Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Edited by Ki Young Kim Intech IV Published by Intech Intech Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside. After this work has been published by the Intech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work. © 2010 Intech Free online edition of this book you can find under www.sciyo.com Additional copies can be obtained from: publication@sciyo.com First published January 2010 Printed in India Technical Editor: Teodora Smiljanic Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies, Edited by Ki Young Kim p. cm. ISBN 978-953-7619-71-8 Preface Research and development in modern optical and photonic technologies have witnessed quite fast growing advancements in various fundamental and application areas due to availability of novel fabrication and measurement techniques, advanced numerical simulation tools and methods, as well as due to the increasing practical demands. The recent advancements have also been accompanied by the appearance of various interdisciplinary topics. The book attempts to put together state-of-the-art research and development in optical and photonic technologies. It consists of 21 chapters that focus on interesting four topics of photonic crystals (first 5 chapters), THz techniques and applications (next 7 chapters), nanoscale optical techniques and applications (next 5 chapters), and optical trapping and manipulation (last 4 chapters), in which a fundamental theory, numerical simulation techniques, measurement techniques and methods, and various application examples are considered. This book concerns itself with recent and advanced research results and comprehensive reviews on optical and photonic technologies covering the aforementioned topics. I believe that the advanced techniques and research described here may also be applicable to other contemporary research areas in optical and photonic technologies. Thus, I hope the readers will be inspired to start or to improve further their own research and technologies and to expand potential applications. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the authors for their outstanding contributions to this book. January 2010 Editor Ki Young Kim Department of Physics National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan E-mail: kykim1994@gmail.com Contents Preface V Photonic Crystals 1. Dual-Periodic Photonic Crystal Structures 001 Alexey Yamilov and Mark Herrera 2. Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Micro-cavities for Chip-scale Laser Applications 031 Adam Mock and Ling Lu 3. Anisotropy of Light Extraction Emission with High Polarization Ratio from GaN-based Photonic Crystal Light-emitting Diodes 053 Chun-Feng Lai, Chia-Hsin Chao, and Hao-Chung Kuo 4. Holographic Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Woodpile-type Photonic Crystal Templates Using Phase Mask Technique 071 Di Xu, Kevin P. Chen, Kris Ohlinger and Yuankun Lin 5. Quantum Electrodynamics in Photonic Crystal Nanocavities towards Quantum Information Processing 089 Yun-Feng Xiao, Xu-Bo Zou, Qihuang Gong, Guang-Can Guo, and Chee Wei Wong THz Techniques and Applications 6. Terahertz-wave Parametric Sources 109 Shin’ichiro Hayashi and Kodo Kawase 7. Cherenkov Phase Matched Monochromatic Tunable Terahertz Wave Generation 125 Koji Suizu, Takayuki Shibuya and Kodo Kawase 8. Nonreciprocal Phenomena on Reflection of Terahertz Radiation off Antiferromagnets 143 T. Dumelow, J. A. P. da Costa, F. Lima and E. L. Albuquerque VIII 9. Room Temperature Integrated Terahertz Emitters based on Three-Wave Mixing in Semiconductor Microcylinders 169 A. Taormina, A. Andronico, F. Ghiglieno, S. Ducci, I. Favero and G. Leo 10. Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Metallic Particle Ensembles 187 Kenneth J. Chau 11. Applications of Tilted-Pulse-Front Excitation 207 József András Fülöp and János Hebling 12. Applications of Effective Medium Theories in the Terahertz Regime 231 Maik Scheller, Christian Jansen, and Martin Koch Nanoscale Optical Techniques and Applications 13. Local Electric Polarization Vector Detection 251 Kwang Geol Lee and DaiSik Kim 14. Nanoimprint Lithography - Next Generation Nanopatterning Methods for Nanophotonics Fabrication 275 Jukka Viheriälä, Tapio Niemi, Juha Kontio and Markus Pessa 15. Nanoscale Photodetector Array and Its Application to Near-Field Nano-Imaging 299 Boyang Liu, Ki Young Kim, and Seng-Tiong Ho 16. Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions in Impurity Dielectric Nanoparticles 317 K.K. Pukhov, Yu.V. Orlovskii and T.T. Basiev 17. Photon-Number-Resolution at Telecom Wavelength with Superconducting Nanowires 341 Francesco Marsili, David Bitauld, Andrea Fiore, Alessandro Gaggero, Francesco Mattioli, Roberto Leoni, Aleksander Divochiy and Gregory Gol'tsman Optical Trapping and Manipulation 18. Optoelectronic Tweezers for the Manipulation of Cells, Microparticles, and Nanoparticles 367 Aaron T. Ohta, Pei-Yu Chiou, Arash Jamshidi, Hsan-Yin Hsu, Justin K. Valley, Steven L. Neale, and Ming C. Wu IX 19. An Asymmetric Magneto-Optical Trap 389 Heung-Ryoul Noh and Wonho Jhe 20. The Photonic Torque Microscope: Measuring Non-conservative Force-fields 411 Giovanni Volpe, Giorgio Volpe and Giuseppe Pesce 21. Dynamics of a Kerr Nanoparticle in a Single Beam Optical Trap 435 Romeric Pobre and Caesar Saloma [...]... (Nojima, 19 98; Sakoda, 19 99; Susa, 20 01) , pulse delay(Poon et al., 2004; 1 Currently at department of Physics, University of Maryland 2 Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Vlasov et al., 2005), optical memories (Scheuer et al., 2005), and to enhanced nonlinear interactions (Soljacic et al, 2002; Xu et al., 2000; Jacobsen et al., 2006) Several approaches to obtaining low dispersion in photonic. .. 2(b), φ (ω) and K(ω)L intersect at π × (m + 1/ 2) Taylor expansion of the phase around the frequency ω0 at the center of a pass band, where K(ω)L = π × (m + 1/ 2) gives cos(K (ω )L ) = (ω − ω0 ) × ( 1) m dφ (ω0 ) t(ω0 ) dω (11 ) Here, the term that contained d |t(ω0)|/dω dropped out because cos(K(ω0)L) = 0 Comparing Eqs (10 ) and (11 ) shows that it is |t(ω0)| 1 dφ(ω0)/dω that determines Q = 1/ κ and not just... photonic crystal as defined by Eq (5) We used ε0 = 2.25, Δε = 1, N = 80 and the modulation parameter γ is equal to 0.25 (b) Local (position-dependent) photonic bandgap diagramfor n(x) in (a) Ai( N ) and Bi( N ) mark the frequencies of the foremost photonic bands on the long- and shortwavelength sides of the photonic bandgap of the corresponding single-periodic crystal 3 .1 Transfer matrix analysis and. .. the unit cell from a to L = Na and, thus, to a reduction of the Brillouin zone, accompanied by the folding of photonic bands The cases of even N = 2s and odd N = 2s + 1 should be distinguished In the former, the primary photonic bandgap (IIe) of the single-periodic lattice reappears at K = 0, whereas in the latter (IIo) it is located at 10 Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies K = π/L Our analysis... resonant terms in Eq (15 ) We find that for all three gaps the criteria are qualitatively the same Therefore, we present the detailed analysis of only one particular resonance, IIIe The condition that the closest non-resonant Fourier components E−s−2, E−s, Es 1 and Es +1 be smaller than the resonant ones E−s 1 and Es leads to the relation ( N + 1) 2 (ε 1 + ε N ) 4 Nε + 2( N + 1) 2 ε N − 1 1 (16 ) In the limit... R 1 , ER 1 ⎥ ⎢ k0 {sin(θ 1 ),0, cos(θ 1 )}, E1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢q R 2 , ER 2 ⎥ ⎢ k0 {sin(θ 2 ),0, cos(θ 2 )}, E2 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ (3) 3 Dual-Periodic Photonic Crystal Structures Here q and E are the k-vector and amplitude of the beams respectively Their interference pattern Etot(x) ∝ α cos(k1x) + βcos(k2x) leads to 2 n 2 ( x ) = ε ( x ) = ε 0 + Δε ⎡α cos( k1 x ) + β cos( k2 x )⎤ ⎣ ⎦ (4) where k1 − k2 ≡ Δk, (k1... k2)/2 ≡ k and + β = 1 k and Δk are related to the short (aS) and long range modulations of the refractive index: aS = 2π/Δk, aL = π/k The parameters in Eqs (3, 4) are related as = E1/(E1 + E2), β = E2/(E1 + E2) and k1 = k0 sin 1, k2 = k0 sinθ2 Manipulation of the beams allows for an easy control over the structural properties of the resultant PhC: (i) fundamental periodicity aS via k0 and 1, 2; (ii)... and odd N for the choice of parameter s: N = 2s and N = 2s + 1 respectively 11 Dual-Periodic Photonic Crystal Structures 3.3 Effective medium approximation Gratings written in the core of photosensitive optical fibers are often analyzed with the help of coupled-mode theory (CMT) (Marcuse, 19 91) In both shallow gratings with long-range modulation in fibers (Sipe et al., 19 94; Janner et al., 2005) and. .. & Mitropolsky, 19 74) This averaging procedure leads to the following system of nonlinear equations for the slow-varying amplitude and phase dφ ( x ) 1 ⎡ω2 ω 2 Δε / 2 ⎛ 2π ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 2 = ⎢ 2 ε 0 − k0 + 2 ⎜ 1 + γ cos L x ⎟⎜ 1 + 2 cos 2φ ( x ) ⎟ ⎥ 2 k0 ⎣ c dx c 1+ γ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎦ d log A( x ) 1 ω 2 Δε / 2 ⎛ 2π = 1 + γ cos dx L 2 k0 c 2 1 + γ ⎜ ⎝ ⎞ x ⎟ sin 2φ ( x ) ⎠ (25) (26) In deriving Eqs (25) and (26) we have.. .Photonic Crystals 1 Dual-Periodic Photonic Crystal Structures Alexey Yamilov and Mark Herrera1 Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, U.S.A 1 Introduction In this chapter we discuss optical properties of dual-periodic photonic (super-)structures Conventional photonic crystal structures exhibit a periodic modulation . lasing (Nojima, 19 98; Sakoda, 19 99; Susa, 20 01) , pulse delay(Poon et al., 2004; 1 Currently at department of Physics, University of Maryland Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies 2. Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Edited by Ki Young Kim Intech IV . (Bertino et al., 2004; 2007). We considered four S-polarized laser beams defined by 11 0 1 1 1 22 0 2 2 2 11 0 1 1 1 22 0 2 2 2 , { sin( ),0,cos( )}, , { sin( ),0,cos( )}, . , {sin( ),0,cos( )}, ,