I Mobile and Wireless Communications: Physical layer development and implementation Mobile and Wireless Communications: Physical layer development and implementation Edited by Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi In-Tech intechweb.org Published by In-Teh In-Teh Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia Abstracting and non-prot use of the material is permitted with credit to the source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside. After this work has been published by the In-Teh, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work. © 2009 In-teh www.intechweb.org Additional copies can be obtained from: publication@intechweb.org First published January 2010 Printed in India Technical Editor: Zeljko Debeljuh Mobile and Wireless Communications: Physical layer development and implementation, Edited by Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-043-8 V Preface Mobile and Wireless Communications have been one of the major revolutions of the late twentieth century. We are witnessing a very fast growth in these technologies where mobile and wireless communications have become so ubiquitous in our society and indispensable for our daily lives. The relentless demand for higher data rates with better quality of services to comply with state-of-the art applications has revolutionized the wireless communication eld and led to the emergence of new technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Wimax, Ultra wideband, OFDMA. Moreover, the market tendency conrms that this revolution is not ready to stop in the foreseen future. Mobile and wireless communications applications cover diverse areas including entertainment, industrialist, biomedical, medicine, safety and security, and others, which denitely are improving our daily life. Wireless communication network is a multidisciplinary eld addressing different aspects raging from theoretical analysis, system architecture design, and hardware and software implementations. While different new applications are requiring higher data rates and better quality of service and prolonging the mobile battery life, new development and advance research studies and systems and circuits design are necessary to keep pace with the market requirements. This book covers the most advanced research and development topics in mobile and wireless communication networks. It is divided into two parts with a total of thirty-four stand-alone chapters covering various areas of wireless communications of special topics including: physical layer and network layer, access methods and scheduling, techniques and technologies, antenna and amplier design, integrate circuit design, applications and systems. These chapters present advanced novel and cutting- edge results and development related to wireless communication offering the readers the opportunity to enrich their knowledge in specic topics as well as to explore the whole eld of rapidly emerging mobile and wireless networks. We hope that this book will be useful for the students, researchers and practitioners in their research studies. This rst part of the book addresses mainly the physical layer design of mobile and wireless communication and consists of sixteen chapters classied in four corresponding sections: 1.PropagationMeasurementsandChannelCharacterizationandModeling. 2.MultipleAntennaSystemsandSpace-TimeProcessing. 3.OFDMSystems. 4.ModelingandPerformanceCharacterization. VI The rst section contains three chapters related to Propagation Measurements and Channel Characterization and Modeling. The focus of the contributions in this section, are channel characterization in tunnels wireless communication, novel approach to modeling MIMO wireless communication channels and a review of the high altitude platforms technology. The second section contains ve chapters related to Multiple Antenna Systems and Space- Time Processing. The focus of the contributions in this section, are new beamforming and diversity combining techniques, and space-time code techniques for MIMO systems. The third section contains four chapters related to OFDM Systems. This section addresses frequency-domain equalization technique in single carrier wireless communication systems, advanced technique for PAPR reduction of OFDM Signals and subcarrier allocation in OFDMA in cellular and relay networks. The forth section contains four chapters related to Modeling and Performance Characterization. In this section, a unied data and energy model for wireless communication and a new system level mathematical performance analysis of mobile cellular CDMA networks are presented. In addition, novel approach to modeling MIMO wireless communication channels and a review of the in high altitude platforms technology are proposed. Section 1: Propagation Measurements and Channel Characterization and modeling Chapter 1 presents a review of the theoretical early and recent studies done on communication within tunnels. The theory of mode propagation in straight tunnels of circular, rectangular and arched cross sections has been studied. Comparison of the theory with existing experimental measurements in real tunnels has been also covered. Chapter 2 reviews the applications of the Thomson Multitaper, for problems encountered in communications. In particular it focuses on issues related to channel modeling, estimation and prediction for MIMO wireless communication channels. Chapter 3 presents an overview of the HAP (High Altitude Platforms) concept development and HAP trails to show the worldwide interest in this emerging novel technology. A comparison of the HAP system has been given based on the basic characteristics of HAP, terrestrial and satellite systems. Section 2: Multiple antenna systems and space-time processing Chapter 4 discusses the performance analysis of wireless communication systems where the receiver is equipped with maximal–ratio–combining (MRC), for performance improvement, in the Nakagami-m fading environment. Chapter 5 presents a new approach using sequential blind beamforming to remedy both the inter-symbol interference and intra-symbol interference problems in underground wireless communication networks using jointly CMA, LMS and adaptive fractional time delay estimation ltering. Chapter 6 examines the possibility of multiple HAP (High Altitude Platforms) coverage of a common cell area in WCDMA systems with and without space-time diversity techniques. Chapter 7 presents an overview of space-time block codes, with a focus on hybrid codes, and analyzes two hybrid MIMO space-time codes with arbitrary number of STBC/ABBA and spatial layers, and a receiver algorithm with very low complexity. VII Chapter 8 discusses the MIMO channel performance in the LOS environment, classied into two cases: the pure LOS propagation and the LOS propagation with a typical scatter. The MIMO channel capacity and the condition number of the matrix were also investigated. Section 3: OFDM Systems Chapter 9 proposes an iterative optimization method of transmit/receive frequency domain equalization (TR-FDE) based on MMSE criterion, where both transmit and receive FDE weights are iteratively determined with a recursive algorithm so as to minimize the mean square error at a virtual receiver. Chapter 10 proposes an enhanced version of the iterative ipping algorithm to efciently reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. Chapter 11 discusses the problem of allocating resources to multiple users on the downlink in an LTE (Long Term Evolution) cellular communication system in order to maximize system throughput. A reduced complexity sub-optimal scheduler was proposed and found to perform quite well relative to the optimal scheduler. Chapter 12 introduces the DTB (distributed transmit beamforming) approach to JCDS (joint cooperative diversity and scheduling) OFDMA-based relay network in multi source- destination pair’s environment and highlights its potential to increase the diversity order and the system throughput performance. In addition, to trade-off a small quantity of the system throughput in return for signicant improvement in the user throughput, a xed cyclic delay diversity approach has been introduced at relay stations to the proposed JCDS-DTB. Section 4: Modeling and Performance Characterization Chapter 13 presents the mathematical analysis of mobile cellular CDMA networks considering link unreliability in a system level analysis. Wireless channel unreliability was modeled by means of a Poisson call interruption process which allows an elegant teletrafc analysis considering both wireless link unreliability and resource insufciency. Chapter 14 presents a developed energy model to conduct simulations which describe the energy consumption by sending a well dened amount of data over a wireless link with xed properties. The main aim in this study was to maximize the amount of successfully transmitted data in surroundings where energy is a scarce resource. Chapter 15 reviews the performance strengths and weaknesses of various short range wireless communications e.g. RadioMetrix, IEEE 802.11a/b, IEEE 802.15.4, DECT, Linx, etc, which are commonly used nowadays in different RoboCup SSL wireless communication implementations. An adaptive error correction and frequency hopping scheme has been proposed to improve its immunity to interference and enhance the wireless communication performance. Chapter 16 reviews the capacity dimensioning methods exploited for system capacity performance evaluation and wireless network planning used in development process of any generation of mobile communications system. VIII Editors Salma Ait Fares GraduateSchoolofEngineering DepartmentofElectricalandCommunicationEngineering TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan Email:aitfares@mobile.ecei.tohoku.ac.jp Fumiyuki Adachi GraduateSchoolofEngineering DepartmentofElectricalandCommunicationEngineering TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan Email:adachi@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp IX Contents Preface V Section 1: Propagation Measurements and Channel Characterization and modeling 1. WirelessTransmissioninTunnels 011 SamirF.Mahmoud 2. WirelessCommunicationsandMultitaperAnalysis:ApplicationstoChannel ModellingandEstimation 035 SaharJavaherHaghighi,SergueiPrimak,ValeriKontorovichandErvinSejdić 3. HighAltitudePlatformsforWirelessMobileCommunicationApplications 057 ZheYangandAbbasMohammed Section 2: Multiple antenna systems and space-time processing 4. PerformanceofWirelessCommunicationSystemswithMRCoverNakagami–m FadingChannels 067 TuanA.TranandAbuB.Sesay 5. SequentialBlindBeamformingforWirelessMultipathCommunicationsin ConnedAreas 087 SalmaAitFares,TayebDenidni,SoeneAffesandCharlesDespins 6. Space-TimeDiversityTechniquesforWCDMAHighAltitudePlatformSystems 113 AbbasMohammedandTommyHult 7. High-Rate,ReliableCommunicationswithHybridSpace-TimeCodes 129 JoaquínCortezandMiguelBazdresch 8. MIMOChannelCharacteristicsinLine-of-SightEnvironments 157 LeileiLiu,WeiHong,NianzuZhang,HaimingWangandGuangqiYang Section 3: OFDM Systems 9. IterativeJointOptimizationofTransmit/ReceiveFrequency-DomainEqualization inSingleCarrierWirelessCommunicationSystems 175 XiaogengYuan,OsamuMutaandYoshihikoAkaiwa X 10. AnEnhancedIterativeFlippingPTSTechniqueforPAPRReductionofOFDM Signals 185 ByungMooLeeandRuiJ.P.deFigueiredo 11. DownlinkResourceSchedulinginanLTESystem 199 RaymondKwan,CyrilLeungandJieZhang 12. JointCooperativeDiversityandSchedulinginOFDMARelaySystem 219 SalmaAitFares,FumiyukiAdachiandEisukeKudoh Section 4: Modeling and Performance Characterization 13. PerformanceModellingandAnalysisofMobileWirelessNetworks 237 CarmenB.Rodríguez-Estrello,GenaroHernándezValdezandFelipeA.CruzPérez 14. AUniedDataandEnergyModelforWirelessCommunicationwithMoving SendersandFixedReceivers 261 ArminVeichtlbauerandPeterDornger 15. TowardsPerformanceEnhancementofShortRangeWirelessCommunications inReliability-andDelay-CriticalApplications 279 YangLiu and Ye Liu 16. CapacityDimensioningforWirelessCommunicationsSystem 293 XinshengZhaoandHaoLiang [...]... radius and outer medium having r =12 at 1 GHz It is seen that the percentage error is less than ~2.7% for all the listed modes except the EH 11 mode This mode requires a higher frequency for the approximate attenuation to have a better accuracy Mode TE 01 TE02 TE03 HE 11 HE 21 HE 31 TM 01 EH 11 Exact 1. 098 3. 716 7.937 2.774 7 .15 8 13 .12 13 .30 20 .18 Approximate 1. 096 3.673 7.724 2.805 7 .12 2 12 .79 13 .15 12 .794... that the least attenuated mode of the TE0 and TM0 mode group is the TE 01 mode, while the least attenuated hybrid mode is the HE 11 mode It is interesting to compare the attenuation rates of these two modes; namely the TE 01 and the HE 11 mode Using (12 ) and (15 ), we get the ratio 2 TE 01 x1 ,1 2 3.8322 2 5.078 2 HE 11 x0 ,1 r 1 2.4052 r 1 r 1 (16 ) where we have neglected the earth conductivity... impedance and admittance given in (1- 2) Specialized to the circular tunnel, they take the form: E 0 Z s H z Here Z s and Ys and 0 H Ys Ez (3) are normalized impedance and admittance relative to 0 and 0 -1 respectively Explicitly: Z s 1/ r 1 i / 0 , (4a) Ys ( r i / 0 ) / r 1 i / 0 (4b) 4 Mobile and Wireless Communications: Physical layer development and implementation. .. Approximate 1. 096 3.673 7.724 2.805 7 .12 2 12 .79 13 .15 12 .794 % Error 0 .18 % 1. 16% 2.68 % 1. 12% 0.50% 2.52% 1. 13% 36.6% Table 1 Comparison between Exact [Dudley & Mahmoud,2006] and approximate attenuation rates in dB /10 0meters at 1 GHz Exercise 1: Verify the approximate attenuation rates in Table 1, Column 3 by using (12 ) for the TE0m/TM0m modes and (15 ) for the HEnm modes Exercise 2: Using any root finding software,... TMx 11 is the lowest attenuated mode Exercise 5: Use (26) to derive (27) In doing so, note that 2 2 2 2 2 Im[(k0 k xm k yn )1/ 2 ] (1/ 2k0 ) Im[k xm k yn ] This, of course, is valid only for low order modes such that m / w and n / h are . 3. 716 3.673 1. 16% TE 03 7.937 7.724 2.68 % HE 11 2.774 2.805 1. 12% HE 21 7 .15 8 7 .12 2 0.50% HE 31 13 .12 12 .79 2.52% TM 01 13 .30 13 .15 1. 13% EH 11 20 .18 12 .794 36.6% Table 1. Comparison. 3. 716 3.673 1. 16% TE 03 7.937 7.724 2.68 % HE 11 2.774 2.805 1. 12% HE 21 7 .15 8 7 .12 2 0.50% HE 31 13 .12 12 .79 2.52% TM 01 13 .30 13 .15 1. 13% EH 11 20 .18 12 .794 36.6% Table 1. Comparison. modes; namely the TE 01 and the HE 11 mode. Using (12 ) and (15 ), we get the ratio 2 2 1, 1 01 2 2 11 0 ,1 2 3.832 2 5.078 1 1 1 2.405 TE HE r r r x x (16 ) where we have