(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) development of a simplified concept for process benchmarking of urban wastewater management

[ DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE Le Quynh Dung DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLIFIED CONCEPT FOR PROCESS BENCHMARKING OF URBAN WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT MASTER THESIS Hanoi - 2011 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com [ DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE Le Quynh Dung DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLIFIED CONCEPT FOR PROCESS BENCHMARKING OF URBAN WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: PROF DR RER NAT DR H C PETER WERNER MSC-ENG PHAN HOANG MAI Hanoi - 2011 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I Theoretical Foundations of Urban Wastewater Management System 1.1 Characteristics of Urban Wastewater 1.1.1 What is Urban Wastewater? 1.1.2 Constituents of Wastewater 1.2 Overview of the Urban Wastewater Management System 22 1.2.1 Components of Urban Wastewater Management System 22 1.2.2 Types of Wastewater Management System 23 1.3 Sub-processes of Wastewater Management System 26 1.3.1 Collection Systems 26 1.3.2 Wastewater Treatment 28 1.3.3 Sludge Treatment and Disposal 36 1.3.4 Effluent Disposal and Reuse 37 1.4 Current situation of Urban Wastewater Management in Vietnam 37 1.4.1 The Development of the Urban Drainage System 37 1.4.2 Current Structure and Operation of Urban Drainage Systems 38 1.4.3 The Organizations of Urban Drainage Services in Vietnam 39 1.4.4 Financial Aspects of Urban Drainage Companies 40 1.4.5 Legal and Institutional Frameworks 40 1.4.6 Investment and Management of Urban Drainage System 41 CHAPTER II 42 Benchmarking in the Urban Wastewater Management Sector 42 2.1 Fundamentals of Benchmarking 42 2.1.1 Definition of benchmarking 42 2.1.2 Types and elements of benchmarking 43 2.2 International Benchmarking System in Water Industry 46 2.2.1 Benchmarking of large Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Austria 46 2.2.2 Benchmarking in Canada 48 2.2.3 North European Benchmarking Co-operation 49 2.3 Process Benchmarking in Wastewater Sector 52 2.3.1 What is Process Benchmarking? 52 2.3.2 The Objectives of Process Benchmarking 52 2.3.3 Methodology in Process benchmarking 53 2.3.4 Different Process Benchmarking Concepts 53 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER III 55 Performance Indicators of Benchmarking in Wastewater Service 55 3.1 Basis of Performance Indicators 55 3.1.1 Systems of Performance Indicators 55 3.1.2 The Usage of Performance Indicators (PIs) 57 3.1.3 Performance Indicators – A component of Benchmarking 59 3.2 The System of IWA-PIs for Wastewater Services 60 3.2.1 Context Information 60 3.2.2 Performance Indicators 62 CHAPTER IV 65 Performance Assessment and Data Collection for Benchmarking in Wastewater Services of Vietnam 65 4.1 Approach of the Performance Assessment 65 4.1.1 Classification of various Undertakings 65 4.1.2 Performance Indicators 66 4.1.3 Confidence Grades 67 4.1.4 Structure of Questionnaire 67 4.2 Questionnaire of Wastewater Management System 68 4.3 Performance Indicators for Wastewater Management System 79 4.3.1 Environmental Impacts 79 4.3.2 Operation and Maintenance 80 4.3.3 Quality of services 86 4.3.4 Employees 89 4.3.5 Economic and financial aspects 90 4.4 Data Collection 92 CONCLUSIONS 93 REFERENCES 95 APPENDIX 99 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABBREVIATIONS CSOs Combined Sewer Overflows CI Context Information EWA European Water Association IWA International Water Association NEBC North European Benchmarking Co-operation No Number PIs Performance Indicators p.e Population Equivalent WWTPs Wastewater Treatment Plants TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figures Figure 1.1 Representation of a Centralized Wastewater Collection and Treatment System Figure 1.2 Representation of a Decentralized Wastewater Collection and Treatment System Figure 1.3 Schematic of unit operations and processes in a wastewater treatment plant Figure 1.4 Schematic of plug flow and complete mix activated sludge process Figure 1.5 Schematic of trickling filter with rock packing and plastic packing Figure 2.1 Main steps of a benchmarking process Figure 2.2 Extended process model for wastewater treatment plants above 100,000 PE Figure 2.3 Methodology for the development of process performance indicators Figure 2.4 NEBC’s benchmarking model Figure 2.5 Procedure of process benchmarking Figure 3.1 Structure of Wastewater Context Information & Performance Indicator Figure 3.2 Wastewater undertaking context Tables Table 1.1 Principal constituents of concern in wastewater treatment Table 1.2 Important metals in Wastewater Management Table 1.3 Comparison of ratios of various parameters used to characterize wastewater Table 1.4 Typical wastewater flowrates from urban residential sources in the USA Table 1.5 Typical wastewater flowrates from commercial sources in the USA Table 1.6 Typical composition of untreated domestic wastewater Table 1.7 Typical wastewater constituent data for various countries Table 1.8 Major biological treatment processes used for wastewater treatment Table 2.1 Holistic approach versus Selective approach in Process benchmarking Table 3.1 Reliability bands of collected data Table 3.2 The IWA Performance Indicators Table 4.1 Summary of Performance Indicators for Urban Wastewater Management TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been developed in Dresden, Germany with the support of some people to whom I would like to express my special thanks I would like to thank Prof Nguyen Thi Diem Trang - Hanoi University of Science and Prof Bernd Bilitewski - Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment (IAA), Dresden University of Technology (TUD) as well as DAAD because of giving me the chance to my thesis in Germany I would like to send my special thanks to Msc Phan Hoang Mai, (IAA-TUD), who gave me this topic, supervised and encouraged me to write my thesis I have learnt some things for my studying from her Also I would like to thank Dr Catalin Stefan (IAA-TUD) because of his kind help during the time I was in Dresden Thanks are also expressed to Msc Le Thi Hoang Oanh (IAA-TUD) who was always willing to help me as I need Especially, I would like to thank my family and friends, who always support and encourage me to finish my thesis TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management INTRODUCTION Wastewater Management is one of the most concerns in any urban area An efficient management contributes to the wealth of a community, never the less a poor management leads to unpredictable hazards related to health, environmental pollution, etc In developed countries, the issues of water and sanitation are solved, floodings are well controlled However, the issues of water supply and sanitation are not solved in developing countries, poor management of floodings as well as improper operation and maintenance of sewer systems are very popular Therefore, it is an urgent requirement to improve the system of wastewater management in developing countries Benchmarking is promised to be a solution to this problem as it is always the useful tool for improvement in management Benchmarking was first time introduced by Xerox Company in the late 1970s when their peer company Fuji produced the photocopiers with better quality and lower prices Xerox was forced to critically review their products and production costs by adopting the Japanese philosophy: gaining the best of the bests by learning, adapting and improving (Parena et al., 2001) That was how benchmarking appeared In many countries experiences (Xerox model inspired) have been developed to adapt benchmarking procedures in the water context (Parena et al., 2001) Benchmarking has been conducted in many developed countries such as Australia, Canada, England, Germany etc to assess the performance of water and wastewater service providers, to estimate the quality of services as well as the satisfaction of customers These benchmarking projects have achieved initial success and are supposed to sustain Some systems of performance indicators have been developed with the purpose of large scale application such as the system International Water Association or Qualserve system, etc In some developing countries such as India, Vietnam, etc certain benchmarking projects regarding the issue of water and sanitation have been carried out under the support of the World Bank Aiming at developing a simplified concept for process benchmarking of urban wastewater management which can be applied in developing countries, performance indicators and questionnaire prepared for benchmarking in Vietnam, a representative of developing TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Table Data collected for indicators of quality of services group No 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.4 Criteria Unit Company Coverage degree Resident population connected to the sewer systems inhabitants Resident population served by WWTPs inhabitants Resident population served by septic tanks inhabitants Resident population served by wastewater services inhabitants Resident population whose wastewater is neither collected nor treated inhabitants Wastewater discharge level Volume of wastewater treated in WWTPs in the year m3 / year Volume of wastewater receiving only preliminary treatment at WWTPs m3 / year Volume of wastewater receiving only primary treatment at WWTPs m3 / year Volume of wastewater receiving secondary treatment at WWTPs m3 / year Reply to customer requests Number of new service connections established in the year # / year Total number of service connections repaired in the year # / year Total time spent for repairing service connections # / year Total number of request for emptying septic tanks or pit latrines in the year # / year Total response time to empty septic tanks or pit latrines in the year # / year Total number of complaints related to wastewater # / year system in the year 106 Company Company Company (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Table Data collected for indicators of employees group No 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 Criteria Unit Type of employees Permanent employees – with contract Casual / part time – contract employees Casual / part time – wages Other, please specify Full time equivalent employees in the company Number of full time equivalent employees working in sewer system employees Number of full time equivalent employees working in WWTPs employees Employee Qualification University degree employees employees Basic education employees employees Other qualification employees employees 107 Company Company Company Company (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Table Data collected for indicators of economic and financial aspects group No Criteria Unit 6.1 Annual revenues from wastewater drainage 6.1.1 Wastewater discharge fee The percentage of wastewater discharge fee compare to price of m3 of clean water % Total revenues from wastewater discharge fee US$ / year 6.1.2 Environmental protection fee The percentage of environmental protection fee compare to price of m3 of clean water (for domestic sources) % From non-domestic sources US$ / year Total revenues from environmental protection fee US$ / year 6.1.3 Other revenues From emptying septic tanks or pit latrines US$ / year Others, please specify US$ / year 6.1.4 Total annual revenues 6.1.5 Adjustment of Discharge fee Is there any adjustment of discharge fee in last five years? If yes, how many percent increase? % US$ / year 6.2 Total Running cost US$ / year 6.2.1 Internal manpower costs US$ / year 6.2.2 Energy costs 6.2.3 Materials, chemicals & other consumable costs US$ / year US$ / year 6.2.4 External service costs US$ / year 6.2.5 Other running costs US$ / year 6.3 Annual interest expenses of the utility US$ / year 6.4 Annual interest income of the utility 6.5 Principal source of funds for investment 108 Company Company Company Company (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.5.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Own internal sources funding National budget Loan from ODA sources Private sector investment Other sources Annual National Budget investment Total debt servicing costs Total annual cost related to sewer system Total annual cost (including sewer system and wastewater treatment) Depreciation (refer to the book value): US$ 109 % % % % % US$/year US$ US$/year US$/year (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Table The value of performance indicators in wastewater undertakings No 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.1.1 7.2.1.2 7.2.1.3 7.2.1.4 7.2.1.5 7.2.1.6 7.2.1.7 7.2.2 7.2.2.1 7.2.2.2 7.2.2.3 7.2.2.4 7.2.3 7.2.3.1 7.2.3.2 7.2.3.4 7.2.4 7.2.4.1 Performance Indicators Environmental Impacts Wastewater treatment plant compliance with discharge consent Overflow discharge frequency Sludge production in WWTPs Sediments from sewers Sediments from septic tanks Operation and Maintenance Inspection and Maintenance Sewer inspection Sewer cleaning Manhole chamber inspection Gully pots inspection Tanks & CSOs inspection frequency Tanks & CSOs cleaning volume Pumping station inspection frequency Rehabilitation Sewer rehabilitation Sewers and joints repair Manhole chamber replacement, renewal, renovation or repair Service connection rehabilitation Infiltration/ Inflow/ Exfiltration Inflow Infiltration Exfiltration Failures Sewer blockages Unit % no./overflow device/year kg D.S/1000 p.e/year ton/km sewer/year ton/p.e./year %/year %/year %/year %/year -/year -/year -/year %/year no./100km sewer/year %/year %/year m3/km/year m3/km/year m3/km/year no./100km sewer/year 110 Company Company Company Company (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 7.2.4.2 7.2.4.3 7.2.4.4 7.2.4.5 7.2.4.6 7.2.5 7.2.5.1 7.2.5.2 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.3 7.3.1.4 7.3.2 7.3.2.1 7.3.2.2 7.3.2.3 7.3.2.4 7.3.3 7.3.3.1 7.3.3.2 7.3.4 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 Pumping station blockages Flooding from combined sewers Surface flooding Sewer collapses Pump failures Wastewater quality tests Wastewater quality tests carried out Industrial discharge tests carried out Quality of services Coverage degree Resident population connected to sewer system Resident population served by WWTPs Resident population served by septic tank Resident population not served Wastewater discharge level Treated wastewater in WWTPs Preliminary treatment Primary treatment Secondary treatment Reply to customer requests Service connection repair time Average response time to empty septic tanks or pits Complaints Total complaints Employees Personnel in WWT per population equivalent Personnel working on sewer per length of sewer no./pumping station/year no./100km sewer/year no./100km sewer/year no./100km sewer/year hours/pump/year -/year -/year % % % % % % % % days/repaired connection days/request no./1000 inhabitants/year no./1000 p.e no./100km sewer 111 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management (LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 7.4.3 7.4.3.1 7.4.3.2 7.5 7.5.1 7.5.1.1 7.5.1.2 7.5.2 7.5.3 7.5.4 Employee qualification University degree personnel Basic education personnel Economic and financial aspects Unit total cost Unit total cost per population equivalent Unit total cost per length of sewers The contribution of National Budget to total annual cost The contribution of wastewater service fee to total annual cost Total cost coverage ratio % % US$ / p.e./ year US$ / km sewer/ year % % % 112 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(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management(LUAN.van.THAC.si).development.of.a.simplified.concept.for.process.benchmarking.of.urban.wastewater.management