This document (EN 1241:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CENTC 165 “Wastewater engineering”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN andor CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Together with EN 1242:2015, EN 1243:2015, EN 1244:2015, EN 1245:2015 and EN 1246:2015, this document supersedes EN 124:1994. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association
Terms and definitions
3.1.1 manhole structure with a removable cover constructed on a drain or sewer to permit entry by personnel [SOURCE: EN 16323:2014, 2.2.4.15]
An inspection chamber structure with a removable cover is designed for drains or sewers, allowing for the introduction of cleaning and inspection equipment from the surface However, it does not provide access for personnel, ensuring efficient maintenance while maintaining safety.
3.1.3 gully assembly to receive water for discharge into a drainage system
3.1.4 gully top upper part of a gully consisting of a frame and grating with or without cover
3.1.5 manhole top upper part of a manhole or inspection chamber consisting of a frame and cover and/or grating
3.1.6 frame part of a gully top or manhole top which receives and supports a grating and/or a cover
3.1.7 frame depth distance between the top surface and the bottom surface of the frame
3.1.8 grating movable part(s) or opening within a manhole top or a gully top which permit(s) the passage of water through itself into the gully or manhole
3.1.9 cover movable part(s) of a manhole top or a gully top which covers the manhole or gully opening
3.1.10 element frame or cover or grating of a manhole top or gully top
Note 1 to entry: Hinges, locking accessories and other accessories are not elements
3.1.11 vent opening in the cover of a manhole top to provide ventilation
3.1.12 dirt bucket removable component of a gully top which collects debris
3.1.13 dirt pan removable component of manhole top which collects debris
3.1.14 seating surface on which the grating or the cover rests in the frame
A distance between the top of the frame and the bottom of the cover or grating adjacent to the seating
Insertion depth is measured in millimeters (mm), as illustrated in Figure 1 Example 1 demonstrates the depth for non-stepped covers and gratings Example 2 shows the depth for stepped covers and gratings when the width (b) is less than or equal to the depth (a) Example 3 illustrates the depth for stepped covers and gratings when the width (b) exceeds the depth (a).
Figure 1 — Examples for determination of depth of insertion
3.1.16 total clearance Σa sum of the maximum individual clearances between adjacent elements of the frame and grating/cover
Note 1 to entry: Examples are shown in Figure 2 a), Figure 2 b) and Figure 2 c)
Note 2 to entry: The total clearance is expressed in millimetres (mm)
3.1.10 element frame or cover or grating of a manhole top or gully top
Note 1 to entry: Hinges, locking accessories and other accessories are not elements
3.1.11 vent opening in the cover of a manhole top to provide ventilation
3.1.12 dirt bucket removable component of a gully top which collects debris
3.1.13 dirt pan removable component of manhole top which collects debris
3.1.14 seating surface on which the grating or the cover rests in the frame
A distance between the top of the frame and the bottom of the cover or grating adjacent to the seating
This article provides examples illustrating the depth of insertion for different types of covers and gratings, measured in millimeters (mm) Specifically, it includes: a) non-stepped covers/gratings, b) stepped covers/gratings where the width (b) is less than or equal to the length (a), and c) stepped covers/gratings where the width (b) exceeds the length (a).
Figure 1 — Examples for determination of depth of insertion
3.1.16 total clearance Σa sum of the maximum individual clearances between adjacent elements of the frame and grating/cover
Note 1 to entry: Examples are shown in Figure 2 a), Figure 2 b) and Figure 2 c)
Note 2 to entry: The total clearance is expressed in millimetres (mm) Σa = a l + a r Σa = a l + a c1 + a c2 + a r Σa = a l + a c + a r a) Example 1 b) Example 2 c) Example 3
Key a l clearance left a c clearance centre a r clearance right
Figure 2 — Examples for the determination of total clearance
A b surface of the underside of a frame which rests upon the supporting structure Note 1 to entry: The bearing area is expressed in square millimetres (mm 2 )
CO diameter of the largest circle that can be inscribed in the clear area (3.1.19) of the frame
Note 1 to entry: Examples are shown in Figures 3 a) to 3 f)
Note 2 to entry: The clear opening is expressed in millimetres (mm) a) Example 1 b) Example 2 c) Example 3 d) Example 4
Figure 3 — Examples of clear opening
CA unobstructed area between the seatings in the frame
Unobstructed areas, illustrated in the shaded regions of Figures 4 a) to 4 c), are crucial for calculations of mass per unit area Functional areas such as drainage zones, dirt pan storage, access points for manholes, and spaces for hinges or locking systems interrupt seating areas and are excluded from this calculation When multiple unobstructed options are available, the largest clear area should be utilized for accurate measurement.
Note 2 to entry: The clear area is expressed in square millimetres (mm 2 ) a) Example 1 b) Example 2 c) Example 3
Figure 4 — Examples of clear area
3.1.20 waterway area overall effective drainage inlet area on the top surface of gully tops and in kerb units
Note1 to entry: The waterway area is expressed in square millimetres (mm 2 )
The securing feature is an essential component integrated with the frame or covers/gratings, designed to safely retain them under traffic conditions This feature prevents unintended movement, such as ejection or unintentional lifting, ensuring stability and safety in the installation area.
EXAMPLE Screws, bolts, spring bars, etc
3.1.22 mass per unit area total mass of the cover or the grating in kilograms divided by the clear area in square metres
Note 1 to entry: The mass per unit area is expressed in kg/m 2
3.1.23 cushioning insert accessory provided within a frame, grating or cover to achieve stability and quietness in use
F T load applied to gully tops or manhole tops for testing the load bearing capacity
Note 1 to entry: The test load is expressed in kilonewtons (kN)
CA unobstructed area between the seatings in the frame
Unobstructed areas, depicted as shaded regions in Figures 4 a) to 4 c), are crucial for calculations regarding mass per unit area When seating areas within a frame are disrupted by functional zones—such as drainage areas, dirt pan holders, or access points for manholes and locking mechanisms—these zones are excluded from the mass calculation In cases with multiple clear area options, the largest available unobstructed area should be utilized.
Note 2 to entry: The clear area is expressed in square millimetres (mm 2 ) a) Example 1 b) Example 2 c) Example 3
Figure 4 — Examples of clear area
3.1.20 waterway area overall effective drainage inlet area on the top surface of gully tops and in kerb units
Note1 to entry: The waterway area is expressed in square millimetres (mm 2 )
The securing feature is a crucial component integrated with frames or covers/gratings, designed to safely hold them in place during traffic conditions at the installation site This feature effectively prevents unintended movements, such as ejection or lifting, ensuring the stability and safety of the covers/gratings.
EXAMPLE Screws, bolts, spring bars, etc
3.1.22 mass per unit area total mass of the cover or the grating in kilograms divided by the clear area in square metres
Note 1 to entry: The mass per unit area is expressed in kg/m 2
3.1.23 cushioning insert accessory provided within a frame, grating or cover to achieve stability and quietness in use
F T load applied to gully tops or manhole tops for testing the load bearing capacity
Note 1 to entry: The test load is expressed in kilonewtons (kN)
F P load applied to gully tops or manhole tops for testing the permanent set (F P = 2/3 F T)
F D load applied to gully tops or manhole tops for testing the deflection under load (F D = 1/3 F T)
3.1.27 pedestrian area area reserved for pedestrians and only occasionally open to vehicular traffic for delivery, cleaning purposes or in an emergency
3.1.28 pedestrian street area where vehicular traffic is prohibited during certain periods (e.g pedestrian areas during business hours and vehicular traffic outside these hours)
3.1.29 locking accessory added component to prevent unauthorised lifting, opening or removal of cover/grating
Symbols and abbreviated terms
P b Frame bearing pressure USRV unpolished skid resistance value
Basis of the classification
Based on the test loads according to Table 4, gully tops or manhole tops shall be classified into one of the following classes:
Classification in the context of intended use
This clause outlines the connection between classification and installation location, emphasizing that various classes of manhole tops or gully tops must consider specific installation site requirements.
The selection of the appropriate class for manhole tops or gully tops is crucial and depends on the installation location, categorized into six distinct groups Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the positioning of these groups within a highway environment, with the minimum recommended class for each group indicated in brackets Ultimately, it is the specifier's responsibility to choose the correct class and material; in cases of uncertainty, opting for a stronger class is advisable.
— Group 1 (at least class A 15): Areas which can only be used by pedestrians and pedal cyclists
— Group 2 (at least class B 125): Pedestrian areas and comparable areas, car parks or car parking decks
— Group 3 (at least class C 250): For gully tops, installed in the area of kerbside channels of roads
(Figure 5) which, when measured from the kerb edge, extends a maximum of 0,5 m into the carriageway and a maximum of 0,2 m into the pedestrian area
— Group 4 (at least class D 400): Carriageways of roads (including pedestrian streets), hard shoulders
(Figure 6) and parking areas, for all types of road vehicles
— Group 5 (at least class E 600): Areas imposing high wheel loads, e.g docks, aircraft pavements
— Group 6 (class F 900): Areas imposing particularly high wheel loads, e.g aircraft pavements
Compliance with the EN 124 series does not absolve users of their responsibility to ensure proper installation of the gully or manhole top, including verifying that the frame and grating/cover meet required performance standards.
For concave gratings the places of installation shall be limited to the following places of intended uses:
— Group 4, for parking areas only
Figure 5 — Typical highway cross-section showing the location of the groups
4 Group 4 a carriage way b hard shoulder
Figure 6 — Typical detail of a hard shoulder showing the location of the groups
— Group 4 (at least class D 400): Carriageways of roads (including pedestrian streets), hard shoulders
(Figure 6) and parking areas, for all types of road vehicles
— Group 5 (at least class E 600): Areas imposing high wheel loads, e.g docks, aircraft pavements
— Group 6 (class F 900): Areas imposing particularly high wheel loads, e.g aircraft pavements
Compliance with the relevant section of the EN 124 series does not absolve the user of the responsibility to ensure proper installation of the gully top or manhole top, as well as to verify that the components, including the frame and grating or cover, meet the required performance standards.
For concave gratings the places of installation shall be limited to the following places of intended uses:
— Group 4, for parking areas only
Figure 5 — Typical highway cross-section showing the location of the groups
4 Group 4 a carriage way b hard shoulder
Figure 6 — Typical detail of a hard shoulder showing the location of the groups
NOTE 2 Recommendations for installation are given in Annex F.
General
Materials used for manhole tops and gully tops shall meet the requirements specified in
— EN 124-2, for gully tops and manhole tops made of cast iron,
— EN 124-3, for gully tops and manhole tops made of steel or aluminium alloys,
— EN 124-4, for gully tops and manhole tops made of precast steel reinforced concrete,
— EN 124-5, for gully tops and manhole tops made of composite materials,
— EN 124-6, for gully tops and manhole tops made of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) or unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
All materials used shall be compatible, e.g detrimental electro chemical or galvanic corrosion shall be avoided
Manhole and gully tops, composed of various materials as outlined in EN 124-2, EN 124-3, EN 124-4, EN 124-5, and EN 124-6, must adhere to the standards set by EN 124-1 Additionally, these elements are required to meet the specific material-related criteria defined in the corresponding EN standards.
According to EN 124-6, the classification of a combined product must be limited to the lower class of any of its constituent elements, as specified in the relevant sections of EN 124-2, EN 124-3, EN 124-4, EN 124-5, or EN 124-6, and must be appropriately marked.
Manhole and gully tops must be designed to withstand both wet and dry conditions, as well as mildly aggressive chemical environments typical of domestic sewage and treated industrial effluent, along with most natural soils and groundwater In cases where more extreme conditions are anticipated, enhanced corrosion protection measures may be required.
Cover fillings
Cover fillings are only applicable to manhole tops in accordance with EN 124-2 or EN 124-3
In the case of covers placed on the market in filled condition, the filling materials shall comply with the requirements in accordance with EN 124-2 or EN 124-3
Covers sold unfilled must have filling materials that meet minimum performance standards comparable to concrete or adjacent pavement materials, in accordance with relevant European Standards.
Frames in combination with concrete
Where the frame is made of a combination of any material according to this standard and concrete, the concrete shall have a compressive strength of at least C35/45 in accordance with EN 206:2013.
Vents in covers
Covers can be designed with or without vents For covers with vents the minimum vent area shall conform to Table 1 and their dimensions shall conform to Table 2
≤ 600 mm 5 % of the area of a circle having a diameter equal to the clear opening
Class Dimensions of slots mm Diameters of holes mm
Clear opening of manhole tops for man entry
The clear opening of manhole tops shall be declared in the product documentation
In most Member States, a minimum clear opening of 600 mm is required for safe man entry, while certain other Member States mandate larger openings for compliance.
Depth of insertion
Gully tops and manhole tops of classes D 400, E 600 and F 900 with the exception of those secured according to 6.6 a), shall have a depth of insertion A of minimum 50 mm (see 3.1.15).
Clearance
The clearance between gully tops and manhole tops is specified in section 3.1.16, and improper clearance can cause horizontal displacement of the cover or grating within its frame To minimize this displacement, the total clearance, denoted as Σa, must adhere to specific requirements, particularly for one or two-part covers or gratings.
1) clear opening CO ≤ 400 mm: Σa ≤ 7 mm,
For clear openings greater than 400 mm, the total clearance (Σa) must be limited to 9 mm In cases where covers or gratings consist of three or more parts secured within a frame, each individual clearance (a l, a c, a r) should not exceed 5 mm Conversely, for covers or gratings with three or more parts that are not secured in the frame, the cumulative clearance (Σa) resulting from the movement of all parts must not surpass 15 mm.
Hinged covers or gratings with a radial profiled edge must be designed to restrict the entry of a gauge measuring 170 mm × 170 mm × 20 mm into the gap between the adjacent frame and the curved edge, ensuring that the gap does not exceed 13 mm.
≤ 600 mm 5 % of the area of a circle having a diameter equal to the clear opening
Class Dimensions of slots mm Diameters of holes mm
6.2 Clear opening of manhole tops for man entry
The clear opening of manhole tops shall be declared in the product documentation
In most Member States, a minimum clear opening of 600 mm is required for safe man entry, while some countries mandate larger openings.
Gully tops and manhole tops of classes D 400, E 600 and F 900 with the exception of those secured according to 6.6 a), shall have a depth of insertion A of minimum 50 mm (see 3.1.15)
The clearance between gully tops and manhole tops, as defined in section 3.1.16, is crucial to prevent horizontal displacement of covers or gratings within their frames To minimize this displacement, the total clearance, denoted as Σa, must adhere to specific requirements, particularly for one or two-part covers or gratings.
1) clear opening CO ≤ 400 mm: Σa ≤ 7 mm,
For clear openings greater than 400 mm, the total clearance (Σa) must not exceed 9 mm In cases of covers or gratings with three or more parts secured within a frame, each individual clearance (a l, a c, a r) is limited to a maximum of 5 mm For covers or gratings with three or more parts that are not secured in the frame, the cumulative clearance (Σa) from the displacement of all parts must not exceed 15 mm.
Hinged covers or gratings featuring a radial profiled edge must be designed to prevent a gauge of 170 mm × 170 mm × 20 mm from entering the gap between the adjacent frame and the curved edge by no more than 13 mm, as illustrated in Figure 7.
The gauge must be positioned vertically, ensuring its 170 mm edge aligns parallel to the profiled edge Furthermore, the gap should not surpass the maximum slot dimensions specified in Table 3 The tolerance for the gauge is set at ± 0.2 mm, with a maximum radius of 1 mm.
Slots between two hinges of covers or gratings shall not exceed the dimensions in accordance with Table 3
Compatibility of seatings
Gully tops and manhole tops of all types must be designed to ensure compatibility with their respective seatings, which can be evaluated by assembling the cover or grating with the frame.
For classes D 400 to F 900, seating designs must prioritize quiet operation and stability This can be accomplished through techniques such as machining contact surfaces, incorporating cushioning inserts, utilizing three-point suspension systems, or other suitable methods During testing as per section 8.4.5, the cover or grating should not exceed a height change of 0.5 times the depth of insertion, with a maximum height increase of 25 mm at any point along the perimeter.
Securing of the cover/grating within the frame
The cover/grating shall be secured within its frame to meet the required conditions relevant to the intended place of installation defined in 4.2
This shall be achieved by at least one of the following methods (see also Table E.1): a) securing feature; b) mass per unit area; c) other methods
The methods for opening covers or gratings should enable access using standard tools, unless an additional locking system is specified For securing methods outlined in sections a) and c), the corrosion resistance must be at least equal to that of the frame or cover/grating, in compliance with EN 124-2 or EN 124-3 standards.
The securing of covers/gratings within the frames shall be tested in accordance with 8.4.6 The securing method and design details shall be declared
Where required by specific provisions in the place of intended use, the above mentioned methods for securing of cover(s)/grating(s) shall comply with these provisions
To prevent unauthorized removal, lifting of covers or grates, and vandalism, additional locking accessories may be necessary as determined by the specifier It is the specifier's responsibility to select the appropriate locking accessory, while the manufacturer is not accountable for providing these accessories.
Handling of covers and gratings
Effective loosening and opening of covers and gratings should be ensured using standard tools The design of manhole tops and gully tops can also include additional lifting features or devices for enhanced functionality.
NOTE The design and performance of these additional features or devices are not covered by this standard.
Slot dimensions of gratings
When selecting slot dimensions in gratings for all classes, it is essential to consider hydraulic capacity, ensuring that slots are evenly distributed across the clear area The waterway area must constitute at least 30% of the clear area, as specified by the manufacturer.
The slots in gratings shall have the dimensions stated in Table 3 The dimensions of slots for classes C 250 to
F 900 shall be dependent on the orientation of the longitudinal axis of the slots in relation to the direction of traffic, in accordance with Table 3 and Figure 8
NOTE 1 The dimensions of the waterway area and the openings of side entry or kerb gullies are not specified in this document
The methods for opening covers or gratings should enable access using standard tools, unless an extra locking system is specifically requested by the specifier Additionally, for securing methods outlined in sections a) and c), the corrosion resistance must be at least equal to that of the frame or cover/grating materials, in compliance with EN 124-2 or EN 124-3 standards.
The securing of covers/gratings within the frames shall be tested in accordance with 8.4.6 The securing method and design details shall be declared
Where required by specific provisions in the place of intended use, the above mentioned methods for securing of cover(s)/grating(s) shall comply with these provisions
To prevent unauthorized removal, lifting of covers or gratings, and vandalism, additional locking accessories may be necessary as determined by the specifier It is the specifier's responsibility to select the appropriate locking accessory, while the manufacturer is not accountable for providing it.
6.7 Handling of covers and gratings
To ensure efficient access, it is essential to design manhole and gully tops with features that facilitate easy loosening and opening using standard tools Incorporating additional lifting mechanisms or devices can enhance the functionality of these covers, improving overall usability and safety.
NOTE The design and performance of these additional features or devices are not covered by this standard
When selecting slot dimensions in gratings for all classes, it is essential to consider hydraulic capacity, ensuring that slots are evenly distributed across the clear area Additionally, the waterway area must constitute at least 30% of the clear area, as specified by the manufacturer.
The slots in gratings shall have the dimensions stated in Table 3 The dimensions of slots for classes C 250 to
F 900 shall be dependent on the orientation of the longitudinal axis of the slots in relation to the direction of traffic, in accordance with Table 3 and Figure 8
NOTE 1 The dimensions of the waterway area and the openings of side entry or kerb gullies are not specified in this document
Figure 8 — Orientation of slots in gratings
Straight slots Orientation according to Figure 8
Pos 1 and Pos 2 A 15 and B 125 8 to 18 No limitation
Slots in various shapes must adhere to specific width limitations: a maximum of 25 mm for classes A 15 and B 125, and 42 mm for classes C 250 to F 900 These slots should be designed to prevent a 170 mm gauge from entering, with the gauge held vertically and parallel to the grating surface In pedestrian areas or streets, the slot width may be reduced to 5 mm.
The minimum width values specified in this table do not apply to the slots that are directly next to the hinged side of the grating associated with its opening (refer to section 6.4.2).
Dirt pans and dirt buckets
Where dirt pans or dirt buckets are specified, they shall be designed to ensure that drainage and ventilation can continue when the dirt pan or bucket is full.
Positioning of covers and gratings
Where the cover or grating has to be in a predetermined position relative to the frame, this shall be ensured by an appropriate design.
Flatness of manhole covers and gratings
Gratings and covers classified from D 400 to F 900 must have a flat upper surface that meets a tolerance of 1% of the clear opening, with a maximum deviation of 6 mm, ensuring safety and functionality in traffic areas.
Concaveness of gratings
Gratings designed with a dished surface exceeding 6 mm are described as concave.
Surface conditions
When tested in accordance with 8.4.13, the surface conditions shall be in accordance with 7.4
In specific situations, such as mandatory studded tires or legal restrictions on toxic emissions, the specifier may request additional tests to ensure that the products are suitable for their intended use at the installation site.
Manhole tops with sealing features
Manhole tops designed according to this standard include sealing features to effectively resist accidental upward water pressure, necessitating a securely anchored frame Additionally, these manhole tops can integrate sealing mechanisms to prevent or limit various issues.
— the escape of odours through the manhole top (non-pressure); or
— non-pressure surface water ingress (rain water)
The design and performance of the sealing features are not covered by this standard.
Frame bearing area
The frame bearing area must be designed to ensure that the bearing pressure (P b) does not exceed 7.5 N/mm² based on the test load (F T), contributing to stability during operational conditions The calculation of bearing pressure (P b) should follow the specified formula.
A b is the frame bearing area in mm 2
NOTE P b is expressed in N/mm 2
Frame depth
The depth of the frame of manhole tops or gully tops of class D 400, E 600 and F 900 shall be at least
For class D 400 the frame depth may be reduced to 75 mm provided that the frame is made either of cast iron
6.10 Positioning of covers and gratings
Where the cover or grating has to be in a predetermined position relative to the frame, this shall be ensured by an appropriate design
6.11 Flatness of manhole covers and gratings
Gratings and covers classified from D 400 to F 900 must have a flat upper surface that meets a tolerance of 1% of the clear opening, with a maximum deviation of 6 mm, ensuring safe and reliable traffic contact.
Gratings designed with a dished surface exceeding 6 mm are described as concave
When tested in accordance with 8.4.13, the surface conditions shall be in accordance with 7.4
In specific environments, including those with mandatory studded tire regulations or legal restrictions on toxic emissions, the specifier may request additional tests to ensure that the products are suitable for their intended use at the installation site.
6.14 Manhole tops with sealing features
Manhole tops designed to meet this standard include sealing features that effectively counteract accidental upward water pressure To ensure their stability, the frames must be securely anchored.
Manhole tops according to this standard can also incorporate sealing features to prevent or limit:
— the escape of odours through the manhole top (non-pressure); or
— non-pressure surface water ingress (rain water)
The design and performance of the sealing features are not covered by this standard
To ensure stability under working conditions, the frame bearing area must be designed to maintain a bearing pressure (P b) not exceeding 7.5 N/mm² based on the test load (F T) The calculation of the bearing pressure (P b) should follow the specified formula.
A b is the frame bearing area in mm 2
NOTE P b is expressed in N/mm 2
The depth of the frame of manhole tops or gully tops of class D 400, E 600 and F 900 shall be at least
For class D 400 the frame depth may be reduced to 75 mm provided that the frame is made either of cast iron or steel and provides anchoring facilities.
Opening angle of hinged covers/gratings
The opening angle of hinged covers or gratings shall be at least 100° to the horizontal unless additional stays are provided
NOTE Additional provisions can be required to prevent the cover or grating from accidental closing, e.g site or service conditions.
Covers with fillings
Covers and fillings must adhere to EN 124-2 standards for cast iron gully and manhole tops, or EN 124-3 for those made from steel or aluminum alloys Manufacturers are responsible for supplying all necessary filling instructions, except when the filling is completed at their facility.
Appearance
Gully tops and manhole tops shall be free from visible defects which might impair their fitness for use.
Load bearing capacity
When tested according to 8.3 gully tops and manhole tops with a clear opening (CO) equal to or greater than
For clear openings (CO) of 250 mm, the test load must comply with Table 4 for each class, regardless of material If the CO is less than 250 mm, the required test load is calculated by multiplying the value in Table 4 by CO/250, ensuring it is not less than 0.6 times the load specified in Table 4.
Covers, gratings, and frames constructed from materials compliant with EN 124-2, EN 124-3, EN 124-5, and EN 124-6 must remain free of cracks and delaminations during testing, as observed without magnification Additionally, steel reinforced concrete must adhere to the specifications outlined in EN 124-4:2015, section 5.2.2.
The load bearing capacity shall be declared as corresponding class according to Table 4
NOTE For class A, the manufacturer can, if requested by the specifier, declare the test load achieved.
Permanent set
When tested according to 8.2, the permanent set of the cover or grating after the application of F P (2/3 of the test load F T) shall not exceed the values given in Table 5
Covers, gratings, and frames constructed from materials compliant with EN 124-2, EN 124-3, EN 124-5, and EN 124-6 must remain free of cracks or delaminations during testing without magnification Additionally, steel reinforced concrete must adhere to the stipulations outlined in EN 124-4:2015, section 5.2.2.
Class Permissible permanent set mm
When secured according to 6.6 a) or 6.6 c)
6.6 b) a CO/50 for CO < 450 mm with a maximum value of 6,5 mm b 1,0 mm max when CO < 300 mm c 1,0 mm max when CO < 500 mm.
Skid resistance
Manhole and gully tops must be skid resistant to ensure safety in their intended use This requirement can be fulfilled either by adhering to specific design standards outlined in sections 7.4.2, 7.4.3, and 7.4.4 for covers, gratings, and frames, or by conducting tests as specified in section 7.4.2 for covers and 7.4.4 for frames.
The upper surface of covers must meet specific requirements, including being constructed from concrete, provided that it has not been ground or polished.
To prevent potential skidding of concrete covers, especially those containing fine limestone aggregates, additional provisions may be necessary The upper surface of the concrete cover must feature a structured design with a clearly defined raised pattern or a coarse texture that allows for effective drainage and dispersion of water into the surrounding area, while adhering to specified dimensional requirements.
— When measured from the total plan surface, the raised pattern shall have a height of 2 mm to 6 mm for classes A 15, B 125, and C 250 and a height of 3 mm to 8 mm for classes D 400, E 600, and
— The raised pattern shall be distributed as far as possible evenly over the total plan surface area of the manhole top
— The total surface area of raised pattern (∑A n ) shall be not less than 10 % and not more than 70 % of the total projected surface area (A T2)
— The surface area of any single raised pattern defined as A n shall be determined as shown in Figure 9
Parts of logo that are within the height requirements are considered as part of the raised pattern and shall
Class Permissible permanent set mm
When secured according to 6.6 a) or 6.6 c)
6.6 b) a CO/50 for CO < 450 mm with a maximum value of 6,5 mm b 1,0 mm max when CO < 300 mm c 1,0 mm max when CO < 500 mm.
All manhole and gully tops must be skid resistant to ensure safety in their specific applications This skid resistance can be attained by adhering to the design requirements outlined in section 7.4.2 for covers and/or section 7.4.3 for gratings.
7.4.4 for frames, or b) by testing according to 7.4.2 c) for covers and 7.4.4 for frames
The upper surface of covers must meet specific criteria, including being constructed from concrete, with the stipulation that the surface is not ground or polished.
To prevent potential skid, additional provisions may be necessary for concrete covers, particularly when fine limestone aggregates are used in the mix These covers should feature a structured upper surface with a defined raised pattern or a coarse texture that allows for effective drainage and dispersion of water into the surrounding area, adhering to specific dimensional requirements.
— When measured from the total plan surface, the raised pattern shall have a height of 2 mm to 6 mm for classes A 15, B 125, and C 250 and a height of 3 mm to 8 mm for classes D 400, E 600, and
— The raised pattern shall be distributed as far as possible evenly over the total plan surface area of the manhole top
— The total surface area of raised pattern (∑A n ) shall be not less than 10 % and not more than 70 % of the total projected surface area (A T2)
— The surface area of any single raised pattern defined as A n shall be determined as shown in
Parts of logo that are within the height requirements are considered as part of the raised pattern and shall provide free drainage/dispersion of water
A n surface area of a single raised pattern at height h 1 as measured from the total plan surface of the manhole top
A T1 upper surface of raised pattern
A T2 total projected surface area of manhole top h 2 height of raised pattern Y length of raised pattern measured at A n h 1 minimum height of raised pattern X width of raised pattern measured at A n
In accordance with Annex C, the raised pattern must achieve a minimum USRV of 35 if the surface of the cover fails to meet the specified requirements outlined in sections a) and/or b).
NOTE 2 Explanation on the use of the Pendulum test method is given in Annex G (informative)
Gratings that meet the slot dimensions specified in section 6.8.2 are considered to provide adequate skid resistance For classes A 15, B 125, and C 250, a raised pattern must have a height ranging from 2 mm to 6 mm, while for classes D 400, E 600, and F 900, the height should be between 3 mm and 8 mm.
If frames or parts thereof have a horizontal visible width exceeding 40 mm, the requirements for covers according to 7.4.2 shall also apply for these frames.
Child safety
In accordance with specific regulations for intended use, child safety features and devices must be integrated into the design of manhole tops and gully tops.
To prevent children from removing covers or gratings, it is essential to implement one of the following methods: increasing the weight of the individual covers or gratings, incorporating a securing feature, or utilizing a locking accessory.
Where a locking accessory or securing feature is used, it shall be designed so that the cover or grating cannot be easily opened with objects readily accessible by children
General
Gully tops and manhole tops must be tested as complete units in their intended positions, ensuring that the cover or grating is properly positioned within the frame Additionally, the frame should be supported in a way that accurately reflects the intended installation support structure.
Gully tops and manhole tops consisting of covers with fillings or covers designed to be filled subsequently, shall be tested in accordance with A.1 and B.1
Manhole and gully tops, constructed from various materials as outlined in EN 124-2, EN 124-3, EN 124-4, EN 124-5, and EN 124-6, must undergo testing as complete units in accordance with section 5.1.
All tested products shall be visually inspected without magnification
Manufacturers can conduct additional tests on manhole and gully tops featuring double or multiple triangular covers or grating, if requested by the specifier, as outlined in the note to A.4.2 and Annex G.
Permanent set (see 7.3)
The permanent set of the cover or grating shall be determined according to Annex A after the application of
F P = 2/3 F T (F T as given in 7.2) without pre-loading The permanent set shall be measured to an accuracy of 0,1 mm.
Load bearing capacity (see 7.2)
Following the test outlined in section 8.2, all gully tops and manhole tops must undergo a load-bearing capacity test as specified in Annex B, utilizing the test loads defined in section 7.2.
Verification of design requirements
Vent slots and holes shall be measured to an accuracy of 1 mm The vent area shall be calculated to the nearest 100 mm 2
The dimensions of the clear opening (CO) shall be measured to the nearest 1 mm
The depth of insertion (A) and the clearance values a and b shall be measured to the nearest 0,5 mm
Clearances between covers, gratings, and frames must be measured with an accuracy of 0.5 mm, and the total clearance (Σa) should be calculated accordingly Additionally, the clearance around a hinge should be monitored using a specialized gauge.
The compatibility of the seatings shall be inspected to the specification of the manufacturer
In addition gully tops and manhole tops of classes D 400 to F 900 shall be tested in accordance with Annex D
Gully tops and manhole tops must be tested as complete units in their intended positions, ensuring that the cover or grating is properly positioned within the frame Additionally, the frame should be supported in a way that accurately reflects the intended installation support structure.
Gully tops and manhole tops consisting of covers with fillings or covers designed to be filled subsequently, shall be tested in accordance with A.1 and B.1
Manhole tops and gully tops, constructed from various materials as outlined in EN 124-2, EN 124-3, EN 124-4, EN 124-5, and EN 124-6, must undergo testing as complete units in accordance with section 5.1.
All tested products shall be visually inspected without magnification
Manufacturers can conduct additional tests on manhole tops and gully tops featuring double or multiple triangular covers or grating, if requested by the specifier, as outlined in note A.4.2 and Annex G.
The permanent set of the cover or grating shall be determined according to Annex A after the application of
F P = 2/3 F T (F T as given in 7.2) without pre-loading The permanent set shall be measured to an accuracy of
Following the test outlined in section 8.2, all gully tops and manhole tops must undergo a load-bearing capacity test as specified in Annex B, utilizing the test loads defined in section 7.2.
Vent slots and holes shall be measured to an accuracy of 1 mm The vent area shall be calculated to the nearest 100 mm 2
The dimensions of the clear opening (CO) shall be measured to the nearest 1 mm
The depth of insertion (A) and the clearance values a and b shall be measured to the nearest 0,5 mm
Clearances between covers, gratings, and frames must be measured with an accuracy of 0.5 mm, and the total clearance (Σa) should be calculated accordingly Additionally, the clearance around a hinge should be monitored using a gauge for precise control.
The compatibility of the seatings shall be inspected to the specification of the manufacturer
In addition gully tops and manhole tops of classes D 400 to F 900 shall be tested in accordance with Annex D
8.4.6 Securing of the cover and/or grating within its frame (see 6.6)
The securing of covers/gratings of classes C 250 to F 900 within the frames shall be tested in accordance with Annex E
The declared securing method shall be visually inspected with respect to the function, the use of materials and the declared values according to E.2.7 corresponding to the design details
To ensure proper securing, it is necessary to weigh the mass accurately, with the cover or grating measured to within 1% and the clear area calculated to an accuracy of 100 mm².
8.4.7 Handling of covers and gratings (see 6.7)
The handling of covers and gratings shall be tested physically for loosening and opening according to manufacturer's instructions
The even distribution of the slots over the clear area shall be visually inspected The waterway surface area shall be calculated to the nearest 100 mm 2
The dimensions of straight slots shall be measured to the nearest 1 mm The dimensions of slots other than straight shall be controlled by a gauge of 170 mm × 170 mm × 20 mm
8.4.9 Dirt pans and dirt buckets (see 6.9)
The gully top or manhole top with a full dirt bucket/pan shall be visually inspected to ensure that both drainage and ventilation is still possible
8.4.10 Positioning of covers and gratings (see 6.10)
According to section 6.10, covers and gratings should be visually inspected for proper positioning It is essential to assess the design features that ensure the correct orientation of the cover or grating within the frame to confirm their suitability for intended use.
8.4.11 Flatness of covers and gratings (see 6.11)
The flatness shall be measured to an accuracy of 0,5 mm
The maximum depth shall be measured to an accuracy of 0,5 mm
To ensure optimal skid resistance of the cover/grating and frame, the upper surface must be evaluated based on the manufacturer's declaration, confirming that the concrete has not been polished or ground This assessment should comply with the standards outlined in EN 124-4 for the specific material used.
When aggregates include fine limestone, it may be necessary to implement additional measures to prevent potential skidding of the concrete cover For defined raised patterns as outlined in section 7.4.2 b), the height must be measured with an accuracy of 0.5 mm The total surface area of the raised pattern on both the cover and frame should be assessed either through reference drawings followed by visual inspection or by measuring the upper surface dimensions with an accuracy of 100 mm² The percentage of the total surface area of the raised pattern will then be calculated For products that do not meet the specifications in sections 7.4.2 a) and 7.4.2 b), the surface condition must be evaluated according to Annex C.
The bearing area shall be calculated
The depth of the complete frame shall be measured to the nearest 1 mm
The opening angle shall be measured to an accuracy of 5°.
Child safety
The resistance of covers or gratings to removal by children shall be tested according Annex E and declared as:
9 Assessment and verification of constancy of performance (AVCP)
Assessment and verification of constancy of performance shall be carried out in accordance with EN 124-2,
The EN 124 standards (EN 124-3, EN 124-4, EN 124-5, and EN 124-6) provide guidelines for manhole tops and gully tops made from specified materials Accurate measurement of the upper surface dimensions of the raised pattern is essential, with a required precision of 100 mm² Additionally, the percentage of the total surface area of the raised pattern must be calculated For products that do not meet the criteria outlined in sections 7.4.2 a) and 7.4.2 b), surface conditions should be assessed in accordance with Annex C.
The bearing area shall be calculated
The depth of the complete frame shall be measured to the nearest 1 mm
The opening angle shall be measured to an accuracy of 5°
The resistance of covers or gratings to removal by children shall be tested according Annex E and declared as:
9 Assessment and verification of constancy of performance (AVCP)
Assessment and verification of constancy of performance shall be carried out in accordance with EN 124-2,
EN 124-3, EN 124-4, EN 124-5 and EN 124-6 as relevant for manhole tops and gully tops made of the materials specified in those standards
Test Samples
Gully tops and manhole tops must be tested as complete units under their service conditions The units used for testing should be new and not previously subjected to any load tests, with selection being done randomly.
Permanent set test load, ( F P )
A test load F P = 2/3 F T, (F T as given in 7.2), shall be applied 5 times in succession on the same unit for each class for all clear openings.
Apparatus
A hydraulic test press is essential for testing, as it must apply a load that exceeds the specified test load, F T, by at least 25% for classes A 15 to D 400, and by at least 10% for classes E 600 and F 900.
The test machine shall comply with EN ISO 7500-1:2004, class 3
Except for multiple units, the dimensions of the bed of the testing machine shall be greater than the bearing area of the unit to be tested
The dimensions and shape of test blocks shall be as shown in Table A.1
The measurement device(s) shall have a resolution of at least 0,01 mm and have a maximum overall accuracy of ± 5 %
Table A.1 – Dimensions of test blocks
Clear opening Shape of gully top or manhole top Dimensions of the test blocks
Procedure
A.4.1 Procedure for testing rectangular and circular covers/gratings
To ensure accurate testing, the sample must be securely positioned on the test machine, with the frame properly supported on the machine's bed This setup guarantees that the cover or grating will appropriately deflect under the applied test load.
Table A.1 – Dimensions of test blocks
Clear opening Shape of gully top or manhole top Dimensions of the test blocks
A.4.1 Procedure for testing rectangular and circular covers/gratings
To conduct the test, position the sample on the testing machine, ensuring the frame is supported on the machine's bed This setup guarantees that when the cover or grating is subjected to the test load, it remains unsupported and does not touch the bed The cover or grating should rest naturally within its frame during the testing process.
The test block must be positioned at the geometric center of the cover or grating, ensuring its vertical axis is perpendicular to the surface.
Figure A.1 —Testing points for manhole tops and gully tops with rectangular and circular covers/gratings
The test load must be evenly spread across the entire surface of the test block, with any surface irregularities addressed by an appropriate intermediate layer such as softwood, fiberboard, or felt, placed between the cover or grating and the test block This intermediate layer should not exceed the dimensions of the test block Additionally, a similar layer may be used at the manufacturer's discretion between the testing machine's bed and the sample's bearing area.
When testing gully tops or manhole tops with non-flat surfaces, the test block's contact face must be shaped to conform to the grating or cover However, according to the specifications in section 7.4, minor deviations from a flat surface do not necessitate a shaped contact face for the test block.
To measure the permanent set, the assessment should be conducted on the upper side of the gully grating or manhole cover at the location where the test load was applied, specifically at the longest dimension inscribed within the cover's center point Measurement devices must be positioned as near as possible to this center point, with the support seating of the measuring device no more than 10 mm from the edge of the cover In cases where the test block spans two adjacent covers or gratings, the permanent set must be measured on both, again as close as possible to the center point of load application.
2 cover or grating 6 measuring device
3 geometric centre 7 seating of measuring device support
Figure A.2 — Measurement of permanent set
Before the first load, without preloading, is applied, an initial reading at the geometric centre of the cover or grating shall be taken
The load must be applied at a rate between 1 kN/s and 5 kN/s until it reaches two-thirds of the test load (F P = 2/3 F T, as specified in section 7.2) After reaching this load, it should be released This process is to be repeated five times with minimal interruption Finally, a measurement is taken at the geometric center, and the permanent set is calculated by determining the difference between the readings before the first load and after the fifth loading, as illustrated in Figure A.2.
A.4.2 Procedure for testing triangular covers/gratings
The installation process for manhole tops and gully tops featuring triangular covers or gratings follows the same guidelines outlined in section A.4.1, with specific variations related to the placement of the test block, as illustrated in Figure A.3.
For testing double or multiple triangular covers or gratings, position the test block centrally on the diagonal edge between the covers, ensuring its vertical axis is perpendicular to the surface and aligned with the diagonal edge If the covers or gratings are identical, testing one pair suffices; however, if they differ, at least one pair of each unique design must be tested.
Figure A.3 — Testing point for manhole tops and gully tops with double or multiple triangular covers/gratings
In certain situations, the specifier may request additional tests that are not covered by the current standard These tests will be governed by a separate agreement between the specifier and the manufacturer For further details, please refer to Annex G.
Records shall be made of all readings The differences between the “initial readings” and the equivalent
After applying the fifth load, the readings will be recorded and compared to the standard requirements, with a report generated based on this analysis Following any significant interruptions, a final reading will be taken at the geometric center The permanent set will be calculated as the difference between the initial readings and those taken after the fifth loading, as illustrated in Figure A.2.
A.4.2 Procedure for testing triangular covers/gratings
The procedure for manhole tops and gully tops with triangular covers/gratings is the same as described in
A.4.1, with the following differences according the positioning of the test block (example, see Figure A.3)
For testing double or multiple triangular covers or gratings, position the test block centrally on the diagonal edge between the two covers, ensuring its vertical axis is perpendicular to the surface and aligned with the diagonal edge If the covers or gratings are identical, only one pair needs to be tested; however, if they differ, at least one pair from each unique design must be tested.
Figure A.3 — Testing point for manhole tops and gully tops with double or multiple triangular covers/gratings
In certain situations, the specifier may request additional tests that are not covered by this standard, which will require a separate agreement between the specifier and the manufacturer For further details, please refer to Annex G.
Records shall be made of all readings The differences between the “initial readings” and the equivalent
“readings after application of the fifth load” shall be determined A comparison shall be made between these differences and the requirements of this standard, and a report prepared accordingly
Test of load bearing capacity
Test samples
Gully tops and manhole tops must be tested as complete units in their operational state This testing will be conducted on the same sample right after performing the permanent set test.
Test load ( F T )
The applied test load, F T, shall be as shown in 7.2, for each class for all clear openings and all materials.
Test procedure
The apparatus, test machine, test blocks, measurement devices, and application of the test load must adhere to the specifications outlined in Annex A Following the permanent set test as specified in section 8.2 and Annex A, the test load should be applied at the prescribed rate until the target is reached It is essential to maintain the test load throughout the duration of the assessment.
Test report
Record shall be made of the condition of the manhole top or gully top after removal of the test load and a report prepared accordingly
Test to determine the unpolished skid resistance value (USRV) of manhole covers
General
The USRV measurement on a specimen utilizes specialized pendulum friction test equipment to assess its frictional properties This equipment features a spring-loaded slider crafted from standard rubber, which is affixed to the pendulum's end As the pendulum swings, the frictional force between the slider and the test surface is determined by measuring the decrease in swing length with a calibrated scale.
Apparatus
— a pendulum friction test equipment in accordance with EN 13036-4,
Calibration of pendulum friction test equipment
The pendulum friction test equipment shall be recalibrated at least once a year This shall be carried out in accordance with EN 13036-4 by an approved calibration body.
Selection of test samples
Randomly selected test samples of manhole covers or frames from the manufacturer's stock must be free from temporary coatings, unused, and devoid of corrosion Each surface pattern design and material of manufacture requires representative samples for testing This procedure remains applicable if any pattern modifications occur.
Test procedure
C.5.1 Validation and conditioning of the pendulum test equipment
The condition of pendulum test equipment must be verified following the validation procedure outlined in EN 13036-4 Should the validation results fall outside the standard surface range, the slider in use must be conditioned according to EN 13036-4.
After this conditioning, if the validation results are still outside the range of the standard surface, the apparatus shall be investigated and recalibrated if necessary
Prior to testing, the pendulum test equipment, test specimen, slider, and water must be conditioned at a consistent temperature for a minimum of 30 minutes.
Test to determine the unpolished skid resistance value (USRV) of manhole covers
The USRV measurement on a specimen is conducted with specialized pendulum friction test equipment, which assesses the specimen's frictional properties This equipment features a spring-loaded slider made of standard rubber, positioned at the end of the pendulum As the pendulum swings, the frictional force between the slider and the test surface is quantified by the decrease in the swing's length, utilizing a calibrated scale for accuracy.
— a pendulum friction test equipment in accordance with EN 13036-4,
C.3 Calibration of pendulum friction test equipment
The pendulum friction test equipment shall be recalibrated at least once a year This shall be carried out in accordance with EN 13036-4 by an approved calibration body
Manhole covers and frames will be randomly selected from the manufacturer's stock for testing Each sample must be representative, free from temporary coatings, unused, and devoid of corrosion Testing will be conducted for each surface pattern design and material of manufacture.
This procedure shall also apply if the pattern is subsequently amended
C.5.1 Validation and conditioning of the pendulum test equipment
The pendulum test equipment must be inspected following the validation procedure outlined in EN 13036-4 If the validation results fall outside the standard surface range, the slider in use must be conditioned according to the specifications of EN 13036-4.
After this conditioning, if the validation results are still outside the range of the standard surface, the apparatus shall be investigated and recalibrated if necessary
Prior to testing, the pendulum test equipment, along with the test specimen, slider, and water, must be conditioned for a minimum of 30 minutes to ensure accurate results It is essential to maintain all components at a consistent temperature throughout this preparation period.
C.5.2 Procedure to determine USRV C.5.2.1 Preparation of sample
Surface irregularities (e.g casting imperfections, etc.), dust or other contaminants shall be removed from the sample under test prior to testing
Testing should ideally occur within a 0.5 m x 0.5 m grid, as illustrated in Figure C.1 If significant variations in surface patterns are observed across the testing area, supplementary tests may be required to address these differences.
Testing will be conducted at three designated locations, as illustrated in Figure C.1 Two of these locations will be aligned parallel to the major axes of the cover, while one will be positioned at a 45° angle to the major axes This approach ensures comprehensive evaluation, particularly when the test sample dimensions are smaller than standard.
500 mm × 500 mm, a similar test pattern shall be adopted
The setting up of the pendulum, its zeroing and method of measurement shall be undertaken as described in
EN 13036-4 In addition, the base of the pendulum tester shall be weighted with a suitable material of mass > 6 kg and < 10 kg to arrest any possible movement during testing
If the surface patterning of the cover prevents achieving a pendulum strike distance of 126 mm, meaning the slider remains in contact with the cover material at both the beginning and end of the strike distance, a shorter length must be utilized.
When selecting a strike distance of 126 mm, it is essential to record the actual strike distance and adjust the test results using a correction factor This correction factor is derived from standard test materials, which are evaluated at both the chosen strike distance and the standard 126 mm distance The correction factor is calculated as the ratio of the outcomes from these two testing conditions.
C.5.2.5 Measuring the value of each specimen
To ensure accurate testing, the pendulum arm height must be adjusted so that the rubber slider maintains full contact with the specimen across its entire width and specified sweep length Prior to each swing of the pendulum, both the upper surfaces of the specimen and the rubber slider should be thoroughly wetted with water, applied directly in front of the test location, while ensuring the slider remains undisturbed in its set position.
To conduct the pendulum test, release the pendulum and pointer from a horizontal position, ensuring the pendulum arm is caught before it strikes the test specimen a second time Record the pointer's position on the scale, which represents the pendulum test value This process should be repeated five times at each of the three designated locations, as illustrated in Figure C.1, with the specimen being rewetted prior to each test Only the last three readings from the five attempts at each location should be documented.
The skid value for each test location is determined by calculating the mean of the last three out of five readings, as illustrated in Figure C.1 Subsequently, the mean of the two lowest skid values is computed Prior to each swing of the pendulum, a generous amount of water must be applied to the surfaces of both the specimen and the rubber slider, ensuring that the slider remains undisturbed in its set position.
To conduct the pendulum test, release the pendulum and pointer from the horizontal position, ensuring the pendulum arm is caught before it strikes the test specimen a second time Record the pointer's position on the scale, which represents the pendulum test value This process must be repeated five times at each of the three specified locations, with the specimen being rewetted prior to each test For each location, only the last three readings out of the five should be documented.
The mean value of the last three of the five readings shall be determined for each test location according to
Figure C.1 This shall be the skid value for each location The mean of the two lowest skid values shall be calculated
General
The stable behaviour of covers and/or gratings according to 6.5 is to be tested by the tilt test.
Test procedure
A test block with a diameter of 75 mm, featuring a rubber sheet of the same size and a thickness of 10 mm, is to be applied at designated test points as shown in Figures D.2 to D.6, if relevant The rubber sheet should have a hardness of (60 ± 5)° Shore A, as per EN ISO 868 standards The center axis of the test block must be aligned with the gap between the cover/grating and the frame.
A gradually increasing test load F K from 0 kN to 50 kN is to be applied 3 times with a rate of 1 kN/s to 5 kN/s
The tilting height Δh K between the top of the frame and the top of the cover must be measured under the test load, as illustrated in Figure D.1 This test should be conducted at a temperature of (25 ± 10) °C.
F K tilt test load Δh K tilting height (maximum increase)
Figure D.1 — Test equipment for measuring the tilting height
Table D.1 — Application of test load for different designs of manhole tops and gully tops
Design Application of test load round cover(s)/grating(s) In four places evenly distributed over the circumference according to Figure D.2
Circular covers and gratings feature hinges positioned at four evenly distributed points along the circumference, allowing for load application directly next to the hinge, as illustrated in Figure D.3.
Hinges with securing features are designed to ensure stability, with four evenly distributed points around the circumference for load application, as illustrated in Figure D.3 One specific load point is positioned directly next to a securing feature, as shown in Figure D.4.
Figure D.4 — Securing feature rectangular cover(s)/grating(s) According to Figure D.5
Table D.1 — Application of test load for different designs of manhole tops and gully tops
Design Application of test load round cover(s)/grating(s) In four places evenly distributed over the circumference according to Figure D.2
Circular covers and gratings feature hinges evenly distributed at four points along the circumference, allowing for a load to be applied adjacent to one of the hinges.
Hinges cover or grating features are designed with securing points evenly distributed around the circumference, ensuring that one load application occurs near a securing feature, as illustrated in Figure D.4.
Figure D.4 — Securing feature rectangular cover(s)/grating(s) According to Figure D.5
Design Application of test load triangular cover(s)/grating(s) According to Figure D.6
Figure D.6 — Triangular covers/gratings cover(s)/grating(s) with discontinuous depth of insertion
Where the depth of insertion varies due to cover/grating design, the test load shall be applied at each maximum depth of insertion and each minimum depth of insertion
Testing of securing of covers/gratings within the frame
General
The purpose of the test is to evaluate the stability of manhole or gully top covers and gratings by applying pull-out forces and measuring their vertical displacement.
The pull-out force F v and F v,c , as applicable, and the vertical displacement h of the cover(s)/grating(s), measured in the test, shall be declared
The securing methods, defined in 6.6 and shown in Table E.1 shall be tested with the vertical pull-out test NOTE For 6.6 b) weighing of mass is sufficient (see 8.4.6)
The test shall be carried out after the tilt test described in Annex D
Table E.1 — Assignment of securing methods to the test(s) Securing method according to clause
1 screws/bolts (on all multiple covers or on master one)
2 spring bars or other clips (on all multiple covers or on master one)
3 turn buckle device (on all multiple covers or on master one)
3 double tri (or other shape) coupled covers
4 ramp/slide-out covers (machined or not)
Testing of securing of covers/gratings within the frame
The test aims to evaluate the security of manhole or gully top covers and gratings by applying pull-out forces and measuring their vertical movement.
The pull-out force F v and F v,c , as applicable, and the vertical displacement h of the cover(s)/grating(s), measured in the test, shall be declared
The securing methods, defined in 6.6 and shown in Table E.1 shall be tested with the vertical pull-out test
NOTE For 6.6 b) weighing of mass is sufficient (see 8.4.6)
The test shall be carried out after the tilt test described in Annex D
Table E.1 — Assignment of securing methods to the test(s) Securing method according to clause
1 screws/bolts (on all multiple covers or on master one)
2 spring bars or other clips (on all multiple covers or on master one)
3 turn buckle device (on all multiple covers or on master one)
3 double tri (or other shape) coupled covers
4 ramp/slide-out covers (machined or not)
Vertical pull-out test procedure
Vertical pull-out forces should be measured in newtons using a calibrated dynamometer or similar device This apparatus must have a resolution of at least 10 N and be able to apply a force that exceeds the maximum force by at least 25%.
The vertical direction of the pull-out force, F v , shall be measured with an appropriate device with an accuracy of ± 5°
For safety reasons, it is recommended to fix the frame of the test samples
The measurement device(s) shall have a range of at least 30 mm with a resolution of at least 0,1 mm and have a maximum overall accuracy of ± 5 % to measure the vertical movement
The vertical pull-out force (Fv) must be applied vertically to each individual cover or grating using a cable secured at the geometric center of the cover or grating, as illustrated in Figure E.1.
Figure E.1 — Examples for determination of the geometric centre of cover(s)/grating(s) E.2.2 Testing arrangements
An appropriate anchoring device where the cable/chain/strap is secured shall be installed at the geometric centre of the cover/grating, e.g screwed or welded
This anchoring device, as shown in Figure E.2 shall be installed in such a way that:
— the distance between the top of the cover and the cable/chain/strap shall be (100 0 + 5 ) mm;
— its longitudinal axis is fixed perpendicular to the cover surface level
Figure E.2 — Example of vertical pull-out test arrangement
In situations where the geometric center of gratings or specific covers is unsuitable for securing the anchoring device, washers or plates can be utilized on both the top and bottom surfaces, along with other accessories, to reconstruct the center and facilitate the proper installation of the anchoring device.
To ensure accurate measurements, it is essential to identify the point of maximum positional change when the cover does not maintain a horizontal orientation during vertical movement.
E.2.3 Determination of the maximum permissible vertical displacement, h
The vertical displacement must not exceed 50% of the insertion depth A, as specified in section 6.3, with a maximum limit of 25 mm It is essential to determine the appropriate value of A, ensuring a minimum value is established where necessary.
E.2.4 Determination of the maximum pull-out force, F v
The maximum vertical pull-out force shall be determined according to Formula (E.1) The clear area shall be determined as shown in Figure E.3 v =CA×0,4×10 − 2
F v is the maximum vertical pull-out force in newtons;
CA is the clear area in mm 2
NOTE The Clear Area, CA, is used instead of Clear Opening, CO, to achieve a consistent evaluation of the various dimensions and types of covers
Figure E.2 — Example of vertical pull-out test arrangement
In situations where the geometric center of gratings or specific covers is unsuitable for securing the anchoring device, the use of washers, plates, or other accessories on the top and bottom surfaces can effectively reconstruct the center, facilitating the proper installation of the anchoring device.
To ensure accurate measurements, it is essential to identify the point of maximum positional change when the cover does not maintain a horizontal orientation during vertical movement.
E.2.3 Determination of the maximum permissible vertical displacement, h
The vertical displacement must not exceed 50% of the insertion depth A, as specified in section 6.3, with a maximum limit of 25 mm The suitable value for A, including a minimum value where necessary, should be established accordingly.
E.2.4 Determination of the maximum pull-out force, F v
The maximum vertical pull-out force shall be determined according to Formula (E.1) The clear area shall be determined as shown in Figure E.3 v = CA×0,4×10 − 2
F v is the maximum vertical pull-out force in newtons;
CA is the clear area in mm 2
NOTE The Clear Area, CA, is used instead of Clear Opening, CO, to achieve a consistent evaluation of the various dimensions and types of covers
Figure E.3 — Examples of determination of clear areas of single covers/gratings E.2.4.2 Multiple covers
The dimensions of each cover's clear area will be established based on either a drawing or a sample, as illustrated in Figure E.4 Additionally, the maximum vertical pull-out force for each cover must be calculated using Formula (E.2), with the force applied individually to each cover.
F v,c is the maximum vertical pull-out force of each individual cover in N;
CA c is the clear area of each individual cover in mm 2
NOTE The Clear Area, CA, is used instead of the Clear Opening, CO, to achieve a consistent evaluation of the various dimensions and types of covers
Figure E.4 — Examples of determination of clear areas of multiple covers/gratings E.2.5 Application of the vertical pull-out force, F v
The load should be applied to each individual cover at a rate of 0.01 kN/s to 0.05 kN/s until the cover is lifted by a maximum of 25 mm or until the maximum pull-out force, Fv,c, is reached as calculated in E.2.4.2 This test must be conducted three consecutive times, with only the smallest vertical pull-out force, Fv, and its corresponding vertical displacement, h, being recorded and reported.
In case of triangular covers with loose couplings, the loose couplings shall not be removed before the test
E.2.6 Measurement of the vertical displacement h and of the pull-out force, F v
The vertical displacement h shall be measured between the top of the frame and the highest point of the cover at the moment of lifting as shown in Figure E.2
When the maximum permissible vertical displacement h is reached, the F v or F v,c shall be measured and recorded
The smallest pull-out force F v and its corresponding vertical displacement h measured for a single cover/grating in accordance with E.2.6 shall be declared
In case of multiple covers the smallest pull out force F v,c of each individual cover and its corresponding vertical displacement h shall be declared
In case of triangular covers with loose couplings, the loose couplings shall not be removed before the test
E.2.6 Measurement of the vertical displacement h and of the pull-out force, F v
The vertical displacement h shall be measured between the top of the frame and the highest point of the cover at the moment of lifting as shown in Figure E.2
When the maximum permissible vertical displacement h is reached, the F v or F v,c shall be measured and recorded
The smallest pull-out force F v and its corresponding vertical displacement h measured for a single cover/grating in accordance with E.2.6 shall be declared
In case of multiple covers the smallest pull out force F v,c of each individual cover and its corresponding vertical displacement h shall be declared
General
The safe use of manhole and gully tops relies on proper selection and installation, especially in highway environments Key criteria must be considered to ensure effective installation, which can lead to significant savings in the overall life cycle costs of these units Additionally, specific conditions at the installation site may necessitate more detailed guidelines.
Place of installation and selection of appropriate manhole tops and gully tops
A key responsibility for the safe location of a manhole top or gully top lies with the scheme planner
When designing an underground chamber or gully for a manhole or gully top, it is crucial to position it in areas with minimal traffic stress The designer must account for both current and future traffic conditions, ensuring the selection of an appropriate unit class based on established standards Additionally, the designer should determine a suitable clear opening size to facilitate safe access.
Preparations before installation
Before installation the following should be checked:
— the manhole top or gully top is the correct size for the chamber or gully;
— the manhole top or gully top is of an appropriate class for its location;
— the manhole top or gully top is fixed with a particular orientation and it is properly aligned;
— the manhole top or gully top is appropriately marked, to show compliance with this standard, and with any third party’s mark of conformity, if applicable;
— the manufacturer’s installation guidance is available;
— the cover/grating and the frame form a matching set
Manufacturers and certification bodies test manhole tops and gully tops as a matched set, and they should typically be installed together However, changes to one component may be made at the owner's request.
Operative skill, training and installation equipment
The installation of manhole tops and gully tops should be undertaken by appropriately skilled and trained operatives, using the proper equipment
It is essential for the user overseeing the installation to verify that all operatives and contractors, along with their teams, possess the necessary skills and competence to perform the installation of manhole tops or gully tops effectively.
The installer should ensure that all equipment used during the installation of manhole tops or gully tops:
— is appropriate for the safe installation of the manhole top or gully top; and
— will cause no damage to the manhole top or gully top.
Bedding and packing materials
To ensure optimal performance and safety, it is essential to use all bedding and packing materials according to the manufacturer's guidelines Additionally, these materials must be suitable for the prevailing temperature conditions during installation.
Condition of supporting chamber
Before installing a manhole top or gully top, it's essential to verify that the underlying chamber is structurally sound and capable of supporting the expected traffic or pedestrian load Any necessary repairs or renovations to the chamber's supporting structure should be completed prior to the installation of the new manhole or gully top.
Fixing of manhole tops or gully tops
When installing manhole tops or gully tops, it is essential for operatives to consider the specific chamber structure and local conditions, as these factors may necessitate unique frame designs and embedment methods A diverse range of frame designs and support techniques for gratings and manhole covers is available, ensuring optimal installation tailored to the environment.
— the manhole top or gully top is fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations;
— there is adequate bearing of the frame on the chamber or on the structure of the adjacent paved surface, (as required by local practice);
— the frame has appropriate anchoring and sound anchoring points (if specified);
— the upper surface of the manhole top or gully top is appropriately aligned to the adjacent paved surface; and
— the manhole top or gully top is soundly fixed in place and supported, such that it will not move when subject to traffic loading.
Post installation check and cleaning
Once the installation of the manhole top or gully top is finished, it is essential for the installer to meticulously clean all components and the surrounding area Additionally, a thorough inspection should be conducted to verify that all features are functioning properly before the installation is exposed to traffic.
In particular the following aspects of the installation should be checked /inspected:
— adequate curing time has elapsed for all bedding materials;
— the frame is secured in place;
— the cover or grating is stable within its frame and will not be disturbed by the action of traffic;
— there is no inappropriate interference between seatings or flanges of the cover or grating, and its frame;
— all additional features function correctly, e.g hinges and locks;
— is appropriate for the safe installation of the manhole top or gully top; and
— will cause no damage to the manhole top or gully top
To ensure optimal performance and safety, all bedding and packing materials must be utilized in strict accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines Additionally, it is essential that these materials are suitable for the prevailing temperature during installation.
Before installing a manhole or gully top, it is crucial to verify that the underlying chamber is structurally sound and capable of supporting the anticipated traffic or pedestrian load Any necessary repairs or renovations to the chamber's supporting structure should be completed prior to the installation of the new manhole or gully top.
F.7 Fixing of manhole tops or gully tops
When installing a manhole or gully top, it's essential to consider the specific chamber structure and local conditions, which may necessitate unique frame designs and embedment methods A diverse range of frame options and support techniques for gratings and manhole covers is available, ensuring that operatives select the most suitable solution for their installation needs.
— the manhole top or gully top is fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations;
— there is adequate bearing of the frame on the chamber or on the structure of the adjacent paved surface,
(as required by local practice);
— the frame has appropriate anchoring and sound anchoring points (if specified);
— the upper surface of the manhole top or gully top is appropriately aligned to the adjacent paved surface; and
— the manhole top or gully top is soundly fixed in place and supported, such that it will not move when subject to traffic loading
F.8 Post installation check and cleaning
Once the installation of the manhole or gully top is finished, it is essential for the installer to meticulously clean all components and the surrounding area before allowing traffic Additionally, a comprehensive check should be conducted to confirm that all features are functioning properly.
In particular the following aspects of the installation should be checked /inspected:
— adequate curing time has elapsed for all bedding materials;
— the frame is secured in place;
— the cover or grating is stable within its frame and will not be disturbed by the action of traffic;
— there is no inappropriate interference between seatings or flanges of the cover or grating, and its frame;
— all additional features function correctly, e.g hinges and locks;
— any cushioning inserts are properly fixed in place and function correctly; and
— any feature which locks the grating or manhole cover in an open position is functioning correctly and in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
Any abnormalities should be rectified before the manhole top or gully top is exposed to traffic
Explanations on testing of manhole tops with multiple covers and testing the skid resistance
Explanation to A.4
Recent feedback on the draft standard for testing manhole and gully tops with multiple triangular covers suggests that the test load application needs to be updated to address heavy load traffic scenarios However, concerns were raised that any modifications to the test methods could potentially exclude existing products already on the market Consequently, the established test for triangular covers, as outlined in EN 124:1994, was retained in the new standard edition due to the impracticality of developing new methods for both scenarios Additionally, a new test method for triangular and multiple rectangular covers is set to be developed and published as a separate part of the EN 124 series Until this new part is available, any additional tests requested by the purchaser for specific applications will require separate agreements and will not fall under the EN 124 standards.
Explanation to 7.4.2
The pendulum test, in accordance with EN 13036-4, is utilized to assess the skid resistance of microstructured surfaces, specifically for manhole covers with a textured depth of less than 2.0 mm, by measuring the unpolished skid resistance value (USRV).
The pendulum test method is not suitable for assessing manhole cover surfaces with non-homogeneous characteristics, such as raised patterns, dolly points, or rough textures exceeding a mean texture depth of 1.2 mm, including ridges or grooves Reliable testing of these surfaces is not feasible, as outlined in EN 13036-4 Further research is essential to obtain accurate measurements, and the findings will be incorporated into the upcoming revision of the standard.
EN 124 (all parts) specifically addresses manhole tops and gully tops with clear openings smaller than 1,000 mm, focusing on the skid resistance requirements for non-homogeneous surface characteristics These requirements include specifications for raised patterns, such as stud heights exceeding 1.5 mm, as outlined in section 8.4.13 b of EN 124-1 Examples of acceptable surface treatments include raised patterns, dolly pointed finishes, tooled surfaces, shot blasted textures, and defined concrete surfaces.
Based on the consistent performance of materials outlined in the standard and over 50 years of experience with macro-structured surfaces in various European countries, the skid resistance of these surfaces will be evaluated not through testing, but by measuring the height of the structure and the declared method—such as raised patterns, coarse surfaces, or unpolished concrete—against the minimum values established in the standard.
Currently, there is no validated European test method for assessing the skid resistance value of macro surfaces Consequently, the raised pattern of manhole tops has been characterized and defined to ensure adequate skid resistance.
The raised patterns on manhole and gully tops, along with unpolished concrete surfaces, have demonstrated long-term durability and effective skid resistance This experience highlights the stability of the materials used in these constructions, ensuring safety and reliability in various conditions.
Explanations on testing of manhole tops with multiple covers and testing the skid resistance
Recent feedback on the draft standard for testing manhole and gully tops with multiple triangular covers suggests that the test load application should be updated to reflect the challenges posed by heavy load traffic Concerns were raised that the modified test methods could exclude existing products from the market Consequently, the established test for triangular covers as outlined in EN 124:1994, which has been validated through practical use, will remain in the new standard edition Additionally, a new testing method for triangular and multiple rectangular covers is being developed and will be published as a separate part of the EN 124 series In special cases, until this new part is available, any additional testing requested by the purchaser will require separate agreements with the manufacturer and will not fall under the EN 124 guidelines.
The pendulum test, as specified by EN 13036-4, is utilized to assess the skid resistance of microstructured surfaces, specifically for manhole covers with a textured depth of less than 2.0 mm, measuring the unpolished skid resistance value (USRV).
The applicability of the pendulum test method is not ensured for testing surfaces of manhole covers with non- homogeneous surface characteristics, e.g raised pattern, dolly pointed, tooled, shot blasted (exceeding
1,2 mm mean texture depth) surfaces containing ridges or grooves, or are rough textured Such surfaces cannot be reliably tested (see EN 13036-4) Further research is necessary to achieve reliable measurements
The results will be included in the next revision of the standard
EN 124 (all parts) specifically addresses manhole tops and gully tops with clear openings smaller than 1,000 mm, outlining the requirements for skid resistance in non-homogeneous surfaces These requirements are detailed through descriptions of raised patterns with stud heights exceeding 1.5 mm, as specified in EN 124-1, which includes various surface treatments such as raised patterns, dolly pointed, tooled, shot blasted, and defined concrete surfaces.
Taking into account the stable behaviour of the materials specified in the standard and the experience in many
European countries have developed macro-structured surfaces over more than 50 years, and the skid resistance of these surfaces will be evaluated through measurements of their height and surface methods—such as raised patterns, coarse textures, or unpolished concrete—compared to the minimum values established in the relevant standards.
Due to the absence of a validated European test method for assessing the skid resistance value of macro surfaces, the raised pattern on manhole covers has been characterized and defined to address skid resistance concerns.
The raised patterns on manhole and gully tops, along with unpolished concrete surfaces, have demonstrated effective skid resistance through extensive experience and stable material behavior over time.
[1] EN 1253 (all parts), Gullies for buildings
[2] EN 1433, Drainage channels for vehicular and pedestrian areas — Classification, design and testing requirements, marking and evaluation of conformity
[3] EN 16323, Glossary of wastewater engineering terms