How sustainable are our economies_15 potx

312 Index G Gaia hypothesis 25, 40 General equilibrium 32, 211 see also Computable general equilibrium Genuine Progress Indicator 128–130, 139 Genuine Saving 139, 153, 157 Genuine wealth 58 Global Compact 178, 260, 262 Global governance 255, 261–262 Global Reporting Initiative 177–178, 179 Global warming 80–82, 86, 89, 107 Globalization definition 251 protest movement 252, 254, 259, 261 sustainability effects 252–254, 261, 268 Good life 50, 58, 96, 246 Green accounting see System for integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting Green GDP 155, 166 Greened GDP/GNP 195, 213, 214, 215, 216–217, 220, 226 Greenhouse effect 107 Gross domestic product 45, 46–48, 141 see also Delinkage physical 122 H Happiness 48–49, 50, 58 Hartwick’s rule 31, 224 Homeostatic plateau 35 see also Resilience Homo oeconomicus 18, 39, 265 politicus 39 sustinens 39 Hotelling rule 143, 144 Human Development Index 46, 48, 90, 93, 103 Hybrid accounts see NAMEA I Index of Material and Energy Intensity 200 of Sustainable Economic Welfare 128–130 Indicators definition 72 environmental see Environmental indicators performance evaluation, China 79, 80 sustainable development see Sustainable development, indicators use 78–80 Indices see Aggregation Industrial ecology 40, 236 Input-output analysis 190, 195 econometric model, Germany 216–217 environmental 190–192, 212–214 table 195 see also Physical input-output table Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 81, 86 International Development Strategies 45, 57 ISO 14000 175–177 Internationalization 256, 257 IPAT identity 84, 231 J Johannesburg Summit see World Summit on Sustainable Development K Kyoto Protocol 7, 8, 86 L Least developed countries see Developing countries Life cycle analysis 120, 172–173, 179, 195 Limits-to-growth model 202–204, 208, 231 critique 205–207, 208 Linear programming 219, 220, 226 dynamic 220–221 with environmental constraints 219–220, 226 Localization 258–259, 262 London Group of Natural Resource and Environmental Accountants 142, 159 M Maintenance costing see Valuation, maintenance cost Market creation 241, 280 (dis)incentives see Market, instruments equilibrium see General equilibrium and Computable general equilibrium failure 27, 269, 275 instruments 32, 154–155, 233, 239–240, 269, 277–278 see also Eco-tax and Property rights invisible hand 25, 38, 52 valuation see Valuation, market price Material and energy balance 114, 124 Index 313 Material flow accounting 106, 113–114, 117–118, 124, 162, 185 critique 119–121 Material intensity 116 Material throughput 36, 114 Measure of Economic Welfare 128, 137–138 Metabolism biological 106 industrial see Metabolism, social social 36, 105–106, 123 Micro-macro link 32, 174–175 Millennium Development Goals 45–46, 57, 260 indicators 79, 85 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 163–164 Modelling vs. accounting 131, 146, 191–192, 194–195 and conceptualization of sustainability 222, 224, 225 policy advice 225, 268 Muddling through 232 Multi-criteria analysis 103 Multilateral environment agreements 255, 258 Multinational corporations see Transnational corporations N NAMEA, Netherlands 137, 139–140 National accounts 63, 64, 84, 133 National income 132, 160–161 Natural capital 26, 131 see also Environmental assets consumption 133, 135, 150, 283 critical 31, 37–38, 162–163, 175 maintenance see Capital, maintenance Natural resource common-property see Natural resource, open-access curse 241, 242 depletion see Depletion of natural resources discovery 152 economics 33 management 241–242 open-access 34 productivity 116, 236, 237 Net Additions to Stock 116–117 Net Economic Welfare see Measure of Economic Welfare Net price 143–144 Net worth 132, 161 Neo-liberalism 17, 25, 39 New International Economic Order 45, 58 Newly industrialized countries 200–221 Non-sustainability see Sustainability, limits Normative framework see Feasibility space O Optimal sustainable growth 222–224, 226–227 Other asset changes 135, 143, 152, 187 Overlay mapping 88–89 P Pareto optimality 32, 33, 211, 275 Physical input-output table, Germany 121–123, 124 Physiocrats 20 Pigovian tax see Eco-tax Pipeline, Chad-Cameroon 242 Polluter-pays principle 27, 238, 249 Pollution coefficients, Sweden 191 haven 202, 254 of poverty 5, 83 transboundary 146 Precautionary principle 235, 249 PRED databank 84 Pressure-state-response framework 66, 67, 85 Property rights 241, 280 Public good 43, 241, 276, 281 Public-private partnership 170, 255 see also Global Compact Q Quality of life 85, 128, 169 R Race to the bottom 252 Rebound effects 37, 246 Relative income hypothesis 50, 58 Religion and environment 3, 14 Relinkage see Delinkage Rent see Economic rent Resilience (ecosystem) 35, 53, 55, 59 Rio Declaration 6, 249, 259 Plus Five 6 Summit see United Nations, Conference on Environment and Development Rules and regulations 25, 39, 235 see also Command and control 314 Index S Safe minimum standards 38, 55, 233 Scale (of the economy) 27, 36, 233 Scarcity, environmental 19, 27, 145, 225, 232 Second-best theorem 18, 33 SESAME 139–140 Shadow price 213, 221, 222, 223 Shrimp-turtle dispute 256, 257 Simon-Ehrlich wager 208–209 Simulation 203–204 Skeptical environmentalist 8, 15 Social accounting 169–170 matrix 84 Social collapse see Environmental catastrophe Social cost see Environmental cost and Externalities Social discounting see Discounting Social indicators 84, 85, 169 Social values see Environmental ethics Social welfare function 222, 223 Spaceship earth 36, 106 State of the environment reports 15 Statistics, international 63–64, 83–84 Steady-state economy 22, 36 Stern review 81–82, 86 Strategic Impact Assessment Body 257 Structural profile see Environmental-economic profiles Substitution see Sustainability, strength Sufficiency 245–246, 248 Sustainability 20, 26, 28–29 accounting 150–151, 160–164, 266 economic 26, 28, 29, 30–31, 38–39 268, see also Sustainability, accounting and Capital maintenance ecological 26, 29, 35, 37, 38, 270 see also Carrying capacity and Resilience and Dematerialization environmental see Sustainability -gap index 139 import 82, 119, 238 limits 51–52, 220 reporting see Global Reporting Initiative science 23, 40 strength 31, 37, 150, 266–267 Sustainable Budget Index, Botswana 241 Sustainable development demise 56, 57, 270–271 dimensions 23, 51 definition 49, 52 cornucopia 48–50 indicators 72–78, 80–81, 85–86, 266 local see Eco-development modelling 52, 224 normative nature 54, 56 objectives 5–6, 130, 265 reductionist view 82–83 Sustainable Development Index 93, 102 Sustainable economic growth see Economic growth, sustainable Sustainable National Income 139 System for integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 133–135, 141, 148 asset boundary 133–135 case studies 155–159 Germany 158–159, 285–287 history 141–142, 165–166 indicators 148, 151–153, 161–162 see also Environmentally adjusted net Domestic Product and Environmentally adjusted net Capital Formation operational manual 165, 166 physical accounts 162–163, 164 production boundary 135 revision 142, 154, 159–165, 166, 194 satellite system 142, 165, 174 sustainability measurement see Sustainability, accounting USA 152–153 valuation see Valuation System of National Accounts see National accounts System of Social and Demographic Statistics 63–64, 84 T Tableau Economique 20 Technology environmental 236, 247 see also Eco-techniques impacts 83, 231 progress 224–225, 231 transfer 200 Thermodynamic laws 36, 106, 108, 114 Thermoeconomic accounting 123 Threshold hypothesis 50, 128, 185 Throughput see Material throughput Total Material Requirement 114–116, 117–119 Total Material Output 116 Total wealth 130–131, 132–133 portfolio management 130 Trade liberalization see Globalization Tradable pollution permits 81, 145, 240 see also European Union, emission trading scheme Tragedy of the commons 33 Index 315 Transnational corporations 170, 251, 252, 260 Transnationalization 251 U United Nations Climate Change Conference 8 Committee of Experts on Environmental and Economic Accounting 165, 166 conference on sustainable development see World Summit on Sustainable Development Conference on Environment and Development 6, 165 Conference on the Human Environment 5, 63 Environment Programme 5, 258, 259 Framework Convention on Climate Change 7, 8, 86 User cost allowance 144 User-pays principle 27, 238, 249 Utility see Welfare V Valuation damage 147–148, 158 energy 108, 112–113 maintenance cost 145–146 market price 142–144 monetary, rejection 19, 27–28, 142, 161 net present value 143 system-inherent 123 Vision 13, 220, 269 W Washington consensus 261 Wealth see Net worth and Total wealth and Capital Weighting by weight 28, 120, 266 Well-being see Welfare Wellbeing Index 96, 102, 103, 185 Welfare indicators 128–130, 141, 154, 183–185 maximization 222, 223 measurement see Welfare, indicators and Valuation, damage sustainable 29, 224 and wealth 130–131, 160, 161, 267 Willingness to pay 28, 147, 148 Win-win strategy 243, 245, 249 World Business Council for Sustainable Development 8, 248 World Commission on Environment and Development 5–6, 18–19, 49 World Environment Organization 258, 259, 262 World state 251, 255 World Summit on Sustainable Development 6–7, 164, 170 World Trade Organization 255–256, 261–262 countervailing power 258–259 environmental stipulations 255–257 greening 256–258 Z Zero Emission Research Initiative 236, 248 Zero growth 5, 25, 204, 207 Colour Plates Plate 1.1 Environmental indicators. Source: Globus Infografik GmbH. 317 318 Colour Plates Plate 1.2 Full World? Source: Based on Daly (1996); copyright VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy; with permission by the copyright holder. Colour Plates 319 Period Ecology, thermodyna - mics Ecological economics (Neo)classical economics Environmental economics Sustainable development 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Quesnay (1759) Smith (1776) Malthus (1798) v. Carlowitz (1713) Ricardo (1817) Mill Marshall Fisher Walras (1840 – 1910) Carnot (1824) Clausius (1850) Darwin (1859) Haeckel (1866) Lotka (1925) Odum & Odum (1953) Georgescu-R. (1971) H.T. Odum (1996) Boulding Ayres Daly Martinez- Alier Costanza … (1960- Keynes (1936) Human/deep ecology Bio- economics Main- stream econo- mics Pigou (1920) Hotelling (1931) Kapp (1950) Coase Mishan (Solow) Hartwick Pearce Mäler … (1960- Institutional, coevolutionary economics IUCN WCED United Nations (1980- Jevons (1865) Marx (1894) Plate 2.1 Historical perspective of eco–nomics 320 Colour Plates Plate 2.2 Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645–1714) Colour Plates 321 Plate 2.3 Getting physical or monetary? Copyright VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy; with permission by the copyright holder. Plate 4.1 Projected surface temperature increase in the 21st century a Note: a “Best estimates” for the high-impact scenario, compared to 1980–1999. Source: IPCC (2007) – Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 322 Colour Plates Plate 5.1 Overlay mapping: global warming and precipitation effects Source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal (2005), Vital Climate Change Graphics. [...]...Colour Plates 323 Plate 5.2 Ecological footprint Source: Copyright VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy; with permission by the copyright holder 324 Colour Plates Plate 6.1 Global energy balance Source: US National Weather Service, JetStream – Online School for Weather (http://www.srh weather.gov/srh/jetstream/atmos/energy_balance.htm) Colour Plates 325 Plate... weather.gov/srh/jetstream/atmos/energy_balance.htm) Colour Plates 325 Plate 6.2 Exergy flow system, Sweden 1994 Source: Wall (2001b), The use of natural resources in society, plate 30; Copyright Eolss, with permission from Eolss 326 Colour Plates Plate 6.3 Material flows through the economy Source: S Bringezu (2000) Ressourcennutzung in Wirtschaftsräumen Berlin: Springer, cover page (translated by the author); with... ‘too heavy to marry?’ Source: Seppo Leinonen, with permission by the artist Plate 9.1 Life cycle of jeans Copyright VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy; with permission by the copyright holder Plate 9.2 EMAS logo Source: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/emas/index_en.htm; with permission by the copyright holder, Stora Enso Kabel Mill, Germany 328 Colour Plates Plate 13.1... Enso Kabel Mill, Germany 328 Colour Plates Plate 13.1 Metabolic consistency: coffee and mushroom production Source: Based on Steinbrink (2001), fig 2; with permission by the copyright holder, Zero Emission Research Initiative, ZERI Colour Plates Plate I.1 Internalizing environmental damage Source: Adapted from Turner et al (1993) 329 . Accounting 133–135, 141, 148 asset boundary 133–135 case studies 155 159 Germany 158 159 , 285–287 history 141–142, 165–166 indicators 148, 151 153 , 161–162 see also Environmentally adjusted net Domestic. 266 Well-being see Welfare Wellbeing Index 96, 102, 103, 185 Welfare indicators 128–130, 141, 154 , 183–185 maximization 222, 223 measurement see Welfare, indicators and Valuation, damage sustainable 29,. 56 objectives 5–6, 130, 265 reductionist view 82–83 Sustainable Development Index 93, 102 Sustainable economic growth see Economic growth, sustainable Sustainable National Income 139 System for integrated