INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA Edited by Supriya Srivastava Intraepithelial Neoplasia Edited by Supriya Srivastava Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sasa Leporic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Edited by Supriya Srivastava p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-987-5 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Oral Cavity 1 Chapter 1 Novel Markers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Oral Intraepithelial Neoplasia 3 Angela Celetti, Francesco Merolla, Chiara Luise, Maria Siano and Stefania Staibano Part 2 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Eye and Ocular Adnexa 33 Chapter 2 Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia 35 Napaporn Tananuvat and Nirush Lertprasertsuke Chapter 3 Excess Fibroblast Growth Factor-7 (FGF-7) Activates -Catenin and Leads to Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia in Mice 63 Chia-Yang Liu and Winston W Y. Kao Chapter 4 Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia – Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Treatment Possibilities 79 Valentín Huerva and Francisco J. Ascaso Part 3 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Breast 103 Chapter 5 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Breast 105 Simonetta Monti and Andres Del Castillo Part 4 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Prostate 133 Chapter 6 Prostate Cancer Precursor Diseases 135 A.G. Papatsoris, C. Kostopoulos, V. Migdalis and M. Chrisofos VI Contents Chapter 7 Diagnosis of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Luminal Cells Using Raman Spectroscopy 163 Suneetha Devpura, Jagdish Thakur, Seema Sethi, Vaman M. Naik, Fazlul Sarkar, Wael Sakr and Ratna Naik Chapter 8 Chemopreventive Target for Prostate Cancer: Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia 179 J. Arunakaran, S. Banudevi and A. Arunkumar Part 5 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Uterus 203 Chapter 9 Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia 205 Nisreen Abushahin, Shuje Pang, Jie Li, Oluwole Fadare and Wenxin Zheng Part 6 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Cervix 241 Chapter 10 Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia – Clinical and Etiological Aspects 243 Raghad Samir and Dan Hellberg Chapter 11 P16INK4A and MIB-1 Expression in Preneoplasia and Neoplasia of Cervix 259 Supriya Srivastava Chapter 12 Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) (Squamous Dysplasia) 279 Oguntayo Olanrewaju Adekunle Chapter 13 AKNA as Genetic Risk Factor for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Cervical Cancer 311 Kirvis Torres-Poveda, Ana I. Burguete-García, Margarita Bahena-Román, Alfredo Lagunas-Martínez and Vicente Madrid-Marina Chapter 14 Cervical Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CGIN) 337 Narges Izadi-Mood, Soheila Sarmadi and Kambiz Sotoudeh Chapter 15 The Role of the Pap Smear Diagnosis: Atypical Glandular Cells (AGC) 365 Chiung-Ru Lai, Chih-Yi Hsu and Anna Fen-Yau Li Chapter 16 Cytology of Cervical Intraepithelial Glandular Lesions 381 Ana Ovanin-Rakić Contents VII Part 7 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Vulva 421 Chapter 17 Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors VEGF- C and D, VEGFR-3, and Comparison of Lymphatic Vessels Density Labeled with D2-40 Antibodies as a Prognostic Factors in Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN) and Invasive Vulvar Cancer 423 Robert Jach, Grzegorz Dyduch, Małgorzata Radoń-Pokracka, Paulina Przybylska, Marcin Mika, Joanna Dulińska-Litewka, Krzysztof Zając, Hubert Huras, Joanna Streb and Olivia Dziadek Chapter 18 Current Insight into Specific Cellular Immunity of Women Presenting with HPV16-Related Vulvar Intra-Epithelial Neoplasia and Their Partners 443 Isabelle Bourgault-Villada Preface Intraepithelial neoplasias (IEN) are preinvasive lesions which are confined to the basement membrane. In developing countries worldwide, where the costs of modern sophisticated healthcare are a problem and issues of cost constraints are becoming widespread, the importance of early and timely diagnosis has become an imperative. Needless to say, accurate and thorough, macroscopic and histologic examination remains the gold standard, and every other method has to be assessed accordingly. To aid the clinicians and the pathologists, the esteemed and eminent panel of authors are pleased to bring to you a book which is relevant not only to the clinicians to understand and identify preinvasive lesions but also to the researchers and medical students. There is a vast sea of knowledge available in molecular genetic data, concerning a wide variety of IEN, and much of these data, at least where applicable, have been incorporated in this book. The extent to which this information directly influences patients is variable and is dependent on both the type of intraepithelial lesion and the resources available. Through each chapter, this book discusses in detail the aetiology, pathogenesis, molecular and genetic profile, diagnosis and possible treatments of IEN of an organ. The organs discussed in this book include the oral cavity, the eye and the ocular adnexa, breast, prostate, uterus, cervix and vulva. Each chapter is illustrated with colored images of the preinvasive lesions of that particular organ. Differential diagnosis has been provided wherever required. All of the chapters contain a considerable amount of new information, with latest references and technical advances. This book has been extensively reviewed to take account of the latest developments and the standard WHO system of classification has also been included. I am deeply obliged to the contributors for their hard work and enthusiasm in supplying such excellent material for the purpose of this book. I would also like to express my gratitude to the publishers for offering me to be a part of this book. I am grateful to Ms Sasa Leporic and the technical staff for their invaluable effort and support provided in the preparation of this book. Lastly, I would like to thank my spouse, Dr Sudeep Saxena and my family, for being a supporting pillar throughout this period. Supriya Srivastava Cancer Science Institute, National University Of Singapore Singapore [...]... carcinogenesis 11 Key oncogenes in malignant alteration of SILs Chromosome region 11 q13 has been identified as the site of several putative oncogenes, such as Bcl -1, int-2, hst -1, EMS -1 and cyclin D1⁄PRAD1 (Kim&Califano 2004) Amplification of 11 q13 is detected in approximately one-third of HNSCCs, but only cyclin D1 has shown consistent overexpression⁄amplification (Jares et al 19 94, Callender et al 19 94) The... neck underestimated? Analysis of p53 exons 2 -11 and human papillomavirus 16 ⁄ 18 E6 tran- scripts in 12 3 unselected tumor specimens Cancer Res 63; 11 88 11 91 Barbatis C, Loukas L, Grigoriou M et al (19 95) p53 overexpression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and dysplasia Clin Mol Pathol 48; M194–M197 Bedi GC, Westra WH, Gabrielson E, Koch W, Sidransky D (19 96) Multiple head and neck tumors: evidence.. .Part 1 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Oral Cavity 1 Novel Markers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Oral Intraepithelial Neoplasia 1Istituto Angela Celetti1, Francesco Merolla1,2, Chiara Luise1, Maria Siano2 and Stefania Staibano2 di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Napoli, 2Dipartimento di... factors Particular attention has been directed to the analysis of the interrelationship between histological parameters and their biological behaviour (Gale et al 2005, Gale et al 2006; Kambicˇ&Gale, 19 86; Putney&O’Keefe 19 53; Kambicˇ 19 78; Crissman 19 79; Henry 19 79; Hellquist et al, 19 82; Gillis et al, 19 83; Grundmann 19 83; Goodman 19 84; Crissman&Fu 19 86; Velasco et al 19 87; Olde-Kalter et al 19 87;... as the traditional dysplasia system (Hellquist et al 19 82; Blackwell et al 19 95), keratosis without (KWA) and with atypia ⁄ in situ carcinoma (CIS) (Crissman 19 79; Crissman 19 82), Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia (SIN) (Crissman et al 19 93; Crissman&Zarbo 19 89) and Laryngeal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (LIN), (Friedmann&Ferlito 19 93; Resta et al 19 92) follow criteria similar to those commonly used... progression of OIN to invasive SCC The role of cell-cycle proteins such as p16, p 21, p27, p53, cyclin D1 and E have been extensively studied over the last two decades (Shin et al 19 94; Fraczek et al 2007; Gorgoulis et al 19 94; Gale et al 19 97; Dolcetti et al 19 92; Barbatis et al 19 95; Nadal et al 19 95; Poljak et al 19 96; Uhlman et al 19 96; Hirai et al 2003; Ioachim et al 2004; Wayne&Robinson 2006) However,... Diagnosis and Prognosis of Oral Intraepithelial Neoplasia 15 reproducible component in diagnostic pathology Several studies of oral intraepithelial lesions have shown that a proportion of these lesions show abnormal DNA content and that the incidence of this finding correlates with the degree of oral intraepithelial leions (Bracˇko 19 97; Munck-Wikland et al 19 91; Crissman&Zarbo 19 91) Bracˇko has additionally... L, Kaugars GE, Gunsolley JC et al (19 95) Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability in the diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 80 :18 8 19 1 Agrawal N, Frederick MJ, Pickering CR, Bettegowda C, Chang K, Li RJ, et al (2 011 ) Exome Sequencing of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reveals Inactivating Mutations in NOTCH1, Science 333, 11 54 Almadori G, Bussu F, Cadoni G... (2006) Oral leukoplakia related to malignant transformation Oral Sci Int 3:45–55 Amagasa T (2 011 a) Oral premalignant lesions Int J Clin Oncol 16 :1 4 Amagasa T, Yamashiro M, Uzawa N (2 011 b) “Oral premalignant lesions: from a clinical perspective” Int J Clin Oncol 16 :5 14 Axell T, Pindborg JJ, Smith CJ et al (19 96) Oral white lesions with special reference to precancerous and tobacco-related lesions J... carcinogenesis have confirmed that dysplasia correlates with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 3p 21, 5q 21, 9p 21 and 17 q13 (Sanz-Ortega J, 2003) Yoo et al have suggested that 9p 21 is the earliest event, already appearing in squamous metaplasia, as well as in invasive and metastatic SCC LOH at 17 p13, 3p35 and 3p14 was observed as an intermediate event, occurring from dysplasia to metastatic SCC (Yoo et al . Ascaso Part 3 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Breast 10 3 Chapter 5 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Breast 10 5 Simonetta Monti and Andres Del Castillo Part 4 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Prostate 13 3. Kambicˇ&Gale, 19 86; Putney&O’Keefe 19 53; Kambicˇ 19 78; Crissman 19 79; Henry 19 79; Hellquist et al, 19 82; Gillis et al, 19 83; Grundmann 19 83; Goodman 19 84; Crissman&Fu 19 86; Velasco et al 19 87;. Part 1 Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Oral Cavity 1 Novel Markers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Oral Intraepithelial Neoplasia Angela Celetti 1 , Francesco Merolla 1, 2 , Chiara Luise 1 ,