A HEAT TRANSFER TEXTBOOK THIRD EDITION John H. Lienhard IV / John H. Lienhard V A Heat Transfer Textbook Lienhard & Lienhard Phlogiston Press ISBN 0-9713835-0-2 PSB 01-04-0249 A HEAT TRANSFER TEXTBOOK THIRD EDITION John H. Lienhard IV / John H. Lienhard V A Heat Transfer Textbook Lienhard & Lienhard A Heat Transfer Textbook A Heat Transfer Textbook Third Edition by John H. Lienhard IV and John H. Lienhard V Phlogiston Press Cambridge Massachusetts Professor John H. Lienhard IV Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Road Houston TX 77204-4792 U.S.A. Professor John H. Lienhard V Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139-4307 U.S.A. Copyright ©2003 by John H. Lienhard IV and John H. Lienhard V All rights reserved Please note that this material is copyrighted under U.S. Copyright Law. The authors grant you the right to download and print it for your personal use or for non-profit instructional use. Any other use, including copying, distributing or modifying the work for commercial purposes, is subject to the restrictions of U.S. Copyright Law. International copyright is subject to the Berne International Copyright Convention. The authors have used their best efforts to ensure the accuracy of the methods, equations, and data described in this book, but they do not guarantee them for any particular purpose. The authors and publisher offer no warranties or representations, nor do they accept any liabilities with respect to the use of this information. Please report any errata to the authors. Lienhard, John H., 1930– A heat transfer textbook / John H. Lienhard IV and John H. Lienhard V — 3rd ed. — Cambridge, MA : Phlogiston Press, c2003 Includes bibliographic references and index. 1. Heat—Transmission 2. Mass Transfer I. Lienhard, John H., V, 1961– II. Title TJ260.L445 2003 Published by Phlogiston Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. This book was typeset in Lucida Bright and Lucida New Math fonts (designed by Bigelow & Holmes) using L A T E X under the Y&Y T E X System. For updates and information, visit: http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/ahtt.html This copy is: Version 1.12 dated January 19, 2003 Preface This book is meant for students in their introductory heat transfer course — students who have learned calculus (through ordinary differential equa- tions) and basic thermodynamics. We include the needed background in fluid mechanics, although students will be better off if they have had an introductory course in fluids. An integrated introductory course in thermofluid engineering should also be a sufficient background for the material here. Our major objectives in rewriting the 1987 edition have been to bring the material up to date and make it as clear as possible. We have substan- tially revised the coverage of thermal radiation, unsteady conduction, and mass transfer. We have replaced most of the old physical property data with the latest reference data. New correlations have been intro- duced for forced and natural convection and for convective boiling. The treatment of thermal resistance has been reorganized. Dozens of new problems have been added. And we have revised the treatment of turbu- lent heat transfer to include the use of the law of the wall. In a number of places we have rearranged material to make it flow better, and we have made many hundreds of small changes and corrections so that the text will be more comfortable and reliable. Lastly, we have eliminated Roger Eichhorn’s fine chapter on numerical analysis, since that topic is now most often covered in specialized courses on computation. This book reflects certain viewpoints that instructors and students alike should understand. The first is that ideas once learned should not be forgotten. We have thus taken care to use material from the earlier parts of the book in the parts that follow them. Two exceptions to this are Chapter 10 on thermal radiation, which may safely be taught at any point following Chapter 2, and Chapter 11 on mass transfer, which draws only on material through Chapter 8. v vi We believe that students must develop confidence in their own ability to invent means for solving problems. The examples in the text therefore do not provide complete patterns for solving the end-of-chapter prob- lems. Students who study and absorb the text should have no unusual trouble in working the problems. The problems vary in the demand that they lay on the student, and we hope that each instructor will select those that best challenge their own students. The first three chapters form a minicourse in heat transfer, which is applied in all subsequent chapters. Students who have had a previous integrated course thermofluids may be familiar with this material, but to most students it will be new. This minicourse includes the study of heat exchangers, which can be understood with only the concept of the overall heat transfer coefficient and the first law of thermodynamics. We have consistently found that students new to the subject are greatly encouraged when they encounter a solid application of the material, such as heat exchangers, early in the course. The details of heat exchanger de- sign obviously require an understanding of more advanced concepts — fins, entry lengths, and so forth. Such issues are best introduced after the fundamental purposes of heat exchangers are understood, and we develop their application to heat exchangers in later chapters. This book contains more material than most teachers can cover in three semester-hours or four quarter-hours of instruction. Typical one- semester coverage might include Chapters 1 through 8 (perhaps skipping some of the more specialized material in Chapters 5, 7, and 8), a bit of Chapter 9, and the first four sections of Chapter 10. We are grateful to the Dell Computer Corporation’s STAR Program, the Keck Foundation, and the M.D. Anderson Foundation for their partial support of this project. JHL IV, Houston, Texas JHL V, Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2002 Contents I The General Problem of Heat Exchange 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Heat transfer 3 1.2 Relation of heat transfer to thermodynamics 6 1.3 Modes of heat transfer 10 1.4 A look ahead 35 1.5 Problems 35 Problems 37 References 46 2 Heat conduction concepts, thermal resistance, and the overall heat transfer coefficient 49 2.1 The heat diffusion equation 49 2.2 Solutions of the heat diffusion equation 58 2.3 Thermal resistance and the electrical analogy 62 2.4 Overall heat transfer coefficient, U 78 2.5 Summary 86 Problems 86 References 96 3 Heat exchanger design 99 3.1 Function and configuration of heat exchangers 99 3.2 Evaluation of the mean temperature difference in a heat exchanger 103 3.3 Heat exchanger effectiveness 120 3.4 Heat exchanger design 126 Problems 129 References 136 vii viii Contents II Analysis of Heat Conduction 139 4 Analysis of heat conduction and some steady one-dimensional problems 141 4.1 The well-posed problem 141 4.2 The general solution 143 4.3 Dimensional analysis 150 4.4 An illustration of dimensional analysis in a complex steady conduction problem 159 4.5 Fin design 163 Problems 183 References 190 5 Transient and multidimensional heat conduction 193 5.1 Introduction 193 5.2 Lumped-capacity solutions 194 5.3 Transient conduction in a one-dimensional slab 203 5.4 Temperature-response charts 208 5.5 One-term solutions 218 5.6 Transient heat conduction to a semi-infinite region 220 5.7 Steady multidimensional heat conduction 235 5.8 Transient multidimensional heat conduction 247 Problems 252 References 265 III Convective Heat Transfer 267 6 Laminar and turbulent boundary layers 269 6.1 Some introductory ideas 269 6.2 Laminar incompressible boundary layer on a flat surface 276 6.3 The energy equation 292 6.4 The Prandtl number and the boundary layer thicknesses 296 6.5 Heat transfer coefficient for laminar, incompressible flow over a flat surface 300 6.6 The Reynolds analogy 311 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers 313 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent boundary layers 322 Problems 330 References 338 [...]...Contents 7 ix 341 Introduction 341 7.2 Heat transfer to and from laminar flows in pipes 342 7.3 Turbulent pipe flow 355 7.4 Heat transfer surface viewed as a heat exchanger 367 7.5 Heat transfer coefficients for noncircular ducts 370 7.6 Heat transfer during cross flow over cylinders 374 7.7 Other configurations... releases in power-generating equipment The energy transferred as heat in a nuclear reactor is on the order of one million watts per square meter A complex system of heat and work transfer processes is invariably needed to bring these concentrations of energy back down to human proportions We must understand and control the processes that divide and diffuse intense heat flows down to the level on which we can... involves three major heat exchange processes and several lesser ones The major ones are the condensation of refrigerant at room temperature to reject heat, the absorption of heat from within the refrigerator by evaporating the refrigerant, and the balancing heat leakage from the room to the inside • Let’s drink our iced tea quickly because heat transfer from the room to the water and from the water to... quantities of energy for the use of people, and then distributing and interfacing this energy with people in such a way that they can use it on their own puny level We begin our study by recollecting how heat transfer was treated in the study of thermodynamics and by seeing why thermodynamics is not adequate to the task of solving heat transfer problems 1.2 Relation of heat transfer to thermodynamics The First... quasistatic and reversible But the rate of heat transfer will also approach 2 T = absolute temperature, S = entropy, V = volume, p = pressure, and “rev” denotes a reversible process Relation of heat transfer to thermodynamics §1.2 Figure 1.2 Irreversible heat flow between two thermal reservoirs through an intervening wall zero if there is no temperature difference to drive it Thus all real heat transfer. .. of lead (k = 35 W/m·K) is kept at 110◦ C and the back is kept at 50◦ C If the area of the slab is 0.4 m2 and it is 0.03 m thick, compute the heat flux, q, and the heat transfer rate, Q Solution For the moment, we presume that dT /dx is a constant equal to (Tback − Tfront )/(xback − xfront ); we verify this in Chapter 2 Modes of heat transfer §1.3 13 Figure 1.5 Heat conduction through gas separating two... stoves The heat transfer processes involved in these stages are generally less intense • The gas is burned in the stove Heat is transferred from the flame to the bottom of the teakettle While this process is small, it is intense because boiling is a very efficient way to remove heat • The coke is burned in a steam power plant The heat transfer rates from the combustion chamber to the boiler, and from the... fuel-gas and coke Such power supplies used to be common, and they may return if natural gas supplies ever dwindle Let us list a few of the process heat transfer problems that must be solved before we can drink a glass of iced tea • A variety of high-intensity heat transfer processes are involved with combustion and chemical reaction in the gasifier unit itself • The gas goes through various cleanup and pipe-delivery... the ice will first dilute, and then warm, our tea if we linger A society based on power technology teems with heat transfer problems Our aim is to learn the principles of heat transfer so we can solve these problems and design the equipment needed to transfer thermal energy from one substance to another In a broad sense, all these problems resolve themselves into collecting and focusing large quantities... conventional rearrangements of terms Modes of heat transfer §1.3 Figure 1.9 19 The convective cooling of a heated body The thermal diffusivity is a measure of how quickly a material can carry heat away from a hot source Since material does not just transmit heat but must be warmed by it as well, α involves both the conductivity, k, and the volumetric heat capacity, ρc Heat Convection The physical process Consider . Exchange 1 1 Introduction 3 1. 1 Heat transfer 3 1. 2 Relation of heat transfer to thermodynamics 6 1. 3 Modes of heat transfer 10 1. 4 A look ahead 35 1. 5 Problems 35 Problems 37 References 46 2 Heat. 584 References 592 V Mass Transfer 595 11 An introduction to mass transfer 597 11 .1 Introduction 597 11 .2 Mixture compositions and species fluxes 600 11 .3 Diffusion fluxes and Fick’s law 608 11 .4 Transport. condensation heat transfer 505 9.9 Dropwise condensation 506 9 .10 The heat pipe 509 Problems 513 References 517 x Contents IV Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer 523 10 Radiative heat transfer 525 10 .1 The