Research report Macadamais trials data analysis( prelimary) Macadamais workshop 18 October 2007 Mai trung Kien RCTSI(FSI) Ba Vì - 2007 Research duties Identified available varieties Identified propagation potential of varieties Identified variety for regional Trial plots materials - Grafted seedlings from Australia : Daddow, 246, 294, 344, 816,849, 856, 741, NG8 and China OC, A800 - Grafted seedlings from Ba Vì year 1994 fruits MC1 - MC11, C1(C©y h t Australia), C2 (C©y h t Ba Vì), C3 (from Ba Vì) - Facing 192 trees/ha (7 m x m), fertilize 50kg organic + 500gam NPK/tree Each variety 16 trees replicated Trials Ba Vì (H T©y) 2,0 n m 2002 Uông B (Quảng Ninh) 1,0 n m 2003 ång Híi (Qu¶ng Bình) 1,0 n m 2003 Kr«ng N ng ( c L c) 1,0 n m 2004 Mai S¬n (S¬n La) 1,0 n m 2004 i L¶i (VÜnh Phóc) 1,0 n m 2005 cPlao ( c N«ng) 1,0 n m 2005 Hồnh B (Qu¶ng Ninh) 2,0 n m 2006 Ba Vì (H T©y) 2,0 n m 2007 C u Hai (Phú Th ) 2,0 n m 2007 Nghiªn cøu gh p v V t h u c a gi ng Macadamia T l s ng c a gi ng Macadamia sau ghép Sinh tr ng c a gi ng Macadamia sau ghép Th i gian hoa c a gi ng Macadamia Th i gian u qu c a gi ng Macadamia Research result K t qu kh o nghi m gi ng K t qu nhân gi ng gi ng Macadamia K t qu hoa gi ng Macadamia K t qu u qu c a gi ng Macadamia B ng Macadamia at Ba Vì Hà Tây (10/2002 - 7/2007) Variety Live rate (%) Do (cm) H (m) Dt (m) grow (Iv) Flowered (%) Fruited (%) 816 100 8,5 4,6 2,9 328,6 100,0 50,0 344 93,7 7,9 4,8 2,6 299,9 100,0 100,0 Dadow 93,7 7,3 3,8 3,4 203,2 100,0 100,0 246 93,7 7,3 4,2 3,3 220,3 100,0 100,0 849 93,7 6,7 4,3 2,9 192,5 100,0 68,8 NG8 100 6,7 4,3 2,9 189,4 100,0 25,0 856 87,5 6,4 4,6 2,7 186,4 100,0 50,0 842 100 6,8 3,9 3,3 180,5 100,0 100,0 741 87,5 6,4 4,0 2,7 162,3 100,0 81,3 C1 93,7 4,2 3,7 2,4 64,2 12,5 12,5 C2 93,7 4,3 3,2 2,1 58,5 0,0 0,0 Note: C1: C©y h t óc, C2: C©y h t Ba Vì Varieties 816, 344, Daddow v 246 suitable for Ba Vì (H Tây) Table Macadamia at Uông B Quảng Ninh (9/2003 - 7/2007) Variet Live Do y rate (%) (cm) H (m) Dt (m) Grow (Iv) Floweri ng (%) Fruited (%) OC 100 2,40 1,46 0,65 8,4 25,0 0,0 TQ T 100 1,65 0,93 0,47 2,5 0,0 0,0 C1 100 2,0 1,75 0,44 7,0 0,0 0,0 MC1 93,7 1,28 0,94 0,29 1,5 0,0 0,0 MC10 87,5 1,23 0,89 0,71 1,3 0,0 0,0 C3 100 0,98 0,87 0,33 0,8 0,0 0,0 MC8 87,5 0,99 0,78 0,33 0,7 0,0 0,0 MC11 93,7 0,95 0,62 0,27 0,6 0,0 0,0 MC2 Ghi chó 93,7 0,95 0,63 0,15 0,6 0,0 0,0 C1: C©y h t óc, C2: C©y h t Ba Vì, C3: C©y hom t i Ba Vì Variety OC available in U«ng B (Qu¶ng Ninh) Table Macadamia at ång Híi – Qu¶ng Bình (11/2003 - 7/2007) Grow (IV) Flower ed (%) Fruited (%) 1,98 101,6 50,0 12,5 2,81 1,80 99,8 25,0 12,5 5,61 3,10 1,76 97,6 0,0 0,0 100 4,91 2,54 1,64 61,2 50,0 25,0 741 93,7 4,04 2,16 1,36 35,3 25,0 12,5 MC7 87,5 3,38 1,98 0,93 22,6 0,0 0,0 TQ ®t MC4 93,7 2,88 1,52 0,70 12,6 0,0 0,0 87,5 2,47 1,69 0,92 10,3 0,0 0,0 MC1 93,7 2,21 1,71 0,68 8,35 12,5 0,0 C2 93,7 2,33 1,41 0,63 7,65 0,0 0,0 variet y Live rate (%) Do (cm) H (m) Dt (m) 816 93,7 5,67 3,16 246 100 5,96 C1 87,5 OC Macadamia market for Vietnam needs to be considered China is the potential Macadamia market for Vietnam What we need to now? - Estimating some areas that have capacity to be suitable with Macadamia planting, for example: should plant trials Macadamia in North-west, Coastal areas and center highland of Vietnam - What experience lessons did we have from pepper and cashew development which are similar to Macadamia development: government has not yet supported financally but still development was fast Mr Tan ask Mr Martin Whether Macadamia tree which been grafted will provide bigger yields and will it become better tree for the long term? Mr Martin answer: We are studying in our project in Vietnam, which varieties have the most balanced yield and develop fast and how to select good healthy trees Also we are looking at what is the best nutrition for trees in Vietnam? We are also providing information from Australia and China in regard to these matters 10 Presentation Summaries ( Full presentations are attached in PDF) The Financial Aspects of Macadamia Farming in Australia and how this applies to Vietnam Kim Wilson (Presentation summary.) Australia has 20 years experience in macadamia farming, providing knowledge of the financial aspects of the business which can be a model to estimate the flow of revenue for Vietnam macadamia farmers in the future Macadamia farming is a long term investment over 20 years with high cost in establishing a farm and a good return after 10 years (Figure 1) Figure Example of cumulative cash flow and income for macadamia farm In Australia labour represents 30% - 40% of total operating costs with nutrition, equipment, tractors and fuel as other major costs A summary of costs and benefits in establishment, maintenance and harvesting over time is shown in Table Harvesting costs in Australia are 550% more expensive for hand harvesting compared to machine harvesting After six years a ton /ha harvest will net profits of $5,000/ha/yr, at an average nut in shell price of $2.50 / Kg (35,000 VND) However, returns are related to tree density with 1000 trees/ha reaching a maximum at 16% return In Vietnam the costs will differ for land, trees, labour, irrigation, fuel, fertilizer, etc and these costs need to be better understood Management need to consider the labour needed and how trees will grow and produce in Vietnam It is expected that land and labour will be cheaper than in Australia and hand harvesting more feasible than expensive machinery Kernel recovery may be lower, and we are yet to 11 establish what the average production per tree will be, but with lowered costs the benefits could be encouraging for the macadamia industry in North Vietnam Table Average costs and benefits of Australian macadamia farming operations Year Operations Cost ($/ha){VND/ha} land purchase site preparation trees Irrigation installation planting 15,000{210,000} 1,000 {14,000,000} 3,000{42,000,000} 2,500 {35,000,000} 400 {5,600,000} Total 21,900 2-5 Tree training, weed,grass and pest control, soil testing, fertilising Tractors, harvester, spraying equipment, dehusking facility, Initial harvest 5-6 6+ Harvesting, weed and grass control, fertilizing, irrigation, canopy management, pest and disease monitoring Benefit ($/ha){VND/ha} 2,000 {28,000,000} 210,000 {2,940,000,000} ? 5,000 (70,000,000 VND) 10,000 (140,000,000VND) 12 Macadamia research and growing techniques in China By Prof Lu shaozhong (Presentation summary English translation) South China Tropical Crops research Institute in Zhanjiang Workshop 24/10/2007 at Ba vì, Hà tây, Vietnam Situation of Macadamia plantings in China 1.1 Introduction and experimentation period 1910-1994 1.2 Commercial growing period 1994• Introduction of varieties 1910-1979 • Introduction & experimentation 1979-1994 • The oldest introduction of Macadamia was 1910 only planted seedlings not yet grafted, harvest was very small, and low quality 1.3 Introductions from Australia 1979—1984 • varieties from Australia • Keauhou (246) Ikaika(333) Kau (344) Kakea(508) Keaau(660) • Mauka(741) Makai(800) Hinde (H2) Own Choice (O.C) mostly introduced to South China Crops Institute 1.4 Introduce from Hawaii US 1988 -• varieties from Hawaii • Purvis(294) Beaumont(695) Pahala(788) • 344 660 741 800 and some of scion-wood also there were some from Australia 1.5 Growing commercial Macadamias until 2005 • Province Growing area Harvesting area 2003 2004 2005 • Yunnan 3149 Ha 1192 Ha 107 t 223 352 • Guangxi 171 160 46 112 104 • Hainan 6 2 • Xixuan 190 20 12 11 34 • Total 3576 Ha 1378 Ha 167 t 348 t 472 t 1.6 Differences of productivity of Macadamias between China, Hawaii & Australia China Hawaii Australia Year Kg/tree 0,7 1,4 Kg/Ha 272 514 Kg/tree 2,2 4,7 Kg/Ha 393 824 Kg/tree Kg/Ha 250 500 2,5 937 10,8 1884 1000 1116 17,2 2982 1500 1.7 Macadamias research in China 13 6,5 2465 23,5 4080 2000 10 11 2,4 6,6 905 2475 29,5 35,4 5100 6120 10 12 2500 3000 (A) Research on locality adapted to planting • Year 1986 South china crops Institute establish research Team thành l p t n/c v establish 33 trials plots in provinces t nh: Guangdong,, Guangxi, Yunnan, Xixuan Hainnan, Long Zhou and Zhanzhang Year 1994, research Report has been successful reported Report was indicated that China can growing Macadamias, with quality of kernel can around the middle level of international quality standard Suitable regions in Guangdong West of Hà nguyên North of Bích khánh, L c nh Suitability in Guangxi: North of Khâm châu South of Li u châu Quilin has been growing however not good, will continue to maintain plots Suitability in Yunnan Has been planting in c hung, Lâm x ng, B o s n, T mao, xi xuang bana, high 700m-1200m Over 1400m high could be part of the experiment (B) Varieties selected for growing: H2 Own Choice (O.C) 344 788 695 333 Rejected was 800 (C) Cuttings technology research: From 2003 was growing 300.000 seedlings of varieties Success rate is over 82% in Yunnan Province Variety H2 success rate is 98% (D) Grafting technique success rate: Longzhou: has been grafted 788, OC, QN1,25.000 cây, thành công 80%, 90%, 96% Dehong: H2, OC, 344,333, 45.000 trees, success 77% Zhanzhang, grafted H2, OC, 788,344, 160.000 trees, success 86% Found there is no need to cincturing before taking of scion wood Constraints and Prospects Constraints: Industry development policy • Firstly development occurred in coastal areas of Guangdong province, but typhoons proved too problematic and prevented successful development • From 1994 Yunnan province developed too fast, technical matters were not yet overcome, so could not sustain development process established 18 Companies, imported 60 tones nut seed planted on the mountainous, all big companies became bankrupt, up to 1998-2003, State did not provide support, this resulted in development of orchard without good management and maintenanceleading to low production low profit, many orchards have now been cut-down and replace by other crops • Production chain not yet continuous • Growers not understanding the technical aspects of macadamia 14 Prospects of future Macadamias in China Because the institute has now identified the suitable regions for growing suitable varieties to plant and good nursery techniques and management, this has lead to the strengthening of trust of the Macadamia industry The near future should reinforce research, better of nursery techniques and management, shortening time of production resulting in the raising the productivity of orchards • Investors understanding of Macadamias, including that it does not need too much investment, is easy to manage, has few insects and disease, easy to handle and keep the product during transport and can also provide a high price and good income • Recently Lonegan, Litchii, Mangoes are down in price and yield, so many farmers like the idea of growing Macadamias Price of Macadamia nuts is 17-20 yuan/kg, • From year 2004, has the competition on the Macadamia market some of big company are buying state farms, and developing the growing of more of macadamia, building factories, now in the market place there are a range of primary processing equipment and this helps promoted the macadamias industry From 2004 up to now, the development process is very fast, year 2005 orchard area was 3500 Ha, NIS 470 tonnes .Year 2007 the area is up to 6000 Ha NIS production is 1000-1300 tonnes • Every year new development is around 1000 Ha Some questions that cannot be answered at this time include: How many HA of Macadamia will have in future in China? Chinese market of Macadamia in future? Invest/income of Ha Macadamia of variety QN1 ( Guangxi) year items 10 Total invest/10.000 Yuan 1.44 0.50 0.56 0.83 0.87 1.07 1.12 1.43 1.56 1.67 1.67 Product/kg 0 500 990 2500 4950 5940 6930 7920 7920 79 Value/10.000 Yuan 0 1.0 1.98 5.0 9.9 11.9 13.86 15.84 15.84 15 15 11 Profit/10.000 Yuan 1.44 0.5 0.56 Total Profit/10.000 Yuan 1.44 1.94 2.5 Note Price of grafted seedling 0.17 2.33 1.11 3.93 1.22 8.78 10.47 12.30 14.17 14.17 14 2.71 11.49 21.96 34.26 48.43 62.6 76 yuan/tree in the market price actually 20 Yuan/Kg Conclusion of Training Workshop I Discussion questions at the conclusion of the Macadamia workshop in Ha Tay province These question will provide a focus for future training workshops Whether there is a difference between grafted trees and cutting trees or not? How to take care of Macadamia trees from the flower-bearing stage until fruit-bearing? When Macadamia trees bloom when it is drizzling rain in Australia? What are the treatment methods? Which kind of potting soil is appropriated in Vietnam? Why the fruit-bearing rate is low in the rainy season? Whether we can use sawdust of sap plant species to make potting mix or not? What the pestilent insects and diseases often appear with seedling plants in nursery? Because of the changeable weather in Thanh Hoa province, it is common for diseases to occur Does it occur on nurseries during the years period, young trees often have fungi disease, how to treat them? The rate of Macadamia flower-bearing and fruit-bearing is very low, but the maintenance of fruit on the trees is even more difficult? So, what fertilizes or what technology we need to use to maintain more crop on the trees 10 In Krong Nang site (Center highland), the rate of Macadamia flower-bearing and fruit-bearing is lower than other researched areas Is there any research on the rate of hermaphrodite flowers on the trees? 16 11 Do we need to use more simulative applications in flower-bearing and fruit-bearing stages? Can we change flower-bearing and fruit-bearing stages of Macadamia plants base on simulative applications? 12 Pruning off the branches effects trees, in which way? Do you have research data of which rate of green husk, hard husk and seed are? 13 How does manure fertilize to promote plant development? How many times per year? Do you have research date of the rate of seed/fruits quantity? 14 Lang Son Company has grown Macadamia trees since 2002, so it identified which variety is suitable for climate and soil conditions in Lang Son province? Do drizzling rain and monsoon affect flower and fruit-bearing? 15 Does Lang Son Company have comparisons between grafted trees and cutting trees? Which is it better? 16 Why have the price of Macadamia seeds during last years been reduced? 17 The density of Macadamia growing in Quang Chau (China) is very high? How many years is this high density been undertaken? 18 According to Dr Lu, how you assess the role of China on the world Macadamia market? 19 How to choose rootstock? Is there, in Vietnam any research on root system of rootstock trees? II Comments on and proposals for the workshop and the project All participants were satisfied on the workshop, especially logistic arrangement and organization of the board organization Almost all of them hope to be attended in the project to improve knowledge and experience Mr Do The Linh- Thanh Hoa “To suggest Vietnam government accept Macca tree to communicate to local people Delegate of Thai Binh Foods company asked questions such as: + Need to cut grafted buds at how old they are suitable? + How grafted buds and rootstocks are appropriate? + After cutting, should shoot be grafted immediately or need to process? If processing, how to do? + How to protect grafted buds? + What detail technology methods of cutting are? Mr Mai Xuan Hung- Thanh Hoa province “To propose the project to support Thanh Hoa in building trial model about 5- 10ha for local people Mr Tran Nhu Hiep- farmer: “To suggest the project to support technology and varieties to build growing models by his family” 17 Mr Vuong Dac Hung- Hoa Binh province suggested: + The project should be extended and be supported to research, application and experiment to identify more details on varieties, technology in order to have recommendations for farmers + To strengthen organization of workshops and training courses to exchange and study experience for farmers and researchers Mr Le Tuan Dat- Hoa Binh province: “My family will try to develop 5-10ha Macadamia plants next year, so to propose the project to support technology and varieties” Mr Nguyen Hoang Anh- Thanh Hoa province: “To propose the project to support an experiment model from 2-5ha in Thanh Hoa province to create the base of training and studying for local people Mr Le Trung Nhan- Ha Tay province: + Macadamia is new species in Vietnam, so should invest, research and experiment to give exact conclusions on: - Appropriated growing locations and sites? - Which varieties are suitable for soil, climate conditions in Vietnam? - Which varieties create good productivity and quality in Vietnam? + In order to have good Maccadamia gardens to need determine development policies such as: technology investment, finance, area scale, variety selection before developing Macadamia widely + Need to invest some standard for nurseries to produce quality young trees to supply for programs; should avoid popular production because no-standard and no-quality young trees will be produced 18 Thailand Macadamia Tour planning visit Oct 26-Nov 2007 Notes Martin Novak Program organized by Prof Choob and Prof Bunvong 26 Oct arrive from Hanoi met Choob, Euy and Nui then from BKK Fly with Choob and meet Prof Monton in Chiang mai 27 Oct visit Fang Horticultural Research station to look at Macadamia plantation Mr Khajon Suriya arranged tour He is the most knowledgeable about macadamia in Thailand The station has 10, 20 and 40 year old trees not maintained for over the past years until this year Best varieties are 741 660 508 741 is by far the best yielding A4 & 246 not so good Another 12 varieties are also planted but are not yielding well Elevation 550 m RainFall 1200-1500mm pa Soil light color and very alkaline due to limestone derivative The trees are at wide spacings 10x5m Some pruning to raise branches has been done (See photos) They fertilise times per year Some problems with wind from the mountains so they use bamboo as wind breaks Plan to develop nursery An information pamphlet was provided (In Thai) Lunch at Mae Fang NP (hosted by Mr Chonglai (Director - apologies) Hot springs We invited them to next VN workshop Oct 08 28-10-07 Met at airport Dr Ranumas Ma-oon whose brother owns large 350 acrea Horticultural farm with 4000 macadamia trees, a nursery, other flower and fruit crops, small processing factory and shop Ranumas works as Prof at Faculty of Education Kasetsart Uni She plans retire to her brother’s Mr Pote property of 350 acrea farm near Chiang rai at mae Khao Mao farm II The farm is totally organic and has certification, also has ethical standards such as no killing of animals on the property It has beautiful water-ways and gardens with some good standard of self contained accommodation The farm is a fully integrated operation growing a large range of fruits, herbs teas and vegetables Also grows flowers for perfume production Most product is for the domestic regional market Tea is exported to China It has 4000 macadamiaa + nursery, processing & packaging The oldest trees are 14 years old, most are10 yrs some new replacements 2006 crop was 11 ton They harvest by hand and husk by machine then dry NIS in racks and store nuts in bags Then they value add by roasting and packaging in their processing factory They also grow and process dry and juice other fruit such as banana, mangoe, star fruit, dragon fruit, passion fruit and native Thai fruit They also produce perfume including Rose and Camillia and Thai natives They have accommodation and a road side shop We are invited to stay for the next visit They may sell seed nut and other products to Vietnam or Australia Income last month was 200,000 bt but costs were 600,000 Their produce is of excellent quality They need help with marketing their large range of products 29-10-07 Drove to Intanon National Park meet with Mr Samarn Na Lampang (and Mr Anan Sornngai park director sent apologies) The gate way to the Himalayan ranges Doi Inthanon is the highest mountain in Thailand and is a part of the mountain ranges which sweep south through China and Burma as the southern extension of the Himalayas Its summit is temperate so various species such as Rhododendrons and Oak are native We drove by WD to visit a macadamia plantation at Khun Wang Kings Initiative Project there Pichit Sripinta of Department of Agriculture Chiang Mai Royal Agricultural Research Center gave a power point presentation (Request copy) about the macadamia research and plantings in the area Including the following information: Macadamia was introduced to Thailand 40 years ago In total Thailand now has 1500 of macadamia planted mostly in the north highlands In 1981 the king introduced them to this area The research plantings are mostly 14 and 10 years old They are mostly successfully inter-planted with coffee an Arabica variety and local selection which tolerates low light conditions under the Macadamia They coppice the coffee at the age of about and it grows again The best varieties include 741 660 508 & 344 elevations are identified for the most suitable varieties 400m (660) 700m (741) 1000 (508) Some problems with rats and squirrels Also failure of flowers from the tips and at times poor nut set The ten year old trees at 10 x are well developed and were already intersecting so there is a need for pruning Grafting was a problem 20% success rate Now they what they found works well with mangoes and that is to graft the seedling with root ball wrapped in Coconut husk, to the mature tree and then cut it of by -12 months and pot up and grow on for 5-6 months and plant This has a 60% rate Pichit will present details of the research at next years workshop in Vietnam Contact details: Prof Monton Jamroenprucksa Kasetsart University work 66 561 4246 mobile 0818040210 work fformtj@ku.ac.th Dr Pichit Sripinta Department of Agriculture Chiang Mai Royal Agricultural Research Center work 053432275-6 mobile 019524477 work fax 053432276 work pichitsripinta334@hotmail.com Address: Chiang Mai Royal Agricultural Research Center PO Box 54 Hangdong Chiang Mai 50230 Thailand other email sripintap@yahoo.com Prof Ranumas Ma-oon Faculty of Education Kasetsart Uni work 662 4352043 mobile 66 818290832 work ranumas_pu@hotmail.com ... Wilson [A3.1 &A3.1.1] ii Trials and data collection by Kim Wilson [A3.2] iii Macadamia research progress by FSI ( Nguyen dinh Hai, Mai trung Kien)[A3.3] iv Macadamia research and trial in high... Institute establish research Team thành l p t n/c v establish 33 trials plots in provinces t nh: Guangdong,, Guangxi, Yunnan, Xixuan Hainnan, Long Zhou and Zhanzhang Year 1994, research Report has... way? Do you have research data of which rate of green husk, hard husk and seed are? 13 How does manure fertilize to promote plant development? How many times per year? Do you have research date