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Part 2: Critical Thinking Skills LINGUISTICS: Opinions Facts and languages would at least be able to sound like a person, but no: °Siri and her/his thousands of cousins, from telephone-answering programs to translators on the Internet, are stitched-together beings *Their parts come from massive and intricately coded databases of real human speech ®°Every syllable—and many whole words—originally existed in real breath as a real utterance by a real person "When the computer voice needs to construct an utterance, it searches its database at near light speed, grabs the recorded bits it needs, and arranges them in the proper order *°This process is called concatenative speech synthesis, the piecing together of statements from preexisting parts ‘However, the whole of real speech is more than the sum of its parts, and what computers cannot is overlay a string of consonant or vowel sounds with the hardto-define qualities that lend emotion and personal reality to speech *“Will someone eventually get a computer generated voice to sound real? }*Such a voice would need not only natural stress, pitch, and tone, but humanlike voice quality (imbre), sounding breathy or husky or tired or eager at just the right times 1,0 F F A4 Fr oO Oo F F F 10 F 11 12 13 M DUNG12a8FPT database at nearlight speed, grabs the recorded bits it needs, and arranges them in the proper order ‘°This process is called concatenative speech synthesis, the piecing together of statements from preexisting parts ‘"However, the whole of real speech is more than the sum of its parts, and what computers cannot is overlay a string of consonant or vowel sounds with the hardto-define qualities that lend emotion and personal reality to speech “Will someone eventually get a computer-generated voice to sound real? ‘*Such a voice would need not only natural stress, pitch, and tone, but humanlike voice quality (timbre), sounding breathy or husky or tired or eager at just the right times the = created or Show submitted DUNG12a8FPT answers at which ve mơ a ee before another event : oe © `" ow wee status of the phoneme In its milder forms, generative phonology is accepted by most linguists *“ According to the theory, there is a set of base phonemes that the brain draws on in order to generate speech *°On its way to becoming spoken, a base phoneme may be altered by some mental rules for creating typical “well-formed” spoken words *°For example, if the vowel phoneme /e/, as in pet, is to be pronounced before a nasal consonant like the /n/ in pen, the vowel gets nasalized to become [e"] *’ The nasalized vowel is the output—the spoken product of the input as influenced by the language’ phonological rules ““English does not have a separate phoneme for “nasalized e”, but we actually expect that pronunciation in certain contexts “This is not controversial °°Where some hard-core generative linguists go wrong is in forgetting that this is all just a theory, just a guess that base phonemes exist in a speaker's head and that there is a set of rules in the brain ?'No one really knows what happens in a speaker's brain, at least not with today’ research tools **Some generativists treat our guesses about currently unknowable processes as if they were proven reality, an attitude that is more appropriate to religion than to science Sentences1,2,3,4 Sentence5,6,7,8 Sentences 11,17, 19, 21 Sentence 25 , 29, 30, 32 DUNG12a8FPT tiC x1 PQC 43 HILLUC 11C CỊ vy uit 1ALimud< Piiviviveiwa tuIAcC>, Lipo MVEO LIVE Liave a >iễẳ aC phoneme for “nasalized e”, but we actually expect that pronunciation in certain contexts '”This is not controversial "Where some hard-core generative linguists go wrong is in forgetting that this is all just a theory, just a guess that base phonemes exist in a speaker's head and that there is a set of rules in the brain ?/No one really knows what happens in a speaker's brain, at least not with today’ research tools **Some generativists treat our guesses about currently unknowable processes as if they were proven reality, an attitude that is more appropriate to religion than to science = \\ [ease out Standard (7 (a normal oF the way an Common idea or sound is expressed on a given occasion COIOF changec ob strung togeth to separate one thing from a complicated mix of many things influence or change the appearance of something, usually in a subtle way people Show submitted DUNG12a8FPT answers Asmall amount of ina person's voice may indicate that he or she is emotionally upset shakiness pitch intensity music Why does the quality of your friend's voice convey distress "all by itself"? (Choose two answers.) He is not able to speak any words You are speaking by phone and cannot see each other You know each other so well that he doesn't have to say anything to be understood You are not talking about any emotionally charged topic What feature of your response indicates that it is a question? rising intonation at the end almost steady intonation at the beginning normal grammar the word "okay" According to the reading, all suprasegmentals are consonants and vowels are considered "prosody" are musical notes occur "over" for a question a sequence of words What is true about prosody, according to the reading? It conveys most of the meaning It is governed It is always of a sentence by rules an accurate indicator of emotion It operates outside the system of language Which of the following might create suprasegmental features that are hard to predict? (Choose two answers.) illness a noisy environment DUNG12a8FPT Supporting Skill 2: Identifying and Understanding Statements of Opinion More Practice B Most of the reading is meant to present fact However, some passages are meant to express opinion Read the passage again Click on four sentences or parts of sentences that are presented as statements of opinion Not all paragraphs use statements of opinion Imagine that you are on the phone to a friend and you detect a slight shakiness in his voice You are discussing a nonemotional topic, like your plans for the day The topic seems unlikely to upset anyone, yet his unsteady voice indicates that he is troubled You ask, "Everything okay?" There is quite a lot in this simple exchange First, your friend's vocal shakiness conveyed, all by itself , some kind of emotional distress His words didn't communicate this Nor over the phone could you see his eyes, his posture, or any facial expressions Indeed, you have no indication other than the little vocal quiver that he might be upset Secondly, your reaction question, "Everything okay?" was almost certainly delivered with a rising tone at the end (see Figure 1) That was necessary to make it sound like a question because (as is often the case in conversation) you did not use full question grammar, with a form of be before the subject If you had said it with falling intonation at the end, your friend may have found it very strange, as if you were making an inappropriate statement (minus a verb) that everything was all right (see Figure 2) DUNG12a8FPT Many important features of what you both said were neither consonants nor vowels (which we call segmentals) Features that are not consonants or vowels form an extra layer of input that only spoken language has This layer includes stress (strong or weak), pitch (high or low "notes"), tone (patterns of rising or falling pitch), and other sound characteristics (called acoustic features) Many of these features are called suprasegmentals ("things over the top of segmentals") They occur over a stretch of many consonants and vowels strung together into phrases or longer statements Figures and show how one suprasegmental feature, tone, stretches over an entire statement Some suprasegmentals are governed by the rules of a language They form the system, called prosody, of a language's normal patterns of stress, tone, pitch, pauses, and other features It is not inaccurate to say that prosody is the characteristic "music" of a language Other suprasegmentals, including your friend's vocal shakiness, occur less predictably and operate outside the system of prosody They occur in response to the peculiar circumstances of a spoken event Besides whatever troubles might have caused your friend's emotional upset (the death of a relative? the loss of a job?), countless factors could come into play Maybe a speaker has a cold, which has swollen her vocal cords so her voice has a lower-than-normal overall pitch Maybe a room is noisy, so the intensity of a speaker's speech goes up, creating unusual stress patterns and perhaps a scratchy quality to the voice The possible relevant variations are too numerous to list Show submitted DUNG12a8FPT answers k& More Practice A 0/6 The following passages are based on the readings in this unit Click on at least one hedging structure in each one Click on the light bulb icon to study the Language Skill Presentation Spoken language often Some experiments have investigated whether listeners can identify vocal signs of emotion in a foreign language they 0% communicates emotion beyond the meaning of a speaker's words not know Interestingly, there might be some evidence that listeners can If you had said the it with falling intonation at the end, your friend probably would have found it very strange Will someone eventually get a computer-generated voice to sound real? Maybe , if such syntax-based features could be built into it Itis not inaccurate Itmay seem to say that prosody is the characteristic "music" of a language that American English is difficult, but its system of phonemic sounds is actually quite tidy Reread the following paragraph from "The Relationship of Sound and Meaning." Click on the hedging words and phrases in the passage Click on the light bulb icon to study the Language Skill Presentation Much more evidence, however, would have to be gathered The kiki / bouba study, and others like it, are limited before such a sweeping conclusion could be made by a number of factors The sound-symbolism hypothesis is not the only possible explanation for the results Perhaps the study participants, though from different cultures, had mostly grown up watching cartoons or hearing stories where rounder characters had names like bouba and spikier characters had names like kiki In English, certainly, the name boubais a lot like the word b/ob, and the word spiky is a lot like kiki In other words, learned associations, not natural or innate ones, could have influenced the results DUNG12a8FPT 0/6 0% A language with a lot of phonemes is difficult to learn (can) A language with a lot of phonemes can be difficult to learn Communicating over the telephone is less satisfying than face-to-face conversations (usually) Communicating over the telephone is usually less satisfying than face-to-face conversations Inthe future, most mechanical speech tasks—such as taking food orders—will be performed by computers (most likely) In the future, most mechanical speech tasks—such as taking food orders—will most likely be performed by computers Every person benefits from learning a foreign language (in general / most / can) In general, most people can benefit from learning a foreign language Learned associations, not natural or innate ones, influenced the results of the kiki / bouba experiment (appear / could) It appears that learned associations, not natural or innate ones, could have influenced the results of the kiki / bouba experiment Relationships among different academic fields are intrusive, yet a broad relevance is what makes linguistics exciting (may / part of) Relationships among different academic fields may be intrusive, yet a broad relevance is part of what makes linguistics exciting DUNG12a8FPT apparently asageneralrule could frequently isitpossible itappears may might perhaps would Some people say that emoji symbols will someday take the place of most written statements I suppose this could happen but it's not likely Asageneralrule the tongue is involved in making a consonant sound, but this is not always true Many bird species communicate using complex systems of songs, chirps, and other vocalizations Is it possible that the animals are somehow "talking" to each other? Features of speech like tone, volume, and timbre frequently communicate emotion better than the speaker's words Apparently there are quite a few languages in which "hard" sounds like /k/ and /t/ are associated with spiky or sharp objects Iwould expect that someday soon computer-generated voices will sound real It appears that all human languages have subjects and verbs, though these might not function the same way in every language Iknow you think the project will be boring, but you could DUNG12a8FPT be surprised at how much you learn Across the outside surface of something, especially a building typically associated with something to have developed from something or be the result of something Down considered to be inappropriate thought of in a certain way extremely large Ẽ Bbc DUNG12a8FPT BRE R E G HAR R D E D A S x TER ACT Me TOR w NG ERI sS|T IC DOG U_ 6A POON oo tre Din N I c HH TH TH xưa TC k.x .ả Sa ca nà .— h Ắ.^ Ố.- around the top of a castle from which arrows could be shot to defend against invaders B Asthe name implies, the Romanesque style imitates ancient Roman architecture, especially the rounded Roman arch Many Romanesque designs have rounded arches, thick walls, and a low, stocky profile E Compared to early medieval architectural styles, however, Romanesque structures are usually quite large Eventually, the Romanesque style evolved into the Gothic, which featured steeper, pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, spectacular stained-glass windows, and the famed flying buttresses, external arches that help support a building C Crafting a binding agent for the pigment presented another challenge because certain binding agents held firmly to some surfaces but not to others For example, for paintings in books, artists used egg whites, which they whipped exhaustively by hand before mixing in the pigments Egg yolks, on the other hand, adhered well to walls Paints made using this ingredient are known as "egg tempera." G Angkor Wat is the largest Hindu temple in the world It covers almost 200 hectares and is constructed entirely of sandstone Four towers crown the top level of the temple, with a fifth tower—the largest—in the center The tops of the towers are sculpted in the shape of curved stone lotus flowers that pierce the sky An almost endless number of decorative relief sculptures cover the temple's walls, towers, and roofs Female religious figures carved into the stone feature detailed hairstyles, beaded headdresses, ornate necklaces, and other fine details Other sculptures depict dancing spirits from Indian mythology, holy armies riding to battle, and roaring lions that stand guard over the temple D The 17*-century author Moliére famously called Gothic cathedrals "those odious monsters of the ignorant ages." F DUNG12a8FPT Examples of Figurative Language Type(s) of Figurative Language Excerpt / / fall of the Roman empire; cultural rebirth metaphor Excerpt stunning, vibrant hues Excerpt have some hand in Excerpt seem like bland afterthoughts Excerpt asserted itself Excerpt : : : : devastating plague; nightmarish misery ; Imagery o idiom simile personification hyperbole Excerpt represent the twelve disciples, or followers, of Christ symbolism the unicorn itself, is a symbol of Christ Gothic architecture grew: personification fall out of popularity: idiom sharp spires, gigantic height, pointed arches, and monstrous gargoyles: imagery blackened exterior that gives it a characteristically gloomy appearance: imagery Gothic architecture was originally built to invite: personification the term gothic is rooted: metaphor odious monsters: metaphor ignorant ages: personification DUNG12a8FPT Read the sentences with underlined figurative language Then drag the correct type of figurative language to the blanks Click on the light bulb icon to study the Language Skill Presentation I'd love to start doing a podcast, but there are so many on the market now, they're basically a dime a dozen The train station was a Zoo; we had to push and shove our way to the platform and almost missed our train He's never going to make any friends because his personality is as cold as ice and he never smiles I try to avoid gossiping at work because I've learned that the walls have ears and nothing can stay a secret for long After starting his new medication, Sam started feeling a million times better within the week Medieval Christian artists often used the color blue to depict the Virgin Mary idiom metaphor simile imagery personification hyperbole symbolism DUNG12a8FPT 0% From the first sentence, what can you infer about the author's attitude toward non-Western artwork? Non-Western artwork should continue to be disregarded Western artwork should continue to be prioritized over non-Western artwork Non-Western artwork deserves more recognition ¥ Non-Western artwork is more important than Western artwork Whois the most likely intended audience for this text, based on its content and tone? scholars of medieval art university instructors travelers or tourists modern artists According to the text, which of the following is NOT true of Machu Picchu? Its purpose is not completely certain It was built long before European colonization in the area The architecture is still impressive by todays' standards The tools found in the ruins indicate that the inhabitants were skilled at farming What is the most likely reason the author used interestinglyin Paragraph 6? to draw attention to the fact that these sites were not taken care off even though they are famous to demonstrate how interesting these UNESCO World Heritage sites are to emphasize that the sites have all been repaired after their initial damage to clarify that there are many other "architectural treasures" around the world Reread the last two sentences of Paragraph What is the author's attitude toward the way art education is typically taught? critical because the author dislikes Western artwork critical because the author thinks non-Western art does not get enough recognition ¥ supportive because the author appreciates Western artwork supportive because students already get a well-rounded education DUNG12a8FPT MATERIALS ENGINEERING: Visuals DUNG12a8FPT synthetic biologic hybrid none of the above According to the passage, which of the following types of mesh needs to be studied further? synthetic biologic hybrid none of the above Which of the following types of mesh is the most durable? synthetic biologic hybrid none of the above Which of the following types of mesh is / are flexible? synthetic biologic hybrid b and c Which of the following / does NOT contain polymers? synthetic biologic hybrid bandc Which of the following types of mesh result / results in a low rate of recurrence of hernias? synthetic biologic hybrid bandc DUNG12a8FPT to make hel mẽ to make a connection in ° mm your mind between two different things the number of times something happens, especially something bad Language Skill: Understanding the Use of Passive Voice in Research Writing More Practice A 0/7 The following sentences are from readings in this unit Click on the passive structures in the sentences Some sentences include more than one passive structure Click on the light bulb icon to study the Language Skill Presentation While this technology is extremely promising, much more research and development needs to be conducted future before it becomes marketable for patients Hernias have a high recurrence rate, and it has been shown Asdemonstrated 0% in the that the mesh helps to lower this rate in Figure 1, other reasons why the regenerative medicine market is growing today include current advancements in tissue regeneration, nanotechnology, and stem-cell technology While these hybrid mesh products combine the advantages of both synthetic and biologic materials, more research and review is needed to determine whether they are superior to mesh materials already in use Many of the recent developments in the field are still in the research and development stage, and for this reason, regenerative medicine is often considered to be on the frontier of modern medicine For example, in the first-ever gene therapy that is close to being approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), leukemia is targeted with a patient's own cells, which are genetically altered to attack tumor cells Asseen in Figure 4, these materials usually resemble bone in terms of porosity and hardness, and they are usually customized growth DUNG12a8FPT for the body in some way, such as by "seeding" them with cells and other agents that help trigger bone While this technology is extremely promising, much more research and development needs to be conducted in the future before it becomes marketable for patients Hernias have a high recurrence rate, and it has been shown that the mesh helps to lower this rate As demonstrated in Figure 1, other reasons why the regenerative medicine market is growing today include current advancements in tissue regeneration, nanotechnology, and stem-cell technology While these hybrid mesh products combine the advantages of both synthetic and biologic materials, more research and review is needed to determine whether they are superior to mesh materials already in use Many of the recent developments in the field are still in the research and development stage, and for this reason, regenerative medicine is often considered to be on the frontier of modern medicine For example, in the first-ever gene therapy that is close to being approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), leukemia is targeted with a patient's own cells, which are genetically altered to attack tumor cells As seen in Figure 4, these materials usually resemble bone in terms of porosity and hardness, and they are usually customized for the body in some way, such as by "seeding" them with cells and other agents that help trigger bone growth To reference previous work or research To describe research processes B To talk about future direction DUNG12a8FPT To reference a visual , 47 percent of people in the world suffer from this disease at some point in their lives, and the majority of these people are men Patients were monitored Is considered to be As is depicted in Figure More research needs to be done As was found in previous studies Scientists have found More evidence is needed The device was inserted that this new procedure has dramatically decreased strain on patients' lungs when they are recovering from surgery Patients were monitored Is considered to be As is depicted in Figure More research needs to be done As was found in previous studies Scientists have found More evidence is needed The device was inserted toprove the Patients were Is considered As is depicted effectiveness of the new medical device monitored to be in Figure More research needs to be done As was found in previous studies Scientists have found More evidence is needed The device was inserted DUNG12a8FPT The results indicated that the synthetic mesh lowered recurrence rates, but had a higher rate of infection, _ patients were monitored is considered to be as is depicted in Figure more research needs to be done as was found in previous studies scientists have found more evidence is needed the device was inserted _ into the left lung and expanded over the course of five minutes Patients were monitored Is considered to be As is depicted in Figure More research needs to be done As was found in previous studies Scientists have found More evidence is needed The device was inserted Biotechnology controversial by some people because it involves implanting body parts from animals or other humans into patients patients were monitored is considered to be as is depicted in Figure more research needs to be done as was found in previous studies scientists have found more evidence is needed the device was inserted DUNG12a8FPT Before seeking FDA approval, to determine whether or not the drug is safe to use on human patients patients were monitored is considered to be as is depicted in Figure more research needs to be done as was found in previous studies scientists have found more evidence is needed the device was inserted After insertion, to track any change in breathing speed or strength patients were monitored is considered to be as is depicted in Figure more research needs to be done as was found in previous studies scientists have found more evidence is needed the device was inserted DUNG12a8FPT According to Figure 1, how much larger is a 10-meter-wide house than a single-walled carbon nanotube? 100,000 times 200,000 times 10 million times 10 billion times What is used to activate the nanomaterial depicted in Figure 2? light temperature magnetic fields water As shown in Figure 3, which of the following is NOT part of a liposome? PEG (polyethylene glycol) dendrimer lipid membrane internal aqueous space According to the text, which part of a liposome is made of polymeric materials? polyethylene glycol dendrimer lipid membrane internal aqueous space Which of the following is NOT true of dendrimers? They have a branchlike structure They can be drug carriers They have a lipid membrane They are an example of a nanomaterial According to the text, which of the following is a reason nanomedicines require additional research? Researchers are unsure how to inject them into the body They don't always work well when injected into human patients DUNG12a8FPT permeable cornea : Ú the place where the tops of your legs meet the front of your boa) 4 produced by combining different artificial substances, rather than being naturally produced À [ thread k (V, sea synthetic the \ À & transparent L i protective “ ering On outer surface of your eye to close an entrance or a container with something that stops air, water, etc., from coming Into Or Out OT It Da ething ough a hole or o Cavity allowing water, gas, etc., to pass through In Paragraph 2, identify and then click on the phrases used to refer to visuals 0/8 0% The extracellular matrix includes fiber-forming proteins like collagen (Fig 1) as well as nonfiber-forming proteins like proteoglycans (Fig 2) The structure of the extracellular matrix is shown in Figure The cell itself is represented by the beige area at the bottom of the figure The cytoplasm, or the substance inside the cell, is shown at the very bottom of the image , and the cell's plasma membrane, a semipermeable enclosure around the cytoplasm, borders the cell In the extracellular matrix, the integrins, depicted as light purple circles in the illustration , are proteins that attach the cell to the extracellular matrix Fibronectin, like the integrins, helps attach the cell to the extracellular matrix As seen in Figure , it is connected to the cell through the integrins and is represented by red, rod-like shapes Collagen fibers strengthen the extracellular matrix, and the proteoglycans— which resemble ferns in the figure—are large molecules that fill the extracellular matrix and help regulate cell location DUNG12a8FPT connects parts of the body or of a plant cell parts of plants that you eat but cannot digest, which help food to move quickly inrougn your body the way in which something is made up of themselves Show submitted DUNG12a8FPT answers