈaʊ.tər/ Đàng Ngoài 75 Outer /ˈaʊtə/ Bên 76 Outskirts /ˈaʊtskɜːts/ Ngoại 77 Panic /ˈpỉn.ɪk/ Hoảng loạn 78 Paramour /ˈpær.ə.mɔːr/ Nhân tình 79 Pass /pɑːs/ Đèo Mãn Châu Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) 80 Peasant revolt /'pezənt rɪˈvəʊlt/ Cuộc dậy nông dân 81 Political /pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/ Chính trị 82 Portuguese /ˌpɔːtjʊˈgiːz/ Người Bồ Đào Nha 83 Prestige /presˈtiːʒ/ Uy danh 84 Priests /priːsts/ Linh mục 85 Proceeded /prəˈsiːdɪd/ Đã tiến hành 86 Realizing /ˈrɪəlaɪzɪŋ/ Nhận 87 Red river /rɛd/ /ˈrɪvə/ Sông hồng 88 Regardless /rɪˈgɑːdlɪs/ Bất kể 89 Right Commander General /kəˌmɑːn.dərˈdʒen.ər.əl/ Hữu quân đô đốc 90 Secession /sɪsˈeʃ.ən/ Sự ly khai 91 Served /sɜːvd/ Phục vụ 92 Shook /ʃʊk/ Bắn 93 Sink (sank) /sɪŋk/ Nhấn chìm 94 Squander /ˈskwɒn.dər/ Phung phí 95 Subordinates /səˈbɔːdnɪts/  Cấp 96 Tragic /ˈtrỉʤɪk/ Bi thảm 97 Unaware /ˌʌn.əˈweər/ Khơng nhận thức, khơng biết 98 Underling /ˈʌn.dəl.ɪŋ/ Thuộc hạ 99 Unify /ˈjuːnɪfaɪ/ Thống 100 Wharf /wɔːf/ Cầu cảng Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Introduction The feudal society built under the first Lê kings in the 15th century flourished for about a hundred years, but the structures set up had ceased to play a positive role as early as the 16th century, and decadence manifested itself more and more clearly in the 17th, culminating in a deep and inreversible crisis in the 18th Under the nominal authority of the Lê kings who established themselves in Thăng Long, two administrations were set up - one in the north under an aristocratic family, that of the Trịnh, and the other in the south under the sway of the Nguyễn lords Throughout the 17th century, without the ability to put an end to secession, the country was de facto divided at the Gianh River, which did not, however, prevent continuous expansion to the south In the 18th century, elements of crisis and change began to accumulate: an agrarian crisis, the development of handicrafts and trade, a political and administrative crisis, ideological crisis, contact with the outside world, and corruption among ruling circles The country was shaken by great peasant uprisings which culminated in the Tây Sơn movement With the Tây Sơn, Vietnam experienced one of the shortest but most brilliant periods in its history The nation's culture, inspired by the great peasant insurrections and more or less liberated from feudal bonds, began to flourish The Crisis of the Trịnh regime in the North 2.1 The Agrarian Crisis At the beginning of the 18th century, private ownership of land flourished The appropriation of land by landowners, notables and mandarins had greatly increased, especially in the north, the domain of the Trịnh, where uncultivated land was scarce In the area of Outer, two main parts of land owned by the State and privately owned exist and interact with each other The State is still the manager of the land system including plantation fields, mandarin fields, public lands in villages and Figure Lord Trịnh's government Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) communes but the most prominent in the 18th century was that the landlord class in many ways tried to encroach on public land In 1711, through an edict the Trịnh forbade "great families, functionarics and notables taking advantage of ruined peasants to enlarge their estates under cover of buying." Public fields in villages are also used by the State to provide officials in the State apparatus such as emissaries and mandarins from academic backgrounds In 1739, the aristocratic court had to admit that "there remains nothing for the peasants to live on." In 1740, the Trịnh lord planned the nationalization of all lands for redistribution to peasants who would pay land rents to the State But the entire mandarin bureaucracy and landowning class opposed the project, which was quickly buried The peasants were deprived of their meager private land and were not allowed to share much of the communal land, so they were heavily dependent on the landlords Tax rent, labor, and military service of the feudal state were also increasing day by day, weighing heavily on their heads The years of floods, droughts, crop failures, and famines that have pushed farmers into poverty and dispersal are favorable opportunities for landlords to expand the process of accumulating land in communes and villages The increasing number of lawsuits involving the appropriation of land, but the peasants who appeared before mandarin courts were illtreated, had to pay bribes, and finally often lost the case Complaints reached the court in such great numbers that in 1723 the Trịnh were compelled to set up a real supreme court of appeal at the gates of the palace The number of ruined peasants wandering about the country increased so dramatically that in 1730 the Trịnh had to appoint 12 high-ranking court dignitaries to try to return them to their homes, but in vain A census showed that 1,730 villages were particularly affected 2.2 The Political and Administrative Crisis The building of palaces and pagodas drained the budget, as did the lavish court celebrations In 1718, a censor submitted a report stressing the people's misery and Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) proposing to forbid all squandering of funds, stop all building and repairs to palaces, cut down the number of pleasure trips undertaken by the court and reduce the number of administrative inspection tours The Trịnh lords ordered the building of many recreation facilities, pagodas and mansions, requiring excessive contributions and labor from the population Ceremonies were held amidst great pomp In the 18th century the Trịnh instituted, with the help of a loyal mandarin, Nguyễn Công Hằng, a new system of taxes and duties which encompassed all areas of production, leaving nothing outside state control The principle of this financial reform was stated in 1721 as follows: “Formerly, expenditure was set on the basis of receipts; now we are going to set receipts to be collected on the basis of expenditure.” Peasant revolts under the Trịnh 3.1 The cause of peasant revolts Farmers' land is occupied by landlords and mandarins, agricultural production has stagnated Drought, flood, consecutive crop failures occurred The dykes of the Red and Mã River have been broken for many years Dozens of districts were flooded, and houses were drifted The emperor lived luxuriously, taxes became more and more extensive, making people in Outer extremely miserable, rice was not enough to eat, and clothes were not worn Begging, full of sugar, tragic situation Figure The terrible famine of 1740-1741 in Outer In the 40s of the 18th century, tens of thousands of people starved to death, and the survivors had to leave their villages and flee everywhere  Due to the extreme decay of the Lê - Trịnh feudal government in Outer, the agricultural economy destroys the industry and commerce Farmers were destitute and dispersed, so farmers rebelled to fight 3.2 Major peasant revolts Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) 3.2.1 The revolt of Nguyễn Dương Hưng (1737) - Leader: Nguyễn Dương Hưng - Time: 1737 - Location: Sơn Tây (Hà Tây, Vĩnh Phú) - Background: In 1737, monk Nguyễn Dương Hưng rebelled in a revolt in Tam Đảo In 1739, Vũ Đình Dung rebelled in Ngân Già (should be called Ngân Già enemy), descendants of the Mạc (changed their surname) Nguyễn Cừ, Nguyễn Tuyển and Vũ Trác Oanh rebelled in Hải Dương Nguyễn Cừ and Nguyễn Tuyển believe that according to Thunder Status, there is a saying: "Phá điền thiên tử xuất, bất chiến tự nhiên thành" (Vỡ ruộng thiên tử ra, không đánh tự nhiên thành) should raise the flag of insurrection Not long after that, they were subjugated, but their underlings Hồng Cơng Chất and Nguyễn Hữu Cầu continued to gather forces and became the two great rebel armies and the Trịnh army's generals In Tam Đảo, after Nguyễn Dương Hưng's defeat, Nguyễn Danh Phương rebelled and also became a major uprising for many years The cousin of Lê Dynasty, Lê Duy Mật, also intended to make a mutiny in Thăng Long to overthrow the Trịnh surname but failed to withdraw to the uprising and live hidden 30 years - Result: failed 3.2.2 The revolt of Nguyễn Danh Phương (1740-1751) - Leader: Nguyễn Danh Phương (also known as Quận Hẻo), he was born in Tiên Sơn, Yên Lạc district, Sơn Tây town (now in Tam Đảo district, Vĩnh Phúc province) He came from a poor peasant family - Time: 1740-1751 - Location: Take Tam Đảo mountain (Vĩnh Phúc) as a base and spread it throughout Sơn Tây and Tuyên Quang Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) - Background: In 1744, taking advantage of Lord Trịnh’s movement against the rebellion of Nguyễn Hữu Cầu Danh Phương extended his operation, occupied Tam Đảo moutain and called himself as “Thuận Thiên khải vận đại nhân” Occupying Ngọc Bội mountain (located in the middle of Tam Dương and Bình Xuyên) as his rebellion headquarter to build his own palace and establish his own reign Danh Phương also built many garrisons around the headquarter including Trung garrison in Hương Canh (Vĩnh Phúc), Ngoại garrison in Ức Kỳ (Bắc Thái) and many other garrisons scattered along Tam Đảo, Lâm Thao, Đà Dương Wherever his troops occupy, they always used the land for farming and rice storage His troops took control of all valuable materials from bamboo, wood, mine for construction and weapon production in order to supply for long term resistance against the imperial court In 1751, after defeating Nguyễn Hữu Cầu Trịnh Doanh (Lord Trịnh) gathered his forces to launch an attack on Danh Phương’s territory Many imperial generals had been mobilized including Hoàng Ngũ Phúc, Nguyễn Nghiêm, Đoàn Chú The imperial army threw the first strike in Ức Kỳ garrison and after that was Hương Canh garrison After a fierce battle, Hương Canh garrison had been overwhelmed and the rebellion troops withdrawn back to Ngọc Bội Under the order of Trịnh Doanh, general Nguyễn Phan launched a major attack on Ngọc Bội moutain With the constant attacks from the imperial army, Nguyễn Danh Phương had no choice but to retreat back to Độc Tôn mountain and after that was his last retreat to Tĩnh Luyện District (Vĩnh Phúc) where Nguyễn Danh Phương got arrested and his rebellion got suppressed - Result: failed 3.2.3 The revolt of Nguyễn Hữu Cầu (1741-1751) - Leader: Nguyễn Hữu Cầu (also known as Quận He), he was born in Lôi Động commnue, Thanh Hà district, Hải Dương province He came from a poor peasant family, his father died early, and his mother worked hard to raise children - Time: 1741-1751 - Location: Widely operating throughout Hải Phòng, Sơn Nam, Thanh Hóa, Nghệ An Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) - Background: In 1742, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu occupied Đồ Sơn, Vân Đồn and Trà Cổ as his headquarter to raise and train his army, also for ships and weapons production The imperial army under command of Trịnh Bảng, launchs an attack on Nguyễn Hữu Cầu and got defeated in Cát Bạc (Hải Phòng) After many victories, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu announced himself as “The great general of Đông dạo tổng quốc bảo dân” having control of the entire Northeast coastline The rebellion army usually robbed from the wealthy and rice from merchant ships to share it for poor people, that’s why the rebellion received many supports With the risk of losing the flourish land where all the tax income came from, Trịnh Doanh gathered his forces in an effort to suppress the rebellion Two high-ranking mandarins known as Hồng Cơng Kỳ and Trần cảnh took control of the infantry and the marine for their attack After many battles, the imperial army was defeated and Trần Cảnh was summoned to remove his title 1743, Hoàng Ngũ Phúc was sent to battle as reinforcement in order to save the besieged imperial army in Thanh Hà After a succesful escape, Hồng Cơng Kỳ was summoned back and became the defender of Sơn Nam Phạm Đình Trọng was his new replacement and soon launched an another major attack Nguyễn Hữu Cầu retreated his army back to Đồ Sơn and successfully defended Đồ Sơn against Hoàng Ngũ Phúc In 1744, Hoàng Ngũ Phúc and Phạm Đình Trọng joined forces in order to attack Đồ Sơn Nguyễn Hữu Cầu retreated his army from Đồ Sơn after a fail resistant, followed Bạch Đằng river to Kinh Bắc and occupy Thọ Xương (Thương river, Lạng Giang) The defender of Kinh Bắc, Trần Đình Cẩm gathered his troops against Nguyễn Hữu Cầu but got defeated in Trai Thị and retreated back to Thị Cầu Nguyễn Hữu Cầu’s troops continued the pursuit and successfully occupied “Trấn thành” The bad news spread to Lord Trịnh, he mobilized his entire forces to defend the surrounding communes and sent a ultimatum to Hoàng Ngũ Phúc Ngũ Phúc withdrawn his troops back to Võ Giàng (Bắc Ninh) and begged for redemption Trịnh Doanh gathered his forces with Trương Khuông to launch a new attack against Nguyễn Hữu Cầu With the purpose of eliminating the entire rebellion army, Lord Trịnh mobilized his major imperial armies including 10 generals and more than 12000 men to attack in different directions With right strategies, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu successfully defeated the Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) imperial main force that being led by Trương Khuông in Yên Dũng, the rest armies got disbanded without a fight Trịnh Doanh summons Trương Khuông and replaces him with Đinh Văn Giai The rebellion army continued to grow and received much support from other rebellion leaders, Hữu cầu rushed his army to attack Văn Giai and continued to reclaim Thị Cầu Văn Giai was summoned and replaced by Hoàng Ngũ Phúc In 1745, Hồng Ngũ Phúc and Phạm Đình trọng once again joined forces to launch an attack against Nguyễn Hữu Cầu in Xương Giang One of Nguyễn Hữu Cầu’s best generals was killed and Hữu Cầu had no choice but to retreat his army back to Hải Dương In 1746, with the nonstop attacks of Phạm Đình Trọng, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu decided to bribe Đỗ Thế Giai mandarin in order to surrender Trịnh Doanh (Lord Trịnh) agreed and granted him a new title, however Phạm Đình Trọng refused and despite of Lord Trịnh’s order, Đình Trọng launched a sneaky attack to Nguyễn Hữu Cầu’s fort which forced Nguyễn Hữu Cầu continue to retreat In 1748, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu decided to launch a sneaky attack to Bồ Đề and crossed the river straight to the citadel but gets detected and forced him to withdraw back to Sơn Nam to joined forces with Hồng Cơng Chất In 1749, with many successful occupies in Sơn Nam, the imperial army under command of Hoàng Ngũ Phúc and Phạm Đình Trọng launched a new attack as forcing Nguyễn Hữu Cầu continue to retreat back to Hải Dương In 1750, the rebellion army suffers from many defeats but still able to maintain their numbers Until 1751, when Nguyễn Hữu Cầu suffered from a major defeat in Bình Lục, Vĩnh Lại then retreats back to Nghệ An and relies in Nguyễn Xiêm’s army ( An old brother in arm) but continued to suffer from Phạm Đình Trọng attacks Nguyễn Hữu Cầu after that, decided to cross the sea back to Hải Dương but gets caught under storm, therefore abandoned his ship and headed forward to Hoàng Mai mountain (North of Nghệ An) Eventually got arrested by Phạm Đình Trọng’s general, Phạm Đình Sĩ Trịnh Doanh (Lord Trịnh) had no intention of killing Nguyễn Hữu cầu but Nguyễn Hữu Cầu finally got executed for trying to escape prison Nguyễn Hữu Cầu’s wife, Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh commits suicided in front of her husband’s shrine after Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) - Result: failed 3.2.4 The revolt of Hoàng Công Chất (1739-1769) - Leader: Hồng Cơng Chất (Hồng Cơng Chất is from Đại Lan village, Đông An district ( Đại Quan, Châu Giang, Hưng Yên) with documents recorded in Phú Xuyên(Hà Tây) or Vũ Thư (Thái Bình)) - Time: from 1739 to 1769 - Location: Sơn Nam, Northwest region - Background: Since 1739, Hồng Cơng Chất had been gathering poor farmers for the rebellion around Sơn Nam, his troops are experts in guerrilla combat According to Nguyễn Đình Hồn, the rebellion forced only deploy in dense forest or jungle areas and they only attacked from where we least expected The imperial army launched many attacks but fail to accomplish The rebellion army took control in Khối Châu (Hưng n) In 1746, Hồng Cơng Kỳ was sent to become the defender of Sơn Nam and eager to dispand the rebellion but gets killed by the rebellion At that time, the royal court of Lê – Trịnh was focused on dealing with Nguyễn Hữu Cầu’s rebellion so Hồng Cơng Chất can easily expand his operation to the entire eastern area and forge his own currency within the area After losing in Bồ Đề 1748, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu withdrawn his army back to Sơn Nam and joined foreces with Hồng Cơng Chất in order to attack Thần Khê and Thanh Quan commune (Thái Bình), besieged Hồng Ngũ Phúc’s main military fort in Ngự Thiên which forced the imperial army to send more reinforcement and the rebellion army suffered a major defeat in Bình Lục In 1751, Hồng Cơng Chất withdrawn in Thanh Hóa and joined forces with Thành, the leader of the local rebellion in Hưng Hóa, together they fought against the royal court In the middle of 1751, Thành was arrested in an attack of the imperial army and Hồng Cơng Chất once again had to withdraw to Ninh Biên (Lai Châu) Thanks to good relationship and connection with the local monirities, Hồng Cơng Chất’s rebellion army easily took control of a vast area including Điện Biên, Sơn La, Hịa Bình,… At that time, many rebellions had been suppressed and the Lê – Trịnh royal court only focused on recovering their economy and establishing their government 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Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hồng Cơng Chất took advantage of the circumstance and mobilized all the people and his troops to build a firm and solid citadel in Noong Hẹt (Điện Biên) Successfully defend his territory from many attacks from the royal court for nearly 20 years In 1768, the royal court ordered Hồng Phùng Cơ, Phạm Ngơ Cầu and Phan Lê Phiên to join forces in order to suppress the rebellion Hồng Cơng Chất was already death at that time and his son Công Toản is his replacement In 1769, the imperial army launched a major attack to Thâm Cổ, the rebellion army suffered from defeat, Công Toản withdrawn to Vân Nam and the citadel is completely razed The rebellion ended - Result: failed 3.2.5 The revolt of Lê Duy Mật (1738-1770) - Leader: Lê Duy Mật was a noble aristocrat of the Lê dynasty He is the second son of Lê Dụ Tông - Time: 1738-1770 - Location: Spread across the mountains of Thanh Hóa - Nghệ An - Background: In 1738, during the reign of Ý Tông, he and his princes Lê Duy Quy and Lê Duy Chúc attempted to kill Trịnh, but failed to flee to Thanh Hoá After Duy Quy and Duy Chúc were ill, Duy Mật kept upland southwest The people who conspired with Duy Mật were arrested and killed by Trịnh family Lê Duy Mật defeated the Trịnh army a few times, captured and killed General Phạm Công Thế Since running back to Thanh Hoá, Duy Mật recruited soldiers In 1740, he brought troops to attack in Hưng Hóa and Sơn Tây, along with the leader of a peasant uprising named Tương, who kept the Ngọc Hậu station (belonging to Thạch Thành district) When the Trịnh generals defeated Ngọc Lầu and Tương died, Lê Duy Mật fled to Nghệ An, then went to Trấn Ninh to keep Trình Quang mountain as the base In 1764, Lê Duy Mật sent a letter to ask for help from Nguyễn Lord Phúc Khoát , but Nguyễn Lord did not want to cause a problem with Trịnh so he did not help In 1767, when he learned that Trịnh Doanh had just died, his son Trịnh Sâm became a lord, Lê Duy Mật brought troops to fight in Hương Sơn and Thanh Chương districts and then retreated to Trấn Ninh Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) In 1769, Trịnh Sâm sent Bùi Thế Dật to rule Nghệ An, Nguyễn Phan was chief of Thanh Hố, Hồng Đình Thể was Hưng Hoá's army chief, all three leaders went to attack Trấn Ninh When troops Bùi Thế Đạt and Nguyễn Phan came to Trình Quang Lê Duy Mật decided to keep going and didn't fight Unexpectedly, the son-in-law Lại Thế Chiêu countered, opening the rampart for the Trinh army to enter Duy Mật knew about the situation, so he died with his wife and children - Result: failed The Trịnh Regime towards the End of the 18th Century With the advent in 1767 of Trịnh Sâm, a debauched and corrupt lord, power came into the hands of his favourite, Đặng Thị Huệ, and her family The court was split into two rival factions, the followers of the heir-apparent and those of the favourite It was the latter’s son who came to power on the death of Trịnh Sâm in 1782 The newly-enthroned lord was only six years old, and its was Hồng Đình Bảo, Đặng Thị Ḥ’s paramour, who wielded real power Late in 1782, troops rose in revolt, killed Hoàng Đình Bảo, and restored the heirapparent to the throne, but from that date the special units imposed their will on the court, stealing from the population, deposing princes and dignitaries, and assassinating those who opposed their actions Thang Long campaign was the final stage of the war between Tay Son and Trinh lords in the history of Vietnam at the end of the 18th century The Thang Long campaign of 1786 followed the Phu Xuan campaign of 1786, ending with the Tay Son army's capture Thang Long and destroyed Lord Trinh REFERENCES  Books : Nguyễn Khắc Viện (2002) Vietnam A Long History Hà Nội Thế Giới Publishers Trần Trọng Kim (2018) Việt Nam Sử Lược Hà Nội NXB Văn học Trần Thị Vinh (2017) Lịch Sử Việt Nam Tập - Từ thế kỷ XVII đến thế kỷ XVIII Hà Nội NXB Khoa Học Xã Hội Links : Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) 10 Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Các đời chúa Trịnh (2012) From https://dulichvietnam.com.vn/cac-doi-chuatrinh.html Nguyễn Hữu Cầu – Anh hùng dân tộc (2009) From http://anhhungdantoc.blogspot.com/2009/06/nguyen-huu-cau.html Quận Hẻo – Nguyễn Danh Phương (2017) From https://huongcanh.wordpress.com/2017/04/23/quan-heo-nguye%CC%83n-danhphuong/ Tình hình trị Đàng Ngoài kỉ XVIII (2016) From https://hoc247.net/hoidap/lich-su-7/tinh-hinh-chinh-tri-dang-ngoai-the-ki-xviii-faq227689.html APPENDIX Trịnh Doanh (Nghị tổ Ân Vương) Trịnh Doanh thứ ba Trịnh Cương Giang lên cầm quyền phủ chúa lâu mà chưa có con, thấy em Doanh văn tài võ lược phong làm Khâm sai Tiết chế xứ thuỷ chủ quân, thái uý An Quốc công, cho mở phủ đệ riêng đề phịng có người nối ngơi Vì khơng thiết đến nên từ năm Bính Thìn (1736) Giang trao quyền nhiếp cho Doanh Quan hệ anh em Giang Doanh tốt đẹp, khơng có đáng phải phàn nàn Có điều hoạn quan Hồng Cơng Phụ lại ganh ghét Doanh Doanh sáng suốt, quyết, có tài văn võ cịn trẻ mà quyền nhiếp chính, lịng quan ngồi Cơng Phụ tìm cách hạn chế quyền lực Doanh Phụ hạ lệnh cho triều quan muốn tâu bầy việc với Doanh, khơng dùng chữ “bẩm” mà phải dùng chữ “thân” (trình) Phủ cho Doanh dùng nhà nhỏ phía Nam phủ chúa gọi “để” Biết Cơng Phụ muốn hại mình, Doanh khơn khéo giữ gìn kín đáo nín nhịn Trịnh Thái phi họ Vũ cho triệu triều thần Nguyễn Quý Cảnh, Nguyễn Công Thái, Trịnh Ðạc, Vũ Tất Thận, Nguyễn Ðình Hồn họ bàn trừ khử bè đảng Hồng Công Phụ đưa Trịnh Doanh lên chúa Lợi dụng lúc Hồng Cơng Phụ đem tồn qn dẹp khởi nghĩa Nguyễn Tuyển ngoài, Nguyễn Quý Cảnh đem hương binh vào kinh bảo vệ phủ chúa vào chầu vua Lê, xin đưa Trịnh Doanh lên ngơi chúa Sau hương binh Q Cảnh giết hết bè đảng Hồng Cơng Phụ Trật tự trở lại phủ chúa Trịnh Doanh có thực quyền tay, liền ban hành nhiều định, hợp với lòng người, quần Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) 11 Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) thần dân chúng ủng hộ Chính sách cai trị thời Trịnh Doanh chắn hoàn chỉnh Nhiều sắc huy quy định ban hành thời Trịnh Cương (đã bị Giang bỏ) dùng lại Doanh viên tướng giỏi có tài cầm qn Trong vịng 10 năm cầm quyền, Trịnh Doanh đánh tan dẹp yên khởi nghĩa khắp nơi Ðất nước tạm lắng nạn hỗn loạn, đặc biệt quân Thanh Nghệ mà sau hậu tai hại nảy sinh nạn kiêu binh Chúa sau Trịnh Doanh phải hứng chịu hậu Hơn nữa, sai lầm tha thứ đốt hết sổ sách thư từ, thu nhặt hết chuông khánh chùa chiền để đúc binh khí Trịnh Doanh chăm lo việc sự; cho đặt ống đồng cửa phủ để nhận thư từ dân chúng tố cáo việc làm sai trái quan lại; định lệ quan từ tam phẩm đến phẩm, ngày thứ tự hai người vào phủ chúa để hỏi mưu sách việc quân, việc nước Năm Ất Hợi (1755), vua Lê gia phong cho Trịnh Doanh Thượng sư Thượng phụ anh đốn văn trị võ cơng Minh vương Tháng 12 năm Ất Hợi (1755), Trịnh Doanh muốn Thiên đô sang Gia Lâm hạ lệnh sửa sang xây dựng cung miếu Cổ Bi Tuy chưa dọn sang Doanh vốn say mê với Một điều đáng ý tuyển chọn cân nhắc quan lại, Trịnh Doanh coi trọng thực tài, chúa người quy định: ai, trước Lại bổ dụng cất nhắc, phải dẫn vào phủ đường yết kiến để chúa trực tiếp hỏi việc làm, có khả trao cho chức quyền Chúa thưởng phạt công minh Nhiều danh sĩ xuất thân khoa bảng trọng dụng tiêu biểu Lê Q Ðơn, Ngơ Thì Sĩ Lịch sử ghi nhận năm Trịnh Doanh cầm quyền Bắc Hà năm đất nước ổn định thịnh đạt Tháng giêng năm Ðinh Hợi (1767) Trịnh Doanh mất, Trịnh Sâm nối ngôi, Hai mươi tuổi, Trịnh Doanh lên nắm quyền, lúc 48 tuổi, phủ chúa 28 năm Trịnh Sâm (Thánh tổ Thịnh Vương) Trịnh Sâm trưởng Trịnh Doanh Năm Ất Sửu (1745) Sâm lập làm Thế tử Trịnh Doanh tỏ cẩn trọng việc nuôi dạy con, bổ dụng hai tiến sĩ danh tiếng Dương Công Chú Nguyễn Hoàn làm tư giảng cho Trịnh Sâm Tháng 10 năm Mậu Dần (1758), Trịnh Doanh phong cho Sâm Tiết chế thuỷ chủ quân, Thái uý, Tĩnh Quốc Công, mở phủ Lượng Quốc cơng việc triều giao hẳn cho Sâm Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) 12 Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Mùa xuân năm Ðinh Hợi (1767), Trịnh Doanh mất, Trịnh Sâm nối ngôi, tiến phong Nguyên Sối Tổng quốc Tĩnh vương Trịnh Sâm người cứng rắn, thơng minh, đốn Từ nhỏ, Sâm học đến nơi đến chốn: có đủ tài văn võ, xem khắp kinh sử biết làm thơ Lên chúa, từ kỷ cương triều nội đến nước, Trịnh Sâm cho sửa đổi lại cho phép tắc triều trước nhỏ hẹp, Sâm muốn làm to rộng hơn, nên phần nhiều tự đốn, khơng nệ theo phép cũ Tại triều, năm đầu Sâm lên ngôi, em Trịnh Lệ mưu giết để thoán đoạt Lệ người sáng suốt có mưu trí dũng Gặp lúc cha chết, Lệ mật hẹn với Dương Trọng Khiêm Nguyễn Huy Bá gia khách định ngày giết Sâm Việc bị lộ, Phạm Huy Cơ đồ đảng bị giết, Trịnh Lệ bị tống giam Ngay sau lên ngơi chúa, Trịnh Sâm tìm cớ sát hại thái tử Duy Vĩ Năm Kỷ Sửu (1769), sau hai năm lên ngơi, ghen ghét tài năng, đức độ địa vị Thái tử Duy Vĩ, Sâm vu tội cho Thái tử, sai người bắt giữ, truất tống giam đến chết ngục Năm Canh Mùi (1770), sau đánh tan Lê Duy Mận, buộc Duy Mận tự tử, Trịnh Sâm kiêu mãn, cho có công lớn, bốn cõi yên ổn hẳn đời chúa trước nên tự tiến phong Ðại Nguyên soái tổng Quốc chính, Thượng sư Thượng phụ, Duệ đốn văn công võ đức Tĩnh vương Năm Giáp Ngọ (1774), để khuếch trương thêm thế, Sâm sai Hoàng Ngũ Phúc làm thống tướng đem quân vào Nam đánh chúa Nguyễn Ðể tăng cường cho binh sĩ Nam chinh, tháng 10 năm đó, Sâm thân cầm quân kéo vào Thuận Hoá Quân Trịnh chiếm Thuận Hoá đặt quan cai trị đất Thuận Quảng Tháng năm Nhâm Dần (1782), Trịnh Sâm mất, thọ 44 tuổi, 16 năm chúa Nguyễn Danh Phương - Quận Hẻo Nguyễn Danh Phương hay gọi Quận Hẻo, thủ lĩnh khởi nghĩa nơng dân Đàng Ngồi lớn vào kỷ 18 Ông tên thật Nguyễn Danh Ngũ, người làng Tiên Sơn, huyện Yên Lạc, trấn Sơn Tây – thuộc Phố Tiên, Phường Hội Hợp, thành phố Vĩnh Yên, tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc, Việt Nam Ông vốn xuất thân từ nhà nho Ban đầu ông dự định theo nghiệp văn, tình hình xã hội Đàng Ngoài từ Trịnh Giang lên nắm quyền thay Trịnh Cương (1729) có nhiều biến động tiêu cực: Trịnh Giang khơng lo việc triều chính, lo hưởng lạc, tăng cường bóc lột dân chúng; nhiều người bất bình với quyền họ Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) 13 Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Trịnh Nguyễn Danh Phương bỏ dở nghiệp văn chương theo nghiệp võ Mặc dù khởi nghĩa nông dân ông huy không dành thắng lợi, năm 1751 ông bị bắt xử tử, ý chí đấu tranh chống áp cường quyền nghĩa quân làm cho đồ họ Trịnh bị lung lay Theo sách “Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư”, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu thủ lĩnh khởi nghĩa nơng dân đàng Ngồi vào kỷ XVIII Ơng người xã Lơi Động (nay thuộc xã Tân An), huyện Thanh Hà, tỉnh Hải Dương Tuy xuất thân gia đình nơng dân nghèo ơng người có tài văn kiêm võ, lại bơi lội giỏi nên gọi quận He He tên lồi cá biển Đơng, Hữu Cầu bơi khỏe hùng dũng nên gọi Vì nhà nghèo nên có thời gian ông làm cướp, sau theo Nguyễn Cừ khởi nghĩa Nguyễn Cừ yêu quý gả gái Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh cho Chẳng ông tiếng viên tướng giỏi võ nghệ, dũng cảm, gan nhiều mưu lược Khi Nguyễn Cừ bị bắt, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu đem thủ hạ giữ núi Đồ Sơn đất Vân Đồn Chuyện xưa kể lại rằng, thuở nhỏ Nguyễn Hữu Cầu Phạm Đình Trọng học trường Trọng thường thầy khen riêng Cầu khơng phục Trọng Một hơm thầy đám cho Cầu với Trọng theo Lúc về, nhà đám biếu thầy thủ lợn, Cầu Trọng tị nạnh không chịu xách Thầy thấy liền câu đối bảo đối hay miễn xách Thầy đọc: Huề tru thủ; nghĩa “Xách đầu lợn” Ngay lúc đó, Trọng đối lại: Phan long lân; nghĩa “Vin vẩy rồng” Còn Cầu đối: Phá Tần diệt Sở Nghe xong, ơng thầy liền cầm quạt gõ vào đầu Nguyễn Hữu Cầu chê câu chẳng đâu vào đâu cả, mà lại thừa chữ Rồi thầy bắt Cầu phải xách thủ lợn Nhưng Cầu gân cổ cãi: Tôi đối sai thật, ý tơi muốn bóc vẩy rồng kia, không thèm vin vẩy rồng thằng Trọng Một hôm khác, thầy lại câu đối: Mười rằm trăng náu, mười sáu trăng treo Trọng đối rằng: Tháng giêng rét dài, tháng hai rét lộc Còn Cầu đối bừa là: Tháng mười sấm rạp, tháng chạp sấm động Thầy nghe xong bảo: Thằng Trọng có khí làm quan to, cịn thằng Cầu làm giặc! Rồi sau đó, ơng thầy sợ khơng nhận dạy Cầu Nhân lúc chơi, Trọng nói với Cầu: Tao cầm quân tiêu diệt mày! Nếu tao làm giặc tao đánh tan đứa luồn vào cúi! Nguyễn Hữu Cầu đáp lại Quả nhiên sau, Cầu làm lãnh tụ khởi nghĩa nơng dân, Trọng Cầu hai tay kình địch đến Khi Cầu theo học ông thầy khác, hơm nhà có việc phải mổ bị thết khách, nhân cho học trị câu đối rằng: Tề hồng ngưu; nghĩa “Giết bị vàng” Nghe xong, Cầu nhanh nhảu đối ngay: Trảm bạch xà; nghĩa “Chém rắn trắng” Nghe vậy, ông thầy lắc đầu bảo đối sai luật Cầu đáp: Tôi cốt lấy ý Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) 14 Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) không cần luật Vả lại “giết bị vàng” “chém rắn trắng” mà khơng luật à? Thế mày có chí lớn đấy! Cố lên ạ! - Ơng thầy khen Sau đó, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu bỏ văn theo học nghề võ Khoảng năm 1731, Cầu tham gia phong trào nông dân khởi nghĩa Nguyễn Tuyển, Nguyễn Cừ lãnh đạo, Nguyễn Cừ yêu mến chẳng sau, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu trở thành viên tướng tiếng tài võ nghệ mưu lược, nhiều phen làm cho quan quân triều đình vua Lê, chúa Trịnh phải bạt vía kinh hồn Với lịng thương dân, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu trở thành thủ lĩnh khởi nghĩa đông đảo nông dân hưởng ứng khiến quân Trịnh điêu đứng Tiếc thay, sau, ông bị kẻ đối đầu người bạn học thuở thiếu thời hãm hại bị bắt giải Thăng Long Hồng Cơng Chất Hồng Cơng Chất tên thật Hồng Cơng Thư, xuất thân gia đình nghèo (gốc họ Mạc) người làng Hồng Xá, huyện Thư trì, trấn Nam sơn hạ, thuộc xã Nguyên Xá, huyện Vũ thư, tỉnh Thái Bình Ơng lãnh tụ nơng dân kiệt xuất, dựng cờ khởi nghĩa chống lại triều đình Lê Trịnh cứu dân nghèo nghĩa lớn “Bảo Quốc an dân” diệt cường hào ác bá, lấy giàu chia cho dân nghèo, với hồi bão xố bỏ bất cơng, lập lại kỷ cương, phục hưng đất nước thống giang sơn, thái bình mn thuở Nguyễn Hữu Cầu Theo sách “Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư”, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu thủ lĩnh khởi nghĩa nông dân đàng Ngồi vào kỷ XVIII Ơng người xã Lôi Động (nay thuộc xã Tân An), huyện Thanh Hà, tỉnh Hải Dương Tuy xuất thân gia đình nơng dân nghèo ơng người có tài văn kiêm võ, lại bơi lội giỏi nên gọi quận He He tên loài cá biển Đông, Hữu Cầu bơi khỏe hùng dũng nên gọi Vì nhà nghèo nên có thời gian ơng làm cướp, sau theo Nguyễn Cừ khởi nghĩa Nguyễn Cừ yêu quý gả gái Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh cho Chẳng ông tiếng viên tướng giỏi võ nghệ, dũng cảm, gan nhiều mưu lược Khi Nguyễn Cừ bị bắt, Nguyễn Hữu Cầu đem thủ hạ giữ núi Đồ Sơn đất Vân Đồn Chuyện xưa kể lại rằng, thuở nhỏ Nguyễn Hữu Cầu Phạm Đình Trọng học trường Trọng thường thầy khen riêng Cầu khơng phục Trọng Một hơm thầy đám cho Cầu với Trọng theo Lúc về, nhà đám biếu thầy thủ lợn, Cầu Trọng tị nạnh không chịu xách Thầy thấy liền câu đối bảo đối hay miễn xách Thầy đọc: Huề tru thủ; nghĩa “Xách đầu lợn” Ngay lúc đó, Trọng đối lại: Phan long lân; nghĩa “Vin vẩy rồng” Cịn Cầu đối: Phá Tần diệt Sở Nghe xong, ông thầy liền cầm quạt Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) 15 Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY) Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)Hospitality.and.tourism.management.THE.tay.son.ERA.(18TH.CENTURY)