Nghiên cứu tái sử dụng phế thải nông nghiệp làm vật liệu hiệu năng cao xử lý nước thải

ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ Nghiên cứu tái sử dụng phế thải nông nghiệp làm vật liệu hiệu cao xử lý nước thải PHẠM VĂN HỒNG Hoang.PV202815M@sis.hust.edu.vn Ngành Kỹ thuật mơi trường Giảng viên hướng dẫn: PGS TS  Thái Yên Ch ký ca GVHD Viện: Khoa hc Công ngh ng HÀ NỘI, 4/2023 CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập – Tự – Hạnh phúc BẢN XÁC NHẬN CHỈNH SỬA LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ Họ tên tác giả luận văn: Ph Đề tài luận văn: Nghiên cu tái s dng ph thi nông nghip làm vt liu hi c thi Chuyên ngành: K thung Mã số SV: 20202815M Tác ging dn khoa hc H ng chm lu xác nhn tác gi a cha, b sung lun hp Hng ngày 28/04/2023 vi ni dung sau: - - Vit li phn kt lung bao quát ni dung nghiên cu kèm kt qu ng; B sung thêm phn 1.4.3 Quá trình hp ph bt u t trang 27 vi ni dung: i hp ph;  ca trình hp ph; Các yu t n trình hp ph B sung danh mc t vit tt vi PVA WCA; Thay th  th dng thành dng ct vi hình 30 31; Vit hóa thut ng ti trang 9; B sung trích dn tài liu tham kho vi hình t n 10; B sung mơ t v  lp thí nghim Ngày 23 tháng  2023 Giáo viên hướng dẫn Tác giả luận văn CHỦ TỊCH HỘI ĐỒNG ĐỀ TÀI LUẬN VĂN Nghiên cu tái s dng ph thi nông nghip làm vt liu hi c thi ng dn Ký ghi rõ h tên Lời cảm ơn Em xin bày t lòng bi Thái Yên ng dn to mu kin tt nh em thi gian thc hin Lu Em xin gi li co vin, phòng ban, thy cô ca b môn Công ngh ng, B môn Qung phịng thí nghim Vin Khoa hc Cơng ngh n dy kin thc to mu kin v  vt ch th t em hoàn thành ni dung nghiên cu ca Lu Cuc bày t lòng bin nh nhng thy cơ, bng tình cng viên, chia s  sut trình hc tp nghiên cu HC VIÊN Ký ghi rõ h tên Tóm tắt luận văn Nguc h  a nghiêm trng bi ô nhim du t s c tràn du trình thi b du thy vc, t vic ch to loi vt liu hi i loi b hiu qu ng dc c nhiu s quan tâm Vt liu cellulose aerogel t thc vt cho thy nhiu ti   có kh   y sinh hc, hp ph du kh   o ca cellulose Trong nghiên cu này, cc tng hp t loi ph thi nơng nghi, bã mía d s dng cho mu khc nhim du Quy trình tng hp cellulose aerogel gn vi mc tiêu s dng dung mơi c hi Thay tn theo quy trình chit Soxhlet s dc hc chit tách t loi vt liu thơ bm hóa s dng NaOH vi s h tr ca sóng siêu âm Cellulose c s d ng làm tin ch ch t to tính k c cho ng dng hp ph du hn hp du  c, mu cellulose aerogel t  c ph vi methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS)m: SEM, c (WCA) c s d c tính ca vt liu cellulose aerogel Mu cellulose aerogel c kim tra kh p ph du thông qua vinh dung ng hp ph vi du nht thi du diesel nguyên chtáp dng vi h du  c Các yu t n trình hp ph du hn hp du  c ca cellulose aerogel bao gm: khng vt liu aerogel, thnhi c ki ng hc gi bc 1, bc mơ hình Elovich c áp d mơ t ng hc ca q trình hp ph dc Kt qu cho thy rng mu cellulose aerogel to thành có kh  dng rõ ràng mà khơng b v cu trúc mng cu trúc ba chi  n hình c rt nh, khng t 15.4252.63 mg/cm3  rng xp cao (95.8298.97%) ng hp ph du nguyên cht 27.81 g/g vi du nht thi 26.85 g/g vi du diesel t 110o th hin tính k c ca cellulose aerogel sau trình ph MTMS Các mu cellulose aerogel d dàng ni b mc hp ph du vng hp ph du nht tht 27.49 g/g, giá tr vi du diesel 25.29 g/g V ng ca khng vt liu, dung ng hp ph vi c loi dng gim khng vt liu  0.05 g lên 0.45 g Mơ hình gi ng hc bc mơ hình Elovich mơ t ng hc ca q trình hp ph du nht thi du diesel tt vi h s i nhi, ng ging hp ph c quan sát thy nhi  khong 1060 o C, kt qu c ng ca nhi  nht ca du Quá trình hp ph du nht thi du diesel ca cellulose aerogel không b nh ng bi giá tr pH ca hn hp du  c thơng qua thí nghim vi giá tr pH thay i t 3, 5,  bn kh  dng cc khnh vi 10 ln hp ph  nh hp ph liên tc MỤC LỤC DANH MỤC HÌNH .1 DANH MỤC BẢNG BIỂU DANH MỤC TỪ VIẾT TẮT ĐẶT VẤN ĐỀ .4 CHƯƠNG TỔNG QUAN 1.1 Tổng quan aerogel 1.1.1 Khái niệm đặc tính 1.1.2 Phân loại .8 1.2 Aerogel sinh học .9 1.3 Cellulose aerogel từ sinh khối thực vật 12 1.3.1 Cellulose nguồn cellulose từ sinh khối thực vật 12 1.3.2 Quy trình chế tạo cellulose aerogel 14 1.3.3 Ứng dụng cellulose aerogel 18 1.4 Cellulose aerogel ứng dụng xử lý nước nhiễm dầu 21 1.4.1 Nước thải nhiễm dầu 21 1.4.2 Nước nhiễm dầu cố tràn dầu 24 1.4.3 Quá trình hấp phụ .26 1.4.4 Các công bố ứng dụng vật liệu cellulose aerogel xử lý nước nhiễm dầu 30 CHƯƠNG VẬT LIỆU VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU 34 2.1 Vật liệu .34 2.1.1 Các loại sinh khối sử dụng để chiết tách cellulose .34 2.1.2 Đối tượng ứng dụng xử lý 34 2.2 Quy trình chế tạo cellulose aerogel từ sinh khối thô 34 2.2.1 Chiết tách sinh khối thu cellulose 34 2.2.2 Gel hóa hỗn hợp cellulose – PVA 35 2.2.3 Đông khô tạo aerogel 35 2.2.4 Tạo lớp phủ kị nước cho aerogel 36 2.3 Xác định đặc tính vật liệu 36 2.3.1 Đặc điểm hình thái cấu trúc 36 2.3.2 Khối lượng riêng độ xốp 37 2.3.3 Diện tích bề mặt riêng 37 2.3.4 Tính thấm nước .38 2.4 Thí nghiệm hấp phụ nước dầu 38 2.5 Thí nghiệm hấp phụ dầu hỗn hợp dầu – nước 39 2.5.1 Ảnh hưởng khối lượng cellulose aerogel đến hiệu loại bỏ dầu 39 2.5.2 Ảnh hưởng thời gian tiếp xúc động học hấp phụ 39 2.5.3 Ảnh hưởng nhiệt độ 40 2.5.4 Ảnh hưởng pH 40 2.6 Thí nghiệm đánh giá khả tái sử dụng 41 CHƯƠNG KẾT QUẢ VÀ THẢO LUẬN 42 3.1 Xác định đặc tính vật liệu 42 3.1.1 Đặc điểm hình thái bề mặt 42 3.1.2 Cấu trúc tinh thể nhóm chức 43 3.1.3 Khối lượng riêng độ xốp 45 3.1.4 Diện tích bề mặt riêng kích thước mao quản 46 3.1.5 Tính kị nước 47 3.2 Dung lượng hấp phụ với nước dầu nguyên chất .49 3.3 Dung lượng hấp phụ dầu hỗn hợp dầu – nước 53 3.3.1 Ảnh hưởng khối lượng cellulose aerogel .53 3.3.2 Ảnh hưởng thời gian tiếp xúc động học hấp phụ 54 3.3.3 Ảnh hưởng nhiệt độ 56 3.3.4 Ảnh hưởng pH 57 3.3 Khả tái sử dụng aerogel 58 3.4 So sánh với loại vật liệu hấp phụ tổng hợp khác .59 KẾT LUẬN 61 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 62 PHỤ LỤC 70 DANH MỤC HÌNH Hnh Lch s hình thành phát trin ca vt liu aerogel [6] Hc tính ca aerogel [7] Hnh Phân loi aerogel [3] Hnh Quy trình ch to aerogel sinh hc [7] .10 Hnh Cellulose t sinh khi thc vt [10] 13 Hnh Mi quan h gic mao qun nhi  [10] .16 Hn chuyn khi trình hp ph [45] 28 Hnh Cellulose aerogel tng th phân loi aerogel [10] 31 Hnh Quá trình tách tái sinh du/dung môi hi b du/dung môi hu ng  u (b) Lc hn hp du  c bng c (c) Tái to aerogel bt ép [10] 32 Hnh 10 (A) Quy trình chung ch to aerogel da cellulose, (B) Loi b du mc bng aerogel thu hi du bi, tr lu ca cellulose aerogel sau nén [54] 32 Hnh 11 Ph thi nông nghin cung c, b) Bã mía c) Lá da 34 Hnh 12 (a) Quá trình tin x lý bng sóng siêu âm (b) Hn hp sau q trình kim hóa 35 Hnh 13 Quy trình ch to cellulose aerogel t sinh khi 35 Hnh 14 (a) Khuôn cha gel (b) Các mkhô 36 Hnh 15 nh SEM ca mu aerogel cha 0.5 wt% cellulose: a) A- MTMS, b) A- MTMS, c) A- MTMS, d) A- MTMS, e) nh SEM ca bt da thô f) Các mu aerogel thành phm .42 Hnh 16 Ph FTIR ca loi sinh khi thô, m ph MTMS, A-RR ph MTMS du nht thi 44 Hnh 17 Ph nhiu x tia X (XRD) ca mu sinh kh  MTMS A-RR ph MTMS 45 Hnh 18 (a) Kh xp ca mu cellulose aerogel sau ph MTMS vi s i ca n cellulose (bi dng ct bi dng ng lt ng vi giá tr Kh rng xp) (b) Mu cellulose aerogel nm nhy ca hoa Ly 46 Hng nhit hp ph  nh hp ph N2 vi mu A MTMS b) ph MTMS 47 Hnh 20 a) Ging b mt cellulose aerogel ph MTMS du nht du diesel d dng b hp ph, b) c) Cellulose aerogel ph MTMS d dàng ni lên b mc sau b nhúng chìm .48 Hnh 21 Giá tr WCA a) ti b mt ngoài, b) ti mt ct bên cellulose aerogel ph MTMS 48 Hnh 22 Quá trình hp ph du nguyên cht theo thu tiên 49 H   ng hp ph d   ng cellulose ca mu cellulose aerogel ph MTMS 50 Hng hp ph ca cellulose aerogel 0.5 wt% ph MTMS vi du nht du diesel nguyên cht theo thi gian .51 Hng hc hp ph ca mu A-RR 0.5 wt% ph MTMS vi du nht du diesel nguyên cht 51 H   ng hp ph du vi m   c sau ph MTMS 52 Hnh 27 Quá trình cellulose aerogel ph MTMS hp ph du nht thi hn hp du  c .53 Hnh 28 ng ca khng hp ph du nht thi du diesel 54 Hng hc hp ph ca mu A-RR 0.5% ph MTMS vi du nht thi du diesel hn hp du  c 54 Hnh 30 ng ca nhi n hiu sut hp ph du nht thi du diesel ca cellulose aerogel 57 Hnh 31 ng cng hp ph du nht thi du diesel .58 Hng hp ph hiu sut tách du sau 10 chu k hp ph - nh hp ph bc 59 Hnh 33 Cellulose aerogel ph MTMS ti thi c sau 10 ln tái s dng liên tip 59 DANH MỤC BẢNG BIỂU Bng Thành ph, bã mía da 14 Bt tách cellulose ch tng 17 Bng Các công ngh x lý dc [1] 23 B lý s c du tràn [43] 25 Bng So sánh hp ph vt lý hp ph hóa hc [44] .27 Bng hp ph du ca cellulose aerogel công b  31 Bng Din tích b mc l trung bình ca mu cellulose aerogel c sau ph MTMS 47 Bng Giá tr WCA b mt cellulose aerogel ph MTMS theo thi gian 48 Bng Các thông s ng hc ca mu A-RR 0.5wt% sau ph MTMS vi du nht du diesel nguyên cht 52 Bng 10 Các thông s mô ng hc ca mu A-RR 0.5wt% ph MTMS vi du nht thi du diesel hn hp du  c .56 Bng hp ph du nht so sánh vi loi vt liu tng hp khác 59 Bng hp ph du diesel so sánh vi loi vt liu tng hp khác 60 DANH MỤC TỪ VIẾT TẮT MTMS methyltrimethoxysilane SEM  dng kính hin t quét FTIR  hng ngoi bii Fourier XRD Phân tích 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Kh xp ca mu cellulose aerogel ph MTMS vi s i ca n cellulose Mẫu wt% A-RR SD A-BM SD A-LD SD 0.53 1.34 1.12 15.42 27.75 42.21 1.78 0.78 0.87 0.73 0.59 0.64 98.97 98.15 96.67 0.78 0.67 0.57 Khối lượng riêng (mg/cm3 ) 0.5 16.07 24.1 40.63 0.5 98.93 98.39 97.29 1.35 17.78 0.72 32 1.46 52.63 Độ rỗng xốp (%) 0.57 98.81 0.48 97.87 0.54 95.82 Ghi chú: SD (Standard Deviation)   lch chun Bảng ng hp ph du nguyên cht ng cellulose ca aerogel ph MTMS Mẫu wt% A-RR 0.5 27.81 23.63 22.7 0.5 26.85 20.97 18.83 SD A-BM Dầu nhớt thải (g/g) 0.38 26.16 0.63 23.92 0.42 20.88 Dầu diesel (g/g) 0.35 26.5 0.57 18.67 0.45 19.41 SD A-LD SD 0.37 0.45 0.69 27.08 21.75 22.84 0.38 0.68 0.34 0.39 0.46 0.48 25.85 19.74 18.43 0.49 0.62 0.56 Bảng ng hp ph du nguyên cht vi mu cellulose aerogel 0.5% c sau ph MTMS Mẫu A-RR   24.34 27.81   23.42 26.85 SD A-BM Dầu nhớt thải (g/g) 0.46 23.99 0.38 26.16 Dầu diesel (g/g) 0.75 21.77 0.35 26.5 70 SD A-LD SD 0.65 0.37 23.34 27.08 0.67 0.38 0.87 0.39 22.69 25.85 0.35 0.49 Bảng ng ca khng hp ph du hn hp du  c Khối lượng cellulose aerogel (g) Dung lượng hấp phụ (g/g) Dầu nhớt thải 27.94 26.87 22.69 19.71 19.04 18.45 18.77 18.21 Dầu Diesel 25.58 23.25 22.28 19.35 19.81 18.30 18.09 18.12 0.0501 0.0848 0.1233 0.1736 0.2568 0.3484 0.3864 0.4289 0.0557 0.0908 0.1183 0.1702 0.2636 0.3532 0.3907 0.4212 Hiệu suất (%) 17.50 28.48 34.96 42.77 61.11 80.33 90.65 97.61 17.81 26.39 32.95 41.17 65.28 80.80 88.33 95.42 Bảng ng hp ph du c ca cellulose aerogel ph MTMS theo thi gian Dầu nhớt thải Dầu Diesel Thời gian (phút) Dung lượng hấp phụ (g/g) Thời gian (phút) Dung lượng hấp phụ (g/g) 0.16667 0.5 10 20 30 35 0.00 5.33 12.71 18.25 22.77 26.26 27.81 27.55 27.49 27.56 0.08333 0.16667 0.33333 10 20 30 0.00 23.71 24.30 24.58 24.83 25.02 25.09 25.24 25.25 25.29 71 Bảng ng ca nhi n hiu sut hp ph du hn hp du  c ca cellulose aerogel ph MTMS Dầu nhớt thải Nhiệt độ (o C) Dầu Diesel Dung lượng hấp phụ (g/g) SD Dung lượng hấp phụ (g/g) SD 26.13 27.56 27.12 25.34 24.39 0.79 1.15 0.64 0.31 0.22 26.79 25.65 25.09 24.38 22.88 1.12 0.83 0.67 0.56 0.65 10 20 25 40 60 Bảng ng cng hp ph du hn hp du  c ca cellulose aerogel sau ph MTMS pH 27.38 26.21 27.12 26.48 27.45 26.84 27.65 26.46 Loại dầu  Diesel Bảng ng hp ph hiu sut tách du sau 10 chu k hp ph  nh hp ph bc Số lần tái sử dụng Dung lượng hấp phụ (g/g) 10 27.38 11.78 7.27 6.51 6.56 5.96 6.30 6.26 6.28 6.22 6.20 25.42 15.43 7.83 SD Dầu nhớt thải 0.36 0.19 0.04 1.06 0.62 0.84 1.04 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.00 Dầu Diesel 0.33 0.22 0.37 72 Hiệu suất tách dầu (%) SD 65.01 45.92 35.66 33.75 35.27 32.90 34.90 35.01 35.07 34.72 34.63 5.36 5.36 4.75 0.10 2.15 0.30 0.67 0.77 0.77 0.89 0.89 72.23 59.18 44.65 2.13 1.38 0.92 10 7.36 7.34 7.07 6.65 6.56 6.53 6.49 6.43 0.68 0.47 0.63 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.42 0.36 73 42.95 43.59 43.06 41.35 41.49 41.50 41.51 41.38 2.21 1.60 1.92 1.03 1.37 1.58 1.47 1.21 TÓM TẮT LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ  tài: Nghiên cu tái s dng ph thi nông nghip làm vt liu hi c thi Tác gi lu Khóa: 2020B ng d Thái Yên T khóa (Keyword): , bã mía, da, vt liu cellulose aerogel, hp ph du Ni dung tóm tt: a) Lý ch tài Vt liu cellulose aerogel t thc vt cho thy nhiu ti  hy sinh hc, hp ph du kh o ca cellulose Hp ph c coi mt công ngh hiu qu  x c thi nhim du kh i b du cao, d vn hành tiêu th ng Các vt liu hp ph truyn thng bao gm polypropylene (PP), zeolit than hot tính, nhiên nhng vt liu có nh kh  dng kém, kh p ph d chn lc thiu kh  phân hy sinh hc Vic nông nghip vi din tích canh tác dành lúa c, mía da chim mt t trng lu nn nông nghi mng ln ph thi nông nghi  i v mùa thu hoch ng sinh khi mang tin, yêu cu bc thit s dng có hiu qu ng ph thy, có th thu hng sinh khi làm ngun nguyên li sn xut cellulose aerogel ng dng x c nhim du b) Mu ca lung, phm vi nghiên cu Mục đích nghiên cứu Ch to thành công vt liu aerogel nn cellulose t loi ph thi nơng nghip g, da bã mía có kh p ph du hiu qu Đối tượng phạm vi nghiên cứu - Ph thi nông nghi, bã mía da Vt liu hi c thc nhim du (du nht thi du diesel) Nội dung nghiên cứu - Ch to cellulose aerogel vi n i t 0.5 wt%, wt% wt% vc chit tách t loi ph thi nơng nghi, bã mía da; c tính ca mu cellulose aerogel ch tc, bao gm: cu trúc hình thái, cu trúc tinh th nhóm ch xp, tính k c; -    ng hp ph hai loi du (du nht thi du diesel) ca cellulose aerogel; - ng dng cellulose aerogel trình hp ph du hn hp du  c: Nghiên cu ng ca yu t: khng cellulose aerogel, thi gian phn ng, nhi ng hp ph du nht thi du diesel; Nghiên cu kh  dng hiu qu tách du ca cellulose aerogel sau q trình hp ph c) Tóm tng ni dung i ca tác gi - Vt liu cc tng hp t loi ph thi nông nghi, bã mía d x c thi nhim du có nhic tính ni tri v kh p ph Hiu qu ca trình cht tách cellulose t sinh khi c nâng cao nh áp dng quy trình tin x lý bng sóng siêu âm Sau q trình chit tách này, hemicellulose c loi b hoàn toàn Các mu cellulose aerogel to thành có kh ng rõ ràng mà không b v cu trúc mng cu trúc ba chin hình, bênh cng riêng th rng xp cao Vt liu aerogel có tính k c nh q trình sylan hóa b mt s dng methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS)  dàng ni mt c hp ph du Sau kim tra ng ca yu t: khng vt liu, thi gian hp ph, nhi c kim tra kh  dng bng ép c d) u Thay áp dng quy trình chit Soxhlet s dc hi (toluen), cellulose c chit tách t loi vt liu thơ bm hóa s dng NaOH vi s h tr cc s dng làm tin ch ch t- to tính k c cho ng dng hp ph du hn hp du  c, mu cellulose aerogel to thành c ph v c s d c tính ca cellulose aerogel sau ph MTMS Mc king hp ph vi du nht thi du Diesel nguyên chc ng dng vi h du  c Các yu t n trình hp ph du hn hp du  c bao gm: khng cellulose aerogel, th c ki ng hc gi bc 1, bc áp d mơ t ng hc ca q trình hp ph du c e) Kt lun c ch to thành công t loi ph thi nông nghip gm , bã mía da c loi b hồn tồn sau trình chit tách thu cellulose nh trình kim hóa tin x lý bng sóng siêu âm c rt nh (15.4252.63 mg/cm3) có  rng xp cao (95.82 98.97%) ng hp ph du nguyên cht 27.81 g/g vi du nht thi 26.85 g/g vi du diesel Sau q trình ph MTMS, vt liu có tính k c d dàng ni b mng thi hp ph du nht thi du diesel vng hp ph du nht tht 27.49 g/g, giá tr vi du diesel 25.29 g/g V ng ca khi ng vt ling hp ph vi c loi dng gim khi ng vt li 0.05 g lên 0.45 g Mô hình gi ng hc bc mơ hình Elovich mơ t ng hc ca q trình hp ph du nht thi du diesel tt vi h s  quan cao Vi nhing ging hp ph c quan sát thy nhi ng 1060 oC, kt qu c ng ca nhi lên  nht ca du Quá trình hp ph du nht thi du diesel ca cellulose aerogel không b ng bi giá tr pH ca hn hp du  c thơng qua thí nghim vi giá tr i t 3, 5, Cellulose aerogel có th c s dng li nhiu vịng (~10 ln) thu hi du nh n Kt qu c cho thy rng cellulose aerogel t loi ph thi nơng nghip có nhc tính hp ph du hiu qu, cho thy ting dng vic tách du khi nhiu nguc ô nhim, k c s c tràn du hoc x c nhim du