绪论
汉字概说
1.1.1 汉字是表意文字
Chinese characters, one of the oldest writing systems in the world, play a crucial role in the development of Chinese society and the Han language They serve as the foundation for recording and preserving ancient Chinese culture, philosophy, economics, politics, military history, science, and literature, ensuring that these significant aspects of history are passed down through generations.
Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure categorized all writing systems into two main types: ideographic and phonetic systems Phonetic scripts use a limited number of characters and letters to represent the sounds of a language, exemplified by languages such as Japanese, Vietnamese, and French In contrast, ideographic scripts, like Chinese characters, are graphic symbols that represent both meaning and syllables This perspective was widely accepted among scholars of the time For instance, Shen Jianshi stated in his work "Lectures on the Semiotics of Writing" that despite the vast variety of writing systems globally, they can be broadly classified into two categories: meaning-representing characters, also known as ideograms, and sound-representing characters, referred to as phonograms.
The term "ideographic characters" refers to symbols that convey meaning, while "phonetic characters" represent sounds It is believed that Chinese characters are primarily ideographic, as their shapes are constructed based on meaning rather than sound For example, characters like 日 (sun), 月 (moon), and 山 (mountain) illustrate this concept, as their visual forms relate to their meanings, but their pronunciations do not share a direct connection.
任何一种文字都具有字形、字音、字义三个要素，作为记录语言的符
Chinese characters are not solely ideographic; they also convey phonetic elements, just as phonetic scripts can express meaning All writing systems can represent both sound and meaning, but Chinese characters exhibit distinct differences in their ideographic and phonetic functions As a unique form of ideographic writing, Chinese characters are characterized by their square structure The evolution of the formation of Chinese characters can be categorized into three stages, as outlined in the book "Chinese Character Culture Overview," edited by He Jiuying, Hu Shuangbao, and Zhang Meng.
The pictographic stage marks the earliest phase in the development of Chinese characters, where the formation of characters is primarily based on the depiction of intuitive physical objects This stage is exemplified in oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions, with characters such as "口" (mouth), "日" (sun), and "月" (moon) showcasing the use of direct visual representations to create written forms.
The "Ideation Stage" marks the evolution of Chinese characters from pictographs to ideographs During this phase, pictographs gradually solidify their meanings and establish correspondences with words, integrating with language The semantics of the characters transform from representing physical objects to embodying abstract meanings, resulting in fundamental symbols imbued with significance These ideographs are shaped through various methods, directly conveying meaning through their forms This stage is exemplified by characters in the Xiao Zhuan script, such as "目" (eye), "水" (water), and "犬" (dog).
The phonetic stage of Chinese character development is characterized by the gradual simplification of the shape components, leading to a reduction in the meaning conveyed by the characters To preserve the ideographic nature of Chinese writing and enhance its recording function, phonetic or semantic components were added to existing characters, resulting in a significant number of phonetic characters For example, the characters "丁," "订," "盯," and "叮" all share the phonetic element "丁."
The "Six Principles of Chinese Characters," known as "Liushu," serves as the foundational framework for understanding the formation of Chinese characters This concept is derived from the analysis of Chinese character structures by ancient scholars Tang Lan, in his work "Introduction to Ancient Philology," categorizes the "Liushu" into three types: pictographs, ideographs, and phonetic compounds Additionally, Zhang Shilu discusses these principles in his book "Overview of Chinese Philology."
The "Six Writings" are categorized into three methods: "realistic writing," "symbolic writing," and "phonetic writing." Xu Zheng, in his work "Shuowen Jiezi," defines the "Six Writings" as six distinct types: "indicative," "pictographic," "phonetic-ideographic," "associative," "transferred," and "borrowed." This classification reflects the historical understanding and development of Chinese characters.
“六书”有不同的归纳，我们只列出许镇所归纳的六种造字法作为代表。
Pictographs are a form of character creation that uses simple lines to depict the shapes of objective objects, allowing readers to immediately associate the character with its corresponding item The "shape" represented by pictographs captures distinctive features of the object, which can include full representations or partial aspects, as well as front or side views Examples of pictographs include representations of humans, cattle, horses, sheep, the moon, and the sun.
Pictographs are a form of writing that uses images to represent objects, closely resembling what they depict Generally considered the earliest type of writing, pictographs illustrate the physical characteristics of the objects they represent through lines and strokes As noted by Rong Geng in his 1924 work on oracle bone script, early pictographs effectively captured the essence of various animals, such as the horns of a sheep, the antlers of a deer, and the long nose of an elephant, among others This indicates that the meaning conveyed by pictographs is directly linked to the shapes of the objects they symbolize, resembling drawings in their representation.
The article discusses the concept of tangible symbols in oracle bone script, highlighting how certain characters visually represent their meanings For instance, the character for "moon" resembles a crescent moon, "turtle" appears like a turtle's side profile, and "door" reflects the shape of two doors Additionally, the character for "rain" depicts falling raindrops, "person" resembles a side view of a human, and "hand" illustrates a hand with five fingers.
Chinese characters originated as pictographs, with oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions also classified as such Although modern Chinese characters retain some characteristics of pictographs, thousands of years of evolution have significantly altered their forms, categorizing them as ideograms rather than pure pictographs.
Pictographs, originating from graphic symbols, represent one of the earliest forms of character creation As the pictorial aspect diminishes, the symbolic nature becomes more pronounced However, the inherent limitation of pictographs arises from the inability to depict certain tangible and abstract concepts Consequently, building upon pictographs, Chinese characters evolved into ideographs, incorporating additional methods of character formation.
The指事法, or "indicative writing method," is a technique that uses specific symbols to denote objective entities and their corresponding concepts These symbols can be added to particular parts of standalone pictographs or positioned uniquely to represent certain objects This method highlights distinctions between "upper" and "lower," as well as "beginning" and "end," with the most typical examples being the indicative characters that illustrate these relationships Indicative characters can be categorized into three types: standalone, compound, and variant indicative characters.
本课题的相关研究综述
Chinese characters hold a unique position within the global writing systems, leading to increasing attention from both domestic and international research communities Consequently, there has been a significant rise in research projects focused on Chinese characters and related issues.
1.2.1 在中国的相关研究综述
In China, Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi" is an essential reference in the study of Chinese characters, recognized as the earliest dictionary and a seminal work in the history of philology This classic text categorizes characters based on their shapes and establishes 540 radicals.
540 部又据形系联归并为14 大类，分为 14 卷，全书共有 15 卷，其中包括序
In "Shuowen Jiezi," Xu Shen systematically elaborates on the principles of Chinese character formation known as the Six Principles of Writing He explains the original meanings of each character and the relationships between their forms, meanings, and pronunciations This work pioneered the radical-based dictionary approach, which has been widely adopted in later dictionaries To this day, "Shuowen Jiezi" holds significant value, meaning, and influence in the study of Chinese characters.
In recent years, numerous specialized studies on Chinese characters have emerged Notable works include the "Comprehensive Chinese Dictionary," edited by Xu Zhongshu, which spans eight volumes and approximately 20 million words, making it the largest and most comprehensive Chinese character dictionary globally, emphasizing the close relationship between form, sound, and meaning Additionally, "The Grand View of Chinese Character Culture," edited by He Jiuying, Hu Shuangbao, and Zhang Meng, offers a holistic perspective on the interplay between Chinese characters and culture, clarifying their interrelationship Another significant contribution is the work by Dou Wenyu and Dou Yong, further enriching the study of Chinese characters.
The book "Contemporary New Explanations of Chinese Characters" explores the origins and evolution of Chinese characters, shedding light on the cultural significance embedded in each character Additionally, Zhang Meixia's "Explaining Words and Discussing Culture," a four-volume work, examines the structural forms of Chinese characters and reveals the cultural meanings they encompass.
Research related to Chinese characters is abundant, with various studies exploring different perspectives while sharing common themes.
Research on Chinese characters is abundant, but studies specifically focused on the character "口" are relatively scarce in China The author found only two dedicated research monographs related to the character "口."
The first research monograph is "A Study on the Cognitive Metaphorical Meanings of 'Mouth' and 'Lips' in English and Chinese" by Xu Yingying, published in 2010 as a master's thesis at Xihua University, focusing on applied linguistics This thesis reveals the role of cognitive metaphorical thinking patterns in the extension of word meanings from various perspectives To enhance the understanding of metaphorical studies in vocabulary, the research employs prototype theory, image schema theory, and cognitive metaphor theory to investigate the cognitive metaphorical meanings of "mouth" and "lips," further elucidating the influence of cognitive metaphorical thinking on the extension of lexical meanings.
The vocabulary expressions of "口" and "嘴" provide a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of their cognitive metaphorical meanings This further demonstrates the universality and systematic nature of metaphors, highlighting the similarities in human cognitive metaphorical thinking The metaphorical meanings constructed by the terms "口" and "嘴" predominantly derive from physical and spatial cognitive representations Additionally, the findings of this study enrich the research on metaphorical meanings.
The second research monograph is "The Formative Function of the Radical '口'" by Fu Huachen, published in the Journal of Anqing Normal University (Social Sciences Edition) in July 2008 This report analyzes the radical "口" as a flexible and fully functional component in Chinese character formation, highlighting its significant role in understanding the structural functions of Chinese character components The report identifies five formative functions of "口": first, as a component of pictographs; second, as a component of ideographs; third, as a phonetic旁 in phonetic compounds; fourth, as a phonetic旁 in phonetic compounds; and fifth, as a marker in phonetic compounds The first four functions are general, while the fifth is considered a special formative function, emphasizing the versatility of "口" as a radical.
The morphological functions of different characters vary, leading to a diverse number of created characters One certainty is that the comprehensive morphological capabilities of the character "口" have contributed to the continuous increase in the number of characters associated with it throughout the evolution of Chinese writing.
In summary, research on the character "口" in China is quite limited Some studies focus on the semantic meaning of "口," while others examine its structural functions Despite the varied perspectives, all articles share a common goal of elucidating the diverse functions and meanings of the character "口."
1.2.2 在越南的相关研究综述
Trong bài viết này, chúng ta sẽ khám phá những đóng góp quan trọng của Phó giáo sư Phạm Ngọc Hân qua các tác phẩm của bà, đặc biệt là cuốn sách “Góc văn hóa Trung Hoa nhìn từ cấu tạo chữ ‘An’” (2005) và bài viết “Nét văn hóa Trung Hoa nhìn từ cấu tạo và phát triển nghĩa của chữ ‘Ngọc’” đăng trên Tạp chí Ngôn ngữ (4-2008) Những nghiên cứu này không chỉ làm sáng tỏ cấu trúc ngôn ngữ mà còn phản ánh sâu sắc văn hóa Trung Hoa thông qua các ký tự chữ viết.
Bài viết này khám phá sự phát triển và ý nghĩa của chữ "玉" trong văn hóa Trung Quốc, đồng thời phân tích các chữ như Quân, Thần, Quan, Dân và quan niệm về đẳng cấp xã hội của dân tộc Hán Ngoài ra, nó cũng đề cập đến chữ Nhân và những quan niệm về con người trong xã hội Hán, cùng với các chữ như夫, 妻, 家, 孝, 教 phản ánh những giá trị gia đình của người Trung Quốc Cuối cùng, bài viết cũng nghiên cứu mối liên hệ giữa chữ Hán và ngành thủ công nghiệp cổ đại của Trung Quốc.
Bài viết đề cập đến các nghiên cứu về chữ Hán và mối liên hệ của nó với triết lý nhân sinh và tín ngưỡng dân gian trong văn hóa Trung Quốc Năm 2008, nghiên cứu "汉字与中国古代手工商业研究" phân tích vai trò của chữ Hán trong ngành thủ công cổ đại Năm 2010, bài viết "汉字与中国人生观研究" khám phá cách chữ Hán phản ánh quan niệm sống của người Trung Quốc Cuối cùng, nghiên cứu "汉字与古代民间信仰" được đăng trên Tạp chí ngôn ngữ vào tháng 9 năm 2011, tìm hiểu mối quan hệ giữa chữ Hán và tín ngưỡng dân gian của người xưa.
人的研究成果出版了《Chữ Hán(Chữ và Nghĩa) 》（汉字：形与义）一书
（2012），到目前为止在越南可以看作关于汉字研究的具有系统性专著。
口”字作为部首的汉字构字及字义特点
带有“口”字居左的汉字
The Chinese character "口" appears on the left side of 424 characters, accounting for 74.13% of the total, making it the most prevalent configuration Examples include characters like 叽, 吸, 呼, and 吁 In most cases, the "口" component serves as a radical, as seen in the character 吗.
The Chinese characters “口” and “马” serve as examples of ideograms and phonetics, respectively Similarly, “呀” combines “口” for meaning and “牙” for sound, while “吧” uses “口” for meaning and “巴” for sound Notably, the characters “呐” and “叶” are unique; “呐” is a character that combines both ideographic and phonetic elements, pronounced as “nè,” and originally signifies speech impediments or stuttering.
“呐”字是形声字读音是“nà”它的本义跟“讷”字一样是：呐喊、大叫。（2）“叶”
Chữ "叶" (yè) là một chữ hình thanh, có nghĩa gốc là lá của cây cỏ Chữ "叶" cũng là một chữ hội ý, đọc là "xié", với ý nghĩa gốc giống như chữ "协", biểu thị sự hòa hợp và thân thiện.
带有“口”字居右的汉字
The Chinese character with the "口" radical positioned on the right is uniquely represented by the character "和," which accounts for only 0.17% of such characters, making it the rarest placement "和" is a phonetic-semantic compound, where "口" conveys meaning and "禾" provides pronunciation The ancient form of "和" resembles a bundle of bamboo pipes, symbolizing a wind instrument, which indicates that its original meaning is "to play the sheng (a type of wind instrument)."
带有“口”字居上的汉字
“口”字居上的汉字数量为 11 个，所占的比例是 1.92%，是排名第五的。
The article discusses several Chinese characters and their meanings derived from ancient forms The character "号" (hào) originates from "號" and means to shout or call out loudly The character "员" (yuán) is represented in oracle bone script as a view of a round cauldron, signifying quantity or personnel The character "吴" (wú) conveys the idea of loud speaking or clamor "兄" (xiōng) depicts a person praying to the heavens, symbolizing an elder brother The character "吊" (diào), a variant of "弔," illustrates a figure holding a bow, historically associated with mourning practices for the deceased Lastly, "邑" (yì) combines the symbols for "mouth" and a seated figure, representing a walled area where people reside, essentially defining a "city."
The article discusses three types of Chinese characters: phonetic characters, which include "呈" (chéng), "呙" (wō), and "嘦" (jiāo), each with distinct meanings related to sound and function; the pictographic character "另" (lìng), which signifies separation or division; and the unique structure of the character "只" (zhǐ), which serves as both a pointer and a phonetic character Notably, there are no characters categorized as ideographs.
带有“口”字居下的汉字
In Chinese characters, there are 24 characters that feature the "口" (mouth) component at the bottom, accounting for 4.02% of the total, ranking third Among these, nine characters are ideographs, including: 1) "古" (ancient), which combines "十" (ten) and "口" (mouth) to signify ancient times; 2) "吉" (auspicious), represented in oracle bone script as a weapon above and a vessel below, symbolizing the storage of weapons to minimize conflict and ensure safety for the people; 3) "各" (each), derived from "口" and "夊," indicating the meaning of "each" or "individual."
4）“合” 从亼、三面合闭，从口。本义：闭合，合拢；5）“名” 甲骨文字形。
The character "告" originally means to report or announce, derived from the depiction of a person and an ox, symbolizing communication "否" signifies negation, indicating "not" or "otherwise." The character "咎" represents disaster or misfortune, illustrated by a person and various elements Lastly, "善," associated with speech and the auspicious symbol of a sheep, conveys the meaning of goodness or auspiciousness.
形声字有 14 个字，比如：召、叴、吝、吞等。指事字和象形字没有。除了还有特殊的一个字是：“台”字是会意兼形声字。
由两个“口”字以上构成的汉字
There are 90 Chinese characters composed of two or more "口" components, accounting for 15.73% of the total, making it the second most common category Among these, there are 7 ideographic characters, which include: 咒 (curse), 品 (product), 哥 (brother), 哭 (cry), 喜 (joy), 器 (instrument), and 嚣 (clamor) The remaining characters are phonetic compounds.
The article discusses the character "吕," which is the only pictographic character among the 82 examples provided, including sounds like "呵," "咖," "呫," and "咍." The original form of "吕" resembles a backbone in oracle bone script and is derived from the character "膂," which primarily refers to the spine Notably, there are no other forms of ideographic or character representations for this concept.
其他位置
The character "口" appears in 22 other Chinese characters, accounting for 3.85% of the total, ranking fourth Among these, there are 9 associative characters, including 可, 右, 史, 吏, 同, 君, 命, 咸, and 啬 There are 2 pictographic characters: 向 and 周 The only indicative character is 司 Additionally, there are 10 phonetic characters: 咫, 哉, 哿, 唐, 啇, 嗠, 嗧, 嗀, 嘏, and 哀.
In a study of 572 Chinese characters, the character "口" predominantly appears on the left side, accounting for 74.13% of instances, which is typical for semantic radicals in Chinese Only one character, "和," features "口" on the right, representing a mere 0.17% Despite its varied positions, "口" primarily serves as a semantic radical The number of characters using "口" as a radical is comparable to other radicals like "人," "金," "木," "水," "火," "手," and "目," highlighting the strong morphological contribution of "口" in character formation.
2.3 由“口”字作为部首的汉字构字特点
We examined the structural characteristics of 572 Chinese characters that use "口" as a radical, highlighting their construction features and the proportion of each type of formation This analysis enhances our understanding of the functional significance of "口" as a radical in the Chinese language.
表二：“口”字作为部首的汉字的构字比例统计表
构字法 数量 比例 例子 形声字 526 92% 叮、呈、吧、吨等
会意字 35 6.12% 可、右、古、告等
象形字 5 0.87% 另、向、吕、周、黾
其他情况 5 0 87% 只（指事兼形声）、呐（会意兼
The article discusses various Chinese characters, including 形声 (phonetic-semantic), 台 (which is both ideographic and phonetic-semantic), 句 (also ideographic and phonetic-semantic), and 叶 (another ideographic and phonetic-semantic character) The statistics related to these characters can be visually represented as follows.
图二：“口”字作为部首的汉字构字比例图
形声字 会意字 指事字 象形字 其他的
由“口”字作为部首的形声字
The character "口" serves as the radical in 526 phonetic characters, accounting for 92% of the total, making it the most common radical Examples include characters like 叼, 叭, 叫, 叹, and 叽 In these 526 phonetic characters, "口" primarily functions as a semantic indicator For instance, 叮 (from "口," with the sound "丁") means to urge or remind; 吁 (from "口," with the sound "于") expresses surprise or emotion; 吵 (from "口," with the sound "少") denotes shouting; 吟 (from "口," with the sound "今") refers to moaning or sighing; and 呀 (from "口," with the sound "牙") illustrates the action of opening the mouth, often indicating astonishment.
From a structural perspective, most phonetic characters with the radical "口" are characterized by a left-side shape and a right-side sound, where the meaning component is on the left and the phonetic component is on the right A smaller number of these characters feature a lower shape and an upper sound, with the meaning component positioned below and the phonetic component above.
召（从口，刀声。本义：呼唤）；售（从口，雔省声。本义：卖出去）；啻
（从口，帝声。本义：仅仅、只有）等。
The character "口," which literally means "mouth," serves as a radical in many Chinese characters related to sound In fact, among the 526 phono-semantic characters, most are onomatopoeic, mimicking sounds or conveying nuances of speech This connection highlights the integral role of sound in the Chinese language, as demonstrated by various examples.
The character "哄" is composed of "口" (mouth) and "共" (together), symbolizing the action of two hands holding something, which conveys the idea of "togetherness." When combined with "口," it signifies the act of speaking, ultimately meaning "to make noise together." This term has evolved to describe the loud laughter or commotion of many people Similarly, the character "唧," which also includes "口," emphasizes vocal expressions.
The character "即" is formed by the components "艮" and "卩," where "艮" symbolizes a bowl of rice and "卩" represents a seated person This character conveys the meaning of a person eating The act of eating produces a subtle, fragmented sound, which is why "唧" has evolved into an onomatopoeic word that denotes a chaotic, delicate sound or the chirping of autumn insects The character "叽" is also related to these sounds.
The character "几" signifies the act of protecting individuals through armed defense To prevent the protected person from realizing that their guardian is speaking quietly to them, the meaning of speaking softly emerged.
The character "唉" is composed of "口" (mouth) and "矣," which conveys the idea of responding to a command, symbolizing an acknowledgment or agreement In contrast, the character "嘿" consists of "口" and "黑," where "黑" originates from the ancient character for chimney, combined with "炎" (fire), representing smoke produced from burning Together, these elements illustrate the concept of smoke and fire creating darkness.
The character "嘿" represents words that emerge like smoke and fire, leading it to serve as an interjection that conveys greetings, admiration, or surprise.
由“口”字作为部首的会意字
The number of ideographic characters with the radical "口" (kǒu) totals 35, accounting for 6.12% and ranking second in prevalence Among these characters, "口" primarily serves an ideographic function, linking them to its meaning For instance, the character "品" consists of three "口" symbols, representing multiple mouths, which conveys the idea of many people coming together to taste, enjoy, or comment on flavors; this concept is the origin of the term "品尝" (pǐncháng), meaning "to taste." The presence of three "口" signifies a collective experience, indicating abundance The character later evolved to encompass meanings such as "variety," "quality," and "evaluation." Additionally, the character "命" (mìng) shares historical roots with "令" (lìng), initially represented as the same character in oracle bone script, but later differentiated in bronze inscriptions, combining "口" and "令."
The character "令" signifies a command, with the addition of "口" differentiating it from its other meanings Its primary definition remains "command" or "dispatch," which can influence a person's fate and life, leading to the extended meanings of "destiny" and "life." The character "嚣" consists of "页" and four "口" components The oracle bone script for "页" depicts a beast's head and a human figure, while the bronze script combines a human head with "人," reflecting that human sensory organs are concentrated in the head Thus, "页" conveys the idea of a "sensitive person." When combined with "口," it suggests a person's voice amplified as if produced by four mouths, leading to the meaning of loud shouting, chaos, and noise Lastly, the traditional form of "可" is composed of "口" and "丂," with "丂" representing a platform for offerings to deities.
The character "哭" (ku) conveys the meaning of "to cry," with its large seal script form consisting of the components for "big," two dots, and two arrow shapes The "big" character resembles a person in motion, while the additional elements suggest drops falling, symbolizing tears Thus, the overall meaning of the character reflects a person expressing deep sorrow, characterized by wailing and tears, encapsulating the essence of intense grief.
The characters "吏" and "呆" have meanings unrelated to the character "口." The character "吏" is composed of "一" and "史," where "史" signifies an official and "一" represents the boundary lines of farmland, indicating that officials are responsible for delineating these lines in agricultural work Thus, its primary meaning refers to specific officials On the other hand, "呆," according to the "Shuowen Jiezi," is derived from "⺌" and does not relate to "口," with its original meaning being foolish or silly Many now interpret it as a compound character where "口" and "木" symbolize a rigid or unyielding mouth, leading to modern usages such as "书呆子" (bookworm) and "发呆" (stare blankly), which connect back to its original meaning.
由“口”字作为部首的象形字及指事字
The Chinese character "口" serves as a radical for five pictographs and one ideograph, comprising 0.87% and 0.17% of the total, ranking fourth and fifth respectively The five pictographs include: 1) 另 (meaning "another," derived from the combination of "口" and "力"); 2) 向 (meaning "facing north," represented by a house and a window in oracle bone script); 3) 吕 (representing "spine," with its shape resembling a backbone); 4) 周 (meaning "meticulous," formed by adding four dots to "田" and suggesting thoroughness); and 5) 黾 (representing a type of frog, depicted in oracle bone script).
The term "指事字" refers to a specific category of Chinese characters, with "司" being the sole representative The character "司," as depicted in oracle bone script, illustrates an individual issuing commands verbally, embodying the concepts of governance and management Its primary meaning encompasses the notions of authority and oversight.
其他情况
There are five Chinese characters that utilize the "口" radical through different construction methods, accounting for 0.87% of the total, ranking fourth The following includes the construction methods, pronunciations, and meanings of these five characters.
1）“只”（指事兼形声）是形声字，读音是“ zhī”。从又，持隹。持一隹曰
The term "隻" refers to a single bird, while "雙" denotes two birds Its original meaning signifies one bird, represented by the phonetic reading "zhǐ." In the small seal script, the character is depicted with an upper section resembling a "口" and two dots below, symbolizing the downward direction of breath Additionally, it serves as a final particle in sentences, indicating tone or mood.
2）“呐”会意兼形声。“呐”是会意字读音是“ nè”从口，从内，“口”表意是“说
Từ "呐" có nghĩa gốc là nói chậm chạp hoặc nói lắp Nó là một từ hình thanh, được phát âm là "nà", và có ý nghĩa tương tự như từ "讷", thể hiện hành động hô hào hoặc la lớn.
3）“叶”字是形声字读音是“ yè” ，从艸，枽声。本义：草木之叶“叶”字是会
意字读音是“xié”， 从十从口，它的本义跟“协”字相同的意义是：和睦、融 洽。
4）“台” 是形声字，小篆字形，读音是“yí”。从口，以声。本义：喜悦。
Chữ "台" trong chữ Hán phồn thể được viết là "臺", là một chữ hội ý, phát âm là "tái" Theo "Thuyết văn giải tự", chữ này được giải thích là "từ 'đến', từ 'nó', từ 'cao', có ý nghĩa tương đồng với 'nhà'" Nó chỉ một cấu trúc hình vuông cao và phẳng được xây dựng bằng đất, trong khi những hình dạng không vuông được gọi là "quan" hoặc "khuyết" Nghĩa gốc của chữ này là một công trình cao và phẳng được làm từ đất.
5）“句” 是形声。读音是“gōu”从口，正当读今言钩，俗作勾。在《说文解
The character "句" (jù) originally means "to bend" and is a compound ideogram Its small seal script form combines the elements representing "mouth" and "twisted strands," symbolizing the intertwining of rope The character conveys the meanings of bending and sentence structure, reflecting its dual role as both a visual representation and a phonetic element.
In summary, the character "口" serves as a radical in Chinese character formation, encompassing five methods: pictographs, indicative characters, associative compounds, pictographs, and mixed types The majority of characters are phonetic compounds, which benefit learners by allowing them to infer pronunciation and meaning from the character's shape Over time, many characters have diverged from their original forms and structures due to extensive simplification processes In the formation of compound characters, "口" primarily functions as a semantic indicator Additionally, beyond its primary meaning, each Chinese character typically possesses multiple derived meanings.
2.4“口”字作为部首的汉字字义特点
This article examines and categorizes the meanings of Chinese characters that use "口" as a radical The author begins with the characters listed under the "口" section in Volume One of the "Chinese Dictionary," using semantic categories as a guide Each character featuring "口" as a radical is analyzed and classified based on its meaning, leading to specific findings on their semantic relationships.
表示用“口”来进行的动作、行为
Among the 572 Chinese characters that use "口" as a radical, the majority, totaling 191 characters, denote actions or behaviors performed with the mouth Within this group, the character "口" primarily conveys meaning related to these mouth-related actions.
The character "口" in Chinese characters serves various purposes in denoting actions and behaviors, with its primary significance being the expression of communication and interaction.
“人或动物用“口”来维持生活的”。比如：人用口来吃、喝、咬、啃等等。1）
The Chinese character "吃" is composed of "口" (mouth) and "乞" (to beg), where "乞" symbolizes a river running dry, reflecting a disconnection in speech, which relates to the meaning of stuttering Its primary definition refers to the act of eating Similarly, the character "喝" also includes "口" and signifies drinking.
The character "曷" is composed of "曰," "人," and "亡," symbolizing the concept of a person running, which leads to the meaning of drinking water due to thirst Its original meaning reflects a soft sound, extending to the idea of "drinking." In northern regions, drinking is referred to as "喝." Additionally, the ancient character for "bite," "齩," consists of "齿" (teeth) and "交" (intersect), indicating the action of upper and lower teeth coming together to grasp or break something To simplify, "口" (mouth) replaced "齿," resulting in the modern character "咬." Similarly, the character "叼" is formed from "口" and "刁," illustrating actions such as nibbling, grasping, pecking, and feeding by animals.
The character "刁" is derived from the character "刀" through a modification of its strokes, transforming a slanting line into a straight one, symbolizing an object that resembles a knife but is not one This character specifically refers to scissors, which are used to grasp or cut items The inclusion of "口" on the left side signifies the concept of "holding with the mouth."
间，表示字义在两腿之间，它指被叫劁之猪。因此它有失去一部分的含义。
The character "口" refers to a bird's beak, symbolizing how birds use their beaks to obtain food from animals The character "啃" is composed of "口" and "肯," where "肯" signifies the meat attached to bones Together, they illustrate the action of using teeth to gnaw on hard substances, emphasizing the primary meaning of consuming tough food.
Among the 191 Chinese characters that use "口" as a radical, most of these characters are ideographic, with their meanings closely related to the various definitions of the character "口."
The character "口" relates to the primary meaning of the mouth, an organ for eating or producing sound in humans and animals For instance, the character "叫" combines "口" with "丩," symbolizing the amplification of sound through intertwined ropes, signifying loud calls The character "吠" merges "口" (mouth) with "犬" (dog), representing the sound made by a dog, meaning "bark." The character "唱" consists of "昌," which signifies the sun and prosperity, combined with "口," indicating the act of producing beautiful sounds akin to sunlight, originally meaning "lead singing" and later extending to "singing." Lastly, "吼" combines "口" with "孔," referring to sounds emitted from the throat, denoting loud calls or the howls of wild boars, applicable to both human and animal sounds.
与“泛指言论、语言、话语”义项有关。比如：1）“咳”字由“口”和“亥”构
The character signifies descendants passed down from ancestors, with a short horizontal line next to "下" indicating the inclusion of outsiders in the ancestral lineage A short vertical line serves as a symbolic representation Overall, the character conveys the notion of foreign elements entering the mouth, leading to discomfort and the resulting sound.
The term "咳嗽" refers to a cough and serves as an interjection The character "唯," composed of "口" (mouth) and "隹" (a short-tailed bird), signifies the sounds made by birds communicating with each other, leading to the notion of an "answering sound." The character "叹," an ancient form of "歎," relates to sighing and is associated with the act of yawning and exhaling In its seal script form, "叹" combines "口" and "堇," where "堇" represents a person depicted as overweight, symbolizing a poor harvest during grain collection, thus implying drought The left part "口" indicates the sounds made in response to drought conditions Overall, "叹" conveys the sense of sighing, reflecting the laborer's despair over lost harvests due to drought, leading to feelings of misfortune and self-blame.
与“指人对饮食味道的感觉和喜好、口味”义项有关。比如：1）“味”字由
“口”和“未”构成。“未”字是树将长出新枝的象形，表示未来的意思。“口”这里是
“嘴”。整个字的意思是“用嘴吃东西以后，从而发生感觉，这种感觉我们叫
The term "味" primarily refers to flavor or taste, while "啐" signifies the act of drinking or tasting "品" conveys the meaning of savoring, and "哜" indicates a slight tasting Additionally, "咰" also relates to drinking, whereas "啜" encompasses both tasting and drinking The term "喊" is associated with experiencing flavor, and "呫" expresses the concept of tasting or savoring.
与“量词（表示人或动物的量词）”义项有关。这些汉字只有两个字是：
Labor is essential for human survival, encompassing both physical and mental work The concept of labor is closely related to various parts of the human body, including the mouth The diversity of human activities is reflected in the Chinese characters that feature the "口" radical, which often denote actions and behaviors These characters typically function as verbs, encompassing meanings related to eating, speaking, and other forms of communication involving the mouth This highlights the ancient understanding of the mouth as a multifunctional organ and illustrates the creative thought processes involved in the formation of these characters.
指人或动物的器官
指人或动物的人体器官的汉字有 18 个。它们是：咙、咀、吭、嘴、咽、 哙、唇、咮、喉、吻、嗢、喖、嗓、嗌、器、噱、噣、噿。它们的字义跟“人 和动物用来发声和进食的器官”义项（“口”字的本义）有关的。比如：1）“嘴”
The character "觜" is composed of "口" (mouth) and "觜," with its ancient form representing movement through foot shapes, and the fork-like symbol "匕." This character signifies a bifurcated, movable angular object, originally referring to the feathered tufts on an owl's head In contrast, the character "咽" combines "口" and "因," where "因" is formed from "口" and "大," indicating that human actions are influenced by their natural and social environments, leading to the concept of "因袭" (inherited practices) Overall, "咽" conveys the idea of a passage from the mouth to the throat, emphasizing the significance of the throat as a critical junction.
The character "喉" is composed of "口" (mouth) and "侯." The oracle bone script for "侯" consists of "厂" (representing a cliff) and "矢" (arrow) The left side symbolizes a person, depicting someone facing a cliff while shooting arrows Additionally, this character carries the meaning of a "target" for arrows.
义。“侯”加上“口” 表示口中对准的地方。因此产生“咽喉”的含义； ）“嗓”字由
The character "吭" is composed of the components "口" (mouth) and "亢" (throat), with "亢" symbolizing the shape of a person's neck In the context of the "说文解字," "口" signifies the part of the mouth that produces sound, while "亢" refers to the front part of the neck Together, these elements convey the concept of the throat, emphasizing the connection between the mouth and the neck in the production of vocal sounds.
“嘴里颈项的前一部分就是咽喉”的意义等。
In summary, there is a significant number of Chinese characters related to human or animal organs, often incorporating the radical "口" (mouth) The abundance of these characters reflects ancient people's exploration and understanding of their own physical bodies Some characters refer to visible external features, while others denote internal aspects From a linguistic perspective, many of these characters can function as both nouns and verbs; for instance, nouns include terms like "lips," "throat," and "voice," while verbs encompass actions such as "swallow," "spit," "gulp," "kiss," "chew," and "bite." This diversity enriches the vocabulary of the Chinese language.
表示像“口”字形一样的事物
“口”字作为部首的汉字表示像“口” 字形一样的事物的数量比较少的，只有
The Chinese language has evolved through the observation of the world, leading to the creation of characters that reflect the shapes and characteristics of objects Many characters incorporate the "口" (mouth) shape to convey their meanings For instance, the ancient character for "向" combines "宀" (roof) and "口" (window), originally representing a window facing north Similarly, the character "囊" is formed from "口," two smaller mouths, and a depiction of hands, alongside the "爻" character, symbolizing continuous intersection This method of character formation illustrates how original meanings can give rise to various derived meanings.
The concept of a "container for holding items" is represented by the character that visually resembles a bag with two ends tied, signifying a container with a bottom The character "咮" refers to objects resembling a bird's beak, while "唢" denotes the meaning of wind instruments Additionally, "嗉" indicates a container for wine or beverages, and "唐" refers to a space or area Four of these characters—嗉, 囊, 唢, and 咮—are related to the idea of a container connecting to the outside world, highlighting their role in signifying various objects that interact with external elements.
义跟 “进出的通道、出入通过的地方” 义项有关是：向、唐。
The formation of certain Chinese characters illustrates how ancient people continuously explored and discovered their surroundings while actively making associations between existing objects and new concepts This process involved connecting a series of related items together Consequently, modern learners of Chinese characters should also cultivate their ability to make associations and categorize information effectively.
表示话语的语气
The Chinese character "口," which serves as a radical, is associated with 89 characters that express various speech tones As an organ that produces sounds, "口" conveys a range of human emotions, such as joy, surprise, fear, and happiness Characters like "吗," "呀," "呢," and "哎" primarily indicate different speaking tones, including affirmation, astonishment, joy, and inquiry Despite their varied meanings, these characters largely relate to the concept of "speech, language, and discourse," with examples like "吧" indicating requests or suggestions, "呀" expressing surprise, "呗" showing reluctant agreement, and "哎" conveying satisfaction or admiration.
From a linguistic perspective, Chinese characters with the radical "口" can be categorized as modal particles These particles exhibit a variety of tones, including rhetorical questions, exclamations, and expressions of consultation In all these characters, "口" serves a significant semantic role.
表示模拟声音
“口”字作为部首表示模拟声音的汉字数量是 166 个字。上述已经说过因为
The character "口," representing the mouth, serves as a radical in Chinese characters primarily to denote sounds, leading to the creation of numerous onomatopoeic words These words vividly illustrate the characteristics of objects and the states of actions, allowing readers to evoke a sense of immersion For instance, "呜" captures the sound of rushing air, "呱" represents a baby's cry, "咔" denotes the sound of a collision, "嘟" refers to a brief sound from brass instruments, "啪" signifies a sharp impact between hard surfaces, "嗡" describes the continuous buzzing of insects, "嘀" indicates the sound of dripping water, "嗒" mimics the sound of machine guns or horse hooves, and "嘁" conveys whispers or faint sounds.
从词的角度看，这类汉字可以归类为拟声词。其中，每个字中所佩带的
The character "口" serves as a symbol for the organ that produces sound, highlighting the diverse noises created by various animals, objects, and sound-making methods In Chinese, numerous characters featuring "口" as a radical vividly illustrate the complex auditory world surrounding us, reflecting how ancient people explored and distinguished different sounds through their sense of hearing.
音译用字
The character "口" serves as a phonetic radical for 44 Chinese characters, most of which lack specific meanings and cannot stand alone Typically, these characters combine with others to form meaningful terms, often resulting in loanwords.
1）“吗啡” 镇痛药。鸦片的主要生物碱C 17 H 19 NO 3 ，系白色结晶，易溶于
Water has analgesic, cough-suppressing, and intestinal motility-inhibiting effects, primarily used for acute sharp pain but should not be used long-term to avoid addiction It has a powerful effect on suppressing the respiratory center, making it contraindicated for infants Coffee, known as "咖啡" in Chinese, contains caffeine, which is a stimulant Additionally, "哩" is the Chinese translation for "mile," a unit of length in the British and American systems, where one mile equals 5,280 feet.
The term "mile" is used in mainland China, replacing the previously used character for "米" (1609 meters) Purine, a crystalline base with the formula C5H4N4, is derived from uric acid and serves as the parent compound for various derivatives, including allantoin and urea Additionally, furan is a flammable liquid compound, C4H4O, characterized by a ring structure containing four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom, and is obtained from certain pine oils.
In the Chinese language, loanwords hold significant importance When these foreign words are integrated into Chinese, linguists adapt them using Chinese characters based on phonetic and semantic principles The main methods of adaptation include three types: literal translation, phonetic transcription, and a combination of both The character "口" plays a key role in phonetic transcription for some Chinese characters When using phonetic characters, linguists typically consider words related to consumption and onomatopoeia, as both categories are connected to the concept of "口."
表示称谓
In the "Modern Chinese Normative Dictionary" edited by Li Xingjian, the term "address" is defined as a name used to reflect mutual identity, relationships, and professions during face-to-face greetings This concept is further refined by the revisions overseen by Chao Jizhou and Han Jingti.
In the "Modern Chinese Dictionary," the term "address" refers to names derived from familial or other relationships, as well as identity and profession These terms are not only linguistic constructs but also reflect cultural and social imaginations, making their usage important in various social contexts Chinese address terms are complex, requiring different titles for individuals based on their identity and the situation, and even varying for specific purposes Among the 572 characters with the "口" radical, only 12 represent address terms: 台 (ancient central government office), 司 (ancient official title), 君 (title for landholding rulers or respectful term between spouses), 吾 (I), 兄 (older male cousin), 咱 (inclusive "we"), 唐 (title of ancient emperor Yao), 哲 (respectful term for wise individuals), 唔 (dialectical "I"), 商 (nickname for the state of Song), 售 (title for a woman’s child from a remarriage), and 哥 (respectful term for older or similarly aged males, or a nickname for husbands).
The article highlights two categories of Chinese characters: those derived from classical Chinese (文言) and those used in modern vernacular (白话) In contemporary Chinese, many original meanings associated with classical terms for titles have faded Additionally, beyond just titles, there exists a portion of the language that has evolved significantly.
China's vastness is reflected in the careful selection of characters used in place names, which, once established, become part of history, with only a few changing due to social and historical shifts Research shows that the character "口" serves as a radical in 17 geographical names, such as 台 (Tai), 吉 (Ji), 古 (Gu), and 召 (Zhao) These characters not only highlight China's rich history but also signify its diverse natural geography.
反映中国自然地理环境有 4个字是：1）“台”台湾省的简称或台州的简称；
2）“吉”是中国吉林省的简称；3）“哖” 地名，在中国台湾省台南县玉井乡；
4）“召” 古通“邵”，古邑名，在今中国陕西省岐山县西南。
Two characters that reflect China's long history are "品" and "吕." The character "品" relates to ancient Chinese place names, such as Pinzhou, which existed during the Tang and Song dynasties and is located in present-day Yibin, Sichuan Province The character "吕" refers to an ancient state, with its territory situated in present-day Nanyang, Henan Province The surname Jiang was granted during the Zhou dynasty, and this state was destroyed by Chu in the early Spring and Autumn period.
In addition to the six previously mentioned characters, there are 11 other Chinese characters that refer to different geographical locations These include: 1) "古," which is an abbreviation for Cuba; 2) "唝" or "吥," representing a location in Cambodia; 3) "哘," a place name in Japan; 4) "唐," denoting an ancient kingdom; 5) "嗹," the old name for the Kingdom of Denmark; 6) "嚈" or "哒," referring to an ancient Central Asian kingdom; 7) "呙," another ancient kingdom name; 8) "唐," again referring to an ancient kingdom; and 9) "吴," which signifies the state of Wu.
Names serve as a title representing an individual, facilitating identification and interaction In China, names reflect various aspects of the culture, including history, society, religion, and aesthetics Consequently, the characters chosen for names are a significant component of Chinese culture.
Chinese names reflect the hopes and aspirations parents have for their descendants For instance, the character "吉" signifies a wish for constant good fortune, while "喜" and "台" express a desire for a joyful and happy life Names like "嘉" and "善" indicate hopes for kindness and good character The characters "君," "右," "吏," and "古" suggest aspirations for power and the potential to hold official positions Meanwhile, "同," "和," "合," and "咸" denote a wish for harmonious and peaceful traits The character "可" implies a hope for future abilities, while "吴" reflects a desire for a noble appearance Names such as "告" and "呼" express hopes for communicative skills and the ability to gather people The character "哀" indicates a wish for empathy and the ability to console others, and "品" signifies aspirations for strong moral character Additionally, names like "周" and "唐" are derived from historical dynasties, while "吕," "呙," and "商" are inspired by ancient states, showcasing the rich tradition of name-giving in Chinese culture.
的9个字包括：句、员、哈、唒、啜、啖、喻、嘺、囆。
In summary, the practice of naming in China is a complex cultural phenomenon rich in profound significance The analysis of 24 Chinese characters related to personal names reveals insights into the intricate aspects of Chinese naming culture.
In addition to the nine categories mentioned, Chinese characters with the radical "口" convey other meanings, though they are limited in number, totaling only 30 characters For example, "呇" refers to a bright star, while "嚤" is a dialect term meaning "table."
The character “嘥” signifies “waste” or “missed opportunity,” reflecting a meaning that has largely diverged from its original association with the character “口.” Many of these Chinese characters have evolved to the point where their form and meaning are no longer easily traceable.
The character "口" has a particularly rich range of meanings, with various books listing different derived definitions, yet all agree on its primary meaning as "the organ used by humans and animals for vocalization and eating." From the foundational meaning of "口," the Chinese have created a multitude of characters that embody profound significance.
The character "口" occupies various positions in Chinese characters, including upper, lower, left, and right placements Notably, the left-positioned characters containing "口" are the most numerous, totaling 424 characters.
例是 74.13%，最少的是“口”字居右的汉字数量仅为一个，是“和”字，所占的比
The Chinese character "口" serves as a radical and exhibits five distinct structural characteristics, including pictographs, ideographs, compound ideographs, and phonetic symbols, with a fifth category for mixed types Among these, pictographs are the most prevalent, comprising 526 characters, which accounts for 92% of the total In contrast, ideographs are the least common, represented by only one character, "司," making up just 0.17% of the total.
Among the 572 Chinese characters that use the radical "口," their meanings can be categorized into nine subcategories The largest group consists of 191 characters that denote actions or behaviors performed with the mouth, while the smallest group includes only six characters that represent objects resembling the shape of "口." Most of these characters are related to the meaning of "口," although some have meanings that are unrelated.
口”字作为部首的汉字文化内涵
对越南汉字教与学的几点启发
Chinese characters are closely tied to culture, making it essential to integrate cultural teachings into character instruction By combining Chinese characters with cultural education, learners not only find it easier to grasp the language but also gain a deeper understanding of Chinese culture, which in turn sparks their interest in the characters themselves.
An analysis of Chinese characters with the radical "口" reveals a significant number of such characters, each carrying profound cultural meanings The cultural connotations embedded in these characters can greatly aid the teaching and learning of Chinese characters This article offers insights and suggestions for enhancing the teaching and learning of Chinese characters in Vietnam.
3.2.1 对越南学生学习汉字的启发
Vietnamese learners often find that while the pronunciation of Chinese characters is not difficult, recognizing and writing them poses significant challenges This complexity arises because Chinese characters are ideographic, differing fundamentally from the phonetic nature of Vietnamese script Consequently, Vietnamese learners face difficulties in memorization, recognition, and writing due to several factors: first, the relationship between character shapes and sounds is less direct compared to phonetic scripts; second, the numerous strokes and over 200 radicals complicate memorization; and third, many students overlook the connections between the form, sound, and meaning of characters, hindering their ability to utilize these relationships for recognition and writing, as well as to appreciate the cultural significance embedded in Chinese characters Addressing these challenges is essential for effective learning.
To effectively learn Chinese characters, it is essential to understand the basic strokes and radicals that form them Beginners should be guided by teachers to master the writing and stroke order of fundamental strokes, followed by learning key radicals and character formation methods, adhering to a principle of progressing from easy to difficult As vocabulary expands, the number of radicals learned should also increase, with new radicals introduced in each lesson During the initial stages of learning, students should observe the number of strokes and their composition in new vocabulary, as well as the writing rules They should also analyze the relationship between radicals and character meanings, unless the character has become fully symbolic and unrecognizable For instance, the character "口" consists of three strokes: vertical, horizontal turn, and horizontal Those unfamiliar with Chinese may perceive it as a simple square, unaware of how to draw it However, understanding its strokes and order makes it much easier When learning common phrases like "你好!" students can enhance their comprehension by analyzing the radicals involved.
The second-person pronoun "you" in Chinese is represented by the character "尔," which combines the radical "亻" (indicating a person) and the phonetic component "尔." Similarly, the character "好" is formed by the components "女" (woman) and "子" (child), illustrating a semantic relationship This approach to understanding Chinese characters enhances the learning experience, aiding in both recognition and correct writing Additionally, it provides insights into the deep cultural significance embedded within the characters, achieving the dual goal of language acquisition and cultural education Therefore, introductory Chinese courses are crucial for beginners, as they introduce the overall characteristics of the language, particularly its phonetics and writing system, laying a foundation for further study and reducing the unfamiliarity learners may feel towards Chinese, especially its characters.
In addition to the aforementioned points, Vietnamese students should pay attention to Sino-Vietnamese phonetics It is well-known that the Vietnamese language has significant influences from Chinese, particularly in its vocabulary and pronunciation Understanding these phonetic similarities can greatly enhance language learning and communication skills.
Âm điệu và ý nghĩa của từ vựng trong tiếng Việt tương tự với từ tương ứng trong tiếng Trung Do đó, trong nhiều trường hợp, chúng ta có thể suy đoán cách phát âm từ tiếng Việt dựa vào âm Hán-Việt Ví dụ, âm Hán-Việt "khẩu" có thể suy ra là từ "kǒu" trong tiếng Trung Tuy nhiên, từ vựng tiếng Trung khi vào tiếng Việt có hai mặt Một phần là từ mượn hoàn toàn, nghĩa là khi vào tiếng Việt, phát âm gần giống, loại từ và cách sử dụng không thay đổi Một phần khác lại có sự thay đổi về từ vựng và cách dùng Chẳng hạn, ba từ "特色", "心得", "兴趣" trong tiếng Trung là danh từ, nhưng trong tiếng Việt lại được sử dụng như tính từ và động từ chỉ hoạt động tâm lý Ngoài ra, còn nhiều từ Hán-Việt do người Việt tự sáng tạo, chúng có hình thức giống như từ mượn tiếng Trung nhưng không tồn tại tương đương trong tiếng Trung Do đó, trong quá trình học chữ Hán, người học Việt Nam cần chú ý nắm vững từ Hán-Việt và âm Hán-Việt, tận dụng sự chuyển giao tích cực từ tiếng mẹ đẻ, đồng thời tránh sự chuyển giao tiêu cực dẫn đến việc sử dụng sai.
In summary, language serves as a mirror of society As a vital component of Chinese, Chinese characters reflect the cognitive characteristics of the Chinese people regarding the world, including human anatomy, while also showcasing the essence of ancient Chinese society These characters are spiritual products created by ancient Chinese individuals through their exploration and understanding of the world and life's principles Characters that include the radical "口" (mouth) can reveal aspects of this lifestyle Analyzing the relationship between the form and meaning of these characters not only deepens the understanding of their essence and aids in memorization but also enhances the appreciation of their cultural significance, thereby enriching the understanding of ancient Chinese customs and cognitive traits.
3.2.2 对越南教师汉字教学的启发
Chinese characters play a crucial role in Chinese language education, yet they are often perceived as the most challenging aspect by Vietnamese learners due to their ideographic nature, complex structures, and numerous strokes This lack of interest can hinder students' engagement To enhance classroom dynamics and improve the effectiveness of teaching Chinese characters, teachers must find ways to spark learners' interest Drawing from years of personal study and research in Chinese, this article offers suggestions to strengthen the teaching of Chinese, particularly in recognizing, writing, and using characters, with the hope of contributing positively to Chinese language education in Vietnam.
Teachers must possess a solid understanding of Chinese linguistics, particularly the theories related to Chinese characters This knowledge benefits both the educators and their students, especially those new to learning Chinese characters Teachers should introduce learners to fundamental concepts such as the basic strokes and writing rules of Chinese characters It is essential to explain the components of each character, including the number of radicals and their meanings and functions For instance, when discussing the character "吵," teachers should highlight that it consists of seven strokes and is formed by the radicals "口" (meaning "mouth") and "少." This character conveys the idea of noise and chaos associated with a loud mouth.
In classroom instruction, teachers should guide learners to actively explore the theories related to Chinese characters Educators must introduce key aspects of Chinese characters, such as their ideographic nature, structural characteristics, and the relationship between form, sound, and meaning This foundational knowledge will deepen learners' understanding of Chinese characters For example, by examining these elements, students can gain a more comprehensive insight into the intricacies of the language.
In Chinese characters, many that use the "口" radical are phonetic compounds, allowing educators to leverage the visual elements of these characters for effective teaching.
Chinese characters can be grouped based on their shapes or similar meanings, helping learners recognize their relationships For instance, when introducing the character "哺," teachers should explain that it consists of the radical "口" and the component "甫." Since learners already understand the meaning of the "口" radical, they can infer that "哺" relates to concepts associated with the mouth.
The character "口" signifies "to shout loudly," and it is also associated with the character "哺," which uses "口" as a semantic component This connection suggests that its pronunciation is related to the character "甫."
Giải thích từ "bǔ" từ giáo viên mang lại sự khích lệ lớn cho người học, giúp họ dễ dàng ghi nhớ và không quên Thậm chí, khi học sinh gặp từ mới, họ có thể dựa vào cách giải thích của giáo viên để đoán được cách phát âm và nghĩa của từ đó.