Aerospace Technologies Advancements Aerospace Technologies Advancements Edited by Dr. Thawar T. Arif Intech IV Published by Intech Intech Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside. After this work has been published by the Intech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work. © 2010 Intech Free online edition of this book you can find under www.sciyo.com Additional copies can be obtained from: publication@sciyo.com First published January 2010 Printed in India Technical Editor: Teodora Smiljanic Cover designed by Dino Smrekar Aerospace Technologies Advancements, Edited by Dr. Thawar T. Arif p. cm. ISBN 978-953-7619-96-1 Preface Space technology has become increasingly important after the great development and rapid progress in information and communication technology as well as the technology of space exploration. This book deals with the latest and most prominent research in space technology. The first part of the book (first six chapters) deals with the algorithms and software used in information processing, communications and control of spacecrafts. The second part (chapters 7 to 10) deals with the latest research on the space structures. The third part (chapters 11 to 14) deals with some of the latest applications in space. The fourth part (chapters 15 and 16) deals with small satellite technologies. The fifth part (chapters 17 to 20) deals with some of the latest applications in the field of aircrafts. The sixth part (chapters 21 to 25) outlines some recent research efforts in different subjects. The following is a brief description of the subjects that are covered in each chapter: Chapter 1 reviews some examples of how machine learning is useful for Geoscience and remote sensing. Chapter 2 describes how reuse activities can fit into building the next generation of aerospace data processing systems by providing guidance on methods for improving reuse practices in order to realize the benefits of reuse. Chapter 3 introduces reconfigurable computing as an emerging technology with important implications for space systems. Chapter 4 presents the decentralized minimal controller synthesis as an effective algorithm for controlling the spacecraft attitude. Chapter 5 presents the benefits of commercially available FPGA development platforms from Xilinx for the development of NASA’s future on-board processing capabilities. Chapter 6 describes the employed mitigation techniques for the A3P product family, to attain the radiation levels of the RT-product and presents the results issued from the Total Ionizing Dose and the Single Event Effects characterization of both of the A3P and the A3PL (the Low-Power version of ProASIC3). Chapter 7 defines a framework for Evolving Systems, develops theory and control solutions for fundamental characteristics of Evolving Systems, and provides illustrative examples of Evolving Systems and their control with adaptive key component controllers. Chapter 8 provides a thorough end-to-end description of the process for evaluation of three different data-driven algorithms for anomaly detection to select the best candidate for deployment as part of a suite of IVHM (Integrated Vehicle Health Management) technologies. VI Chapter 9 aims at proving the feasibility of low-cost satellites using COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) devices. Chapter 10 presents a literature survey on robot mobility systems for planetary surface exploration. Chapter 11 outlines the Multi-platform Atmospheric Sounding Testbed (MAST) which is an end-to-end simulation environment at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Chapter 12 describes recent U.S. technology investments in electric propulsion thrusters with emphasis on mission application and low-thrust mission design for interplanetary trajectories and geosynchronous transfer using primary electric propulsion. Chapter 13 presents Radio occultation, which is a remote sensing sounding technique in which a radio frequency signal emitted from a spacecraft passes through an intervening planetary atmosphere before arriving at the receiver. Chapter 14 reports the progress in the development of the real time failure detection and prognostics technique which is used for the solid rocket motors. Chapter 15 describes in details the design of Low-cost Telecommunications CubeSatclass Spacecraft by using one digital signal processor with multitasking operating system which integrates all the intelligences of the satellite. Chapter 16 explores the future of system engineering of microsatellites. Chapter 17 discusses an open question in air traffic management that is whether or not algorithms can be realistically shown to meat Federal Aviation Administration in USA. Chapter 18 presents the application of ray tracing techniques, which are based on geometric optics, to model an IEEE 802.11a wireless system propagation map. Chapter 19 proposes to measure the impacts of the use of new technology sensors in the tracking systems currently used for Air Traffic Control applications. Chapter 20 presents a regime recognition algorithm developed based on hidden Markov model for Helicopter usage monitoring. Chapter 21 outlines some progresses made in simulating dragonfly compound eye imaging system, establishing elementary mathematical model developing compound eye equipment and introducing the electronic image stabilization. Chapter 22 introduces a new technique that could be used with the blind or non blind adaptive algorithms to enhance their performance. Chapter 23 presents an improved cloud detection technique at South China Sea. Chapter 24 introduces a new tunable filter concept for potential application in multispectral and hyperspectral imaging systems. Chapter 25 presents how to estimate the value imbedded in the risk transfer from the contractor to the government in a Multi-Year government Procurement (MYP) contract using real options analysis. Editor Dr. Thawar T. Arif Applied Science University Jordan Contents Preface V Part I 1. Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace 001 David John Lary 2. Building the Next Generation of Aerospace Data Processing Systems by Reusing Existing Software Components 025 James J. Marshall, Robert R. Downs, and Shahin Samadi 3. Reconfigurable Computing for Space 037 Donohoe, Gregory W. and Lyke, James C. 4. Spacecraft Attitude Control 051 Thawar Arif 5. Advancing NASA’s On-Board Processing Capabilities with Reconfigurable FPGA Technologies 069 Paula J. Pingree 6. New Reprogrammable and Non-Volatile Radiation-Tolerant FPGA: RT ProASIC®3 087 Sana Rezgui Part II 7. Evolving Systems and Adaptive Key Component Control 115 Susan A. Frost and Mark J. Balas 8. Evaluation of Anomaly Detection Capability for Ground-Based Pre-Launch Shuttle Operations 141 Rodney A. Martin, Ph.D. VIII 9. Design Solutions for Modular Satellite Architectures 165 Leonardo M. Reyneri, Claudio Sansoè, Claudio Passerone, Stefano Speretta, Maurizio Tranchero, Marco Borri, and Dante Del Corso 10. Robot Mobility Systems for Planetary Surface Exploration – State-of-the-Art and Future Outlook: A Literature Survey 189 Aravind Seeni, Bernd Schäfer and Gerd Hirzinger Part III 11. Multi-Platform Atmospheric Sounding Testbed (MAST) 209 Meemong Lee, Richard Weidner and Kevin Bowman 12. Low-thrust Propulsion Technologies, Mission Design, and Application 219 John W. Dankanich 13. Global GNSS Radio Occultation Mission for Meteorology, Ionosphere & Climate 241 Nick L. Yen, Chen-Joe Fong, Chung-Huei Chu, Jiun-Jih Miau, Yuei-An Liou, and Ying-Hwa Kuo 14. Integrated Vehicle Health Management for Solid Rocket Motors 259 D.G. Luchinsky, V.V. Osipov, V.N. Smelyanskiy, I. Kulikov, A. Patterson-Hein, B. Hayashida, M. Watson, D. Shook, M. Johnson, S. Hyde and J. Shipley Part IV 15. Design of Low-cost Telecommunications CubeSat-class Spacecraft 293 Adnane Addaim, Abdelhaq Kherras and El Bachir Zantou 16. Looking into Future - Systems Engineering of Microsatellites 319 H. Bonyan Part V 17. An Aircraft Separation Algorithm with Feedback and Perturbation 339 White, Allan L. 18. Modelling of the Wireless Propagation Characteristics inside Aircraft 361 Carl James Debono, Reuben A. Farrugia and Keith Chetcuti IX 19. Air Traffic Control Tracking Systems Performance Impacts with New Surveillance Technology Sensors 379 Baud Olivier, Gomord Pierre, Honoré Nicolas, Lawrence Peter, Ostorero Loïc, Paupiah Sarah and Taupin Olivier 20. A Regime Recognition Algorithm for Helicopter Usage Monitoring 391 David He, Shenliang Wu and Eric Bechhoefer Part VI 21. A New Method of High Temporal Resolution Remote Sensing Imaging: Moving Target Detection with Bionics Compound Eye 405 Lei Yan, Pengqi Gao, Huabo Sun and Hongying Zhao 22. Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm Using a Pre-filtering System 417 Omar Abu-Ella and Bashir El-Jabu 23. Improved Cloud Detection Technique at South China Sea 447 Ng Hou Guan, Mohd.Zubir Mat Jafri and Khiruddin Abdullah 24. MEMS Tunable Resonant Leaky-Mode Filters for Multispectral Imaging Applications 463 Robert Magnusson and Mehrdad Shokooh-Saremi 25. A Real Options Approach to Valuing the Risk Transfer in a Multi-Year Procurement Contract 475 Scot A. Arnold and Marius S. Vassiliou [...]... Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 10 1, 10 1 51- 1 016 2 Santee, M L., Mackenzie, I A., Manney, G L., Chipperfield, M P., Bernath, P F., Walker, K A., Boone, C D., Froidevaux, L., Livesey, N J & Waters, J W (2008) A study of stratospheric chlorine partitioning based on new satellite measurements and modeling Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 11 3 Scholkopf, B., Smola, A J., Williamson,... model The left panel shows the solution with SMVGear for level 1 at 01: 00 UT and the right panel shows the corresponding solution using the neural network As one would hope, the two results are almost indistinguishable Fig 9 Strategy for applying a neural wrapper to accelerate the ODE solver 16 Aerospace Technologies Advancements Fig 10 Example results for using a neural wrapper around an atmospheric... simultaneous measurements of the major inorganic chlorine species are rare (Zander et al., 19 92, Gunson et al., 19 94, Webster et al., 19 94, Michelsen et al., 19 96, Rinsland et al., 19 96, Zander et al., 19 96, Sen et al., 19 99, Bonne et al., 2000, Voss et al., 20 01, Dufour et al., 2006, Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace 5 Nassar et al., 2006) In the upper stratosphere, the situation is a little easier... Letters, 34 22 Aerospace Technologies Advancements Levenberg, K (19 44) A method for the solution of certain problems in least squares Quart Appl Math., 2, 16 4 -16 8 Los, S O (19 98) Estimation of the ratio of sensor degradation between noaa AVHRR channels 1 and 2 from monthly NDVI composites IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 36, 206- 213 Marquardt, D W (19 63) An algorithm for least-squares... with moderate resolution satellite sensors Remote Sensing of Environment, 81, 1- 18 Tucker, C J., Slayback, D A., Pinzon, J E., Los, S O., Myneni, R B & Taylor, M G (20 01) Higher northern latitude normalized difference vegetation index and growing season trends from 19 82 to 19 99 International Journal of Biometeorology, 45, 18 4 -19 0 Van Leeuwen, W., Orr, B J., Marsh, S E & Herrmann, S M (2006) Multi-sensor... validation metric The validation is global as the data 4 Aerospace Technologies Advancements is randomly selected over all data points available For our studies, we typically used feedforward back-propagation neural networks with a Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation training algorithm (Levenberg, 19 44, Marquardt, 19 63, Moré, 19 77, Marquardt, 19 79) 3.2 Support Vector Machines Support Vector Machines... chlorine budget in the lower stratosphere Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 10 5, 19 57 -19 71 Brown, M E., Lary, D J., Vrieling, A., Stathakis, D & Mussa, H (2008) Neural networks as a tool for constructing continuous NDVI time series from AVHRR and MODIS International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29, 714 1- 715 8 Brown, M E., Pinzon, J E., Didan, K., Morisette, J T & Tucker, C J (2006) Evaluation... gases, retrievals, aerosol products, land surface products, vegetation indices, and most recently, ocean products (Yi and Prybutok, 19 96, Atkinson and Tatnall, 19 97, Carpenter et al., 19 97, Comrie, 19 97, Chevallier et al., 19 98, Hyyppa et al., 19 98, Gardner and Dorling, 19 99, Lary et al., 2004, Lary et al., 2007, Brown et al., 2008, Lary and Aulov, 2008, Caselli et al., 2009, Lary et al., 2009) Some... least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 11 , 4 31- 4 41 Marquardt, D W (19 79) Citation classic - algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters Current Contents/Engineering Technology & Applied Sciences, 14 -14 Mchugh, M., Magill, B., Walker, K A., Boone, C D., Bernath, P F & Russell, J M (2005) Comparison of atmospheric... continuously observed CH4 (but not N2O) from 19 91 until 2005 Figure 8 (a) shows the global N2O-CH4 correlation for an entire year, after evaluating the efficacy of 3,000 different functional forms for parametric fits, we overlaid the best, an order 20 Chebyshev Polynomial However, this still does not account for the multi-variate nature 14 Aerospace Technologies Advancements of the problem exhibited by . third part (chapters 11 to 14 ) deals with some of the latest applications in space. The fourth part (chapters 15 and 16 ) deals with small satellite technologies. The fifth part (chapters 17 to. (Zander et al., 19 92, Gunson et al., 19 94, Webster et al., 19 94, Michelsen et al., 19 96, Rinsland et al., 19 96, Zander et al., 19 96, Sen et al., 19 99, Bonne et al., 2000, Voss et al., 20 01, Dufour. products (Yi and Prybutok, 19 96, Atkinson and Tatnall, 19 97, Carpenter et al., 19 97, Comrie, 19 97, Chevallier et al., 19 98, Hyyppa et al., 19 98, Gardner and Dorling, 19 99, Lary et al., 2004, Lary