Bài giảng ngữ pháp tiếng anh nâng cao (advanced english grammar)

Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh nâng cao Advanced English Grammar Danh mục tài liệu tham khảo học phần •  Giáo trình Randolph Quirk & Sidney Greenbaum (2012), Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh dành cho sinh viên (A University Grammar of English), NXB Thời đại •  Tài liệu tham khảo Randolph Quirk & Sidney Greenbaum (2010), A University Grammar of English _ Workbook, NXB Văn hóa thơng tin 3.https://epdf.pub/an-introduction-to-the-grammar-ofenglish.html (Elly van Gelderen (2010) An Introduction to the Grammar of English – Revised edition John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/ Philadelphia.) Lecture Introduction - Introduction to Grammar - Morphemes and Words - Parts of speech - Types of phrases, clauses, sentences - Parts of a sentence Issues What is Grammar? •  Traditional concept: Grammar is a study which consists of groups: morphology and syntax Grammar Morphology Parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives….) Syntax Sentences (simple, complex, compound…) •  New concept: Grammar is a study of a set of rules morphological rules (parts of speech) syntactic rules (phrases, clauses, sentences) Morphemes and Words discourse sentence phrase word morpheme Morphemes and Words discourse I found myself useless sentence I actually felt tired of sitting doing nothing And I hated enjoying the unemployment benefit I found myself useless Then I decided to look or a job hated enjoying phrase tired, job, myself word use, -less, morpheme MORPHEME Morphemes and Words = A minimal meaningful unit E.g.: re/try boy/s A morpheme can stand alone to make a word (try, boy) or have to be attached to another form (re, s) Morphemes and Words WORD = An independent meaningful unit E.g.: try boy turn return Types of morphemes Occurrence Types Free (words) Bound (affixes) Grammatical Function words: prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions inflectional (suffixes) Lexical Content words: Nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives derivational (prefixes, suffixes) Comparative & comment clauses Comp-element S: More people eat at KFC than any other fastfood restaurant Cs: I’m healthier than most people of my age Od: She eats much more than me Oi: Santa has brought more children joy than anybody else A: She works harder than my brother Comparative & comment clauses Ellipsis in Comparative Clause Optional ellipsis James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed the cake James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed it James enjoyed the cake more than Susan did James enjoyed the cake more than Susan Obligatory ellipsis (of object) - James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed + James know more about the theatre than Susan knows Comparative & comment clauses Ambiguity through ellipsis He loves the dog more than his wife with ‘too’ & ‘enough’ He’s too ill to move Comparative & comment clauses Comment Clauses Features Forms Comparative & comment clauses Comment Clauses Features Forms - can be either disjuncts or conjuncts - may occur initially, finally, or medially - have a separate tone unit E.g The Smiths, as you probably know, have been our neighbor for twenty years Comparative & comment clauses Comment Clauses Forms (1)  Like a main clause At that time, I believe, he didn’t understand a thing (2) Like an adverbial clause (with as) I’m a perfectionist, as you may know (3) Like a nominal relative clause as conjunct What is more, we lost all our hope and courage Comparative & comment clauses Comment Clauses Forms (4) To-infinitive clause as style disjunct To be honest with you, I didn’t understand a thing he said (5) –ing clause as style disjunct I’m concerned, speaking as a linguist, about the language of the young people today (6) –ed clause as style disjunct Stated bluntly, he had no chance of winning DISCUSSION Classifications of subordinate clauses Course Revision 1.  Verb forms and how are they used Give examples 2.  Possible functions of “THAT” clause Give examples 3.  Possible functions of nominal relative clause Give examples 4.  Possible functions of Ing-participle clauses Give examples 5.  Possible functions of to-infinitive clauses Give examples 6.  Classification of dependent clauses Give examples 7.  Classification of simple sentences Give examples Differences between the finite and non-finite clause Give examples Differences between the pre-modification and post-modification in complex noun phrases Give examples 10 Differences between the basic noun phrase and the complex noun phrase? Give examples 11 Differences between the closed-system items and open-class ones? 12 Differences between subordination and coordination Give examples 13 Differences between a simple sentence and a complex sentence Give examples 14 Differences between restrictive and non-restrictive modification Give examples 15 Types of the following phrases and their elements 16 Clause types in terms of the clause elements and the verb patterns Sample test Question (4 points) a How are dependent clauses structurally classified? Give examples b Explain briefly the differences between restrictive and nonrestrictive modification Give examples Question (6 points) a Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F) A non-finite verb phrase Has tense distinction Premodification comes before the head noun wh-interrogative clauses leave a gap of unknown information -s form is used for third person singular Open-class items is limited in number Closed-system items have certain syntactic functions A simple sentence has more than one clause including a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses Statements are sentences in which the subject is always present and generally precedes the verb Restrictive modification helps identify the head & indicate a limitation on the possible reference of the head 10 who, whom are pre-determiners b Identify types of the following phrases and their elements 11 my bag 12 this book 13 in the room 14 is reading 15 between the seats c Indicate the clause types in terms of the clause elements (S, Od, Oi, Cs, Co, A) and the verb patterns (V intens, V intrans, V monotrans, V complex trans, V ditrans) in sentences below 16 Please don’t use the air conditioner during peak afternoon hours 17 They plan to see a double feature 18 We expected you to like this book 19 The leading man directed himself in the play 20 Taxi driver want partitions installed between the seats 21 He felt a stranger (was) somewhere in the room 22 I heard the shutter bang once 23 Call me anything you like 24 Keep those children quiet 25 She tie-dyed the shirt purple and yellow