Satellite Communications edited by Nazzareno Diodato SCIYO Satellite Communications Edited by Nazzareno Diodato Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 Sciyo All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by Sciyo, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jelena Marusic Technical Editor Zeljko Debeljuh Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright TebNad, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from publication@sciyo.com Satellite Communications, Edited by Nazzareno Diodato p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-135-0 SCIYO.COM WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS FREE free online editions of Sciyo Books, Journals and Videos can be found at www.sciyo.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Preface VII About QoS in DVB-S2/RCS Systems 1 Baptiste Jacquemin, Pascal Berthou, Thierry Gayraud and Lionel Bertaux Antenna System for Land Mobile Satellite Communications 33 Basari, Kazuyuki Saito, Masaharu Takahashi and Koichi Ito Cooperative Strategies for Satellite Access 59 Luca Simone Ronga, Rosalba Suffritti and Enrico Del Re MIMO Channel Models for Satellite Communications 79 Abbas Mohammed and Asad Mehmood Analysis of Uses and Metrology : an Experiment in Telecommunications by Satellite and Wireless Network Solution for Rural Areas 93 Fautrero Valérie, Fernandez Valérie and Puel Gilles Design and Implementation of Satellite-Based Networks and Services for Ubiquitous Access to Healthcare 115 Georgi Graschew, Theo A. Roelofs, Stefan Rakowsky and Peter M. Schlag Characterisation and Channel Modelling for Satellite Communication Systems 133 Asad Mehmood and Abbas Mohammed Combining satellite and geospatial technologies for exploring rainstorm hazard over Mediterranean Central Area 153 Nazzareno Diodato Design and Simulation of a DVB-S2-like Adaptive Air interface Designed for Low Bit Rate Emergency Communications Satellite Link in Ku/Ka/Q/V Bands 163 Ponia Pech, Marie Robert, Alban Duverdier and Michel Bousquet Mapping and Estimation of Chemical Concentrations in Surface Soils Using LANDSAT TM Satellite Imagery 183 B.B. Maruthi Sridhar and Robert K. Vincent Contents VI Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 OLFISH - A complete, paperless solution for the collection, management and dissemination of marine data 203 Dr. Amos Barkai, Fatima Felaar, Karl Geggus, Zahrah Dantie and Arno Hayes Vegetation Mapping of the Mond Protected Area of Bushehr Province (SW Iran) 239 Ahmadreza Mehrabian, Alireza Naqinezhad, Abdolrassoul Salman Mahiny, Hossein Mostafavi, Homan Liaghati and Mohsen Kouchekzadeh Earth to space link 253 Mandeep Jit Singh, Mardina Abdullah, Baharudin Yatim, Mahamod Ismail and Wayan Suparta Guidelines for Satellite Tracking 283 Dusan Vuckovic, Petar Rajkovic and Dragan Jankovic Interference in Cellular Satellite Systems 299 Ozlem Kilic and Amir I. Zaghloul Beyond life-cycle utilization of geostationary communication satellites in end-of-life 323 Shi Hu-Li, Han Yan-Ben, Ma Li-Hua, Pei Jun, Yin Zhi-Qiang and Ji Hai-Fu Planar Antennas For Satellite Communications 367 Jorge Sosa-Pedroza, Fabiola Martínez-Zúniga and Mauro Enciso-Aguilar Power and Spectral Efficient Multiuser Broadband Wireless Communication System 395 Santi P. Maity Quantum Based Information Transfer in Satellite Communication 421 Laszlo Bacsardi and Sandor Imre Satellite coverage optimization problems with shaped reflector antennas 437 Adriano C. Lisboa, Douglas A. G. Vieira and Rodney R. Saldanha Satellite Laser Communication With Widely Dispersed Ground Stations 453 Paul Christopher Satellite Motion 475 Miljenko Solarić System Aspects of Active Phased Arrays 513 Amir I. Zaghloul, Ozlem Kilic and Eric C. Kohls The title of this study incorporates two currently very popular concepts: satellite and communication. In an era where geoinformation demand are growing at worldwide scale, remote sensing and telecommunication around digital and electronic networks are seriously challenged by the diverse applications of novel digital and information communication technologies. The omnipresence of personal computers and, especially, the introduction of the World Wide Web and the enormous growth of Internet use that has followed, has concretized the possibility to exchange information. The massive amount of writing on the information society has been very much a result of sociologic, philosophic, and political discussion. It is generally accepted that the currently ongoing transition, resulting in a knowledge-based information society, can bring enormous benets to societies. Decisions made and actions taken today may affect the evolution considerably. Therefore individuals active in various elds need to have a basic understanding of the topics, their relation to each other and the factors inuencing their combined evolution. This study is motivated by the need to give the reader a broad view of the developments, key concepts, and technologies related to information society evolution, with a focus on the wireless communications and geoinformation technologies and their role in the environment. Giving perspective, it aims at assisting people active in the industry, the public sector, and Earth science elds as well, by providing a base for their continued work and thinking. Questions addressed in the study are developed within 23 chapters which can be enclosed in four main thematic areas: ♣ System and Models for Satellite Access and Communications ♣ Emergency Communications in social areas ♣ Mapping Communication in Earth Sciences ♣ Optimization Problems and Develop of New Technologies In the rst issue System and models for satellite access and communications are presented ve chapters: 1) About-QoS in DVB-S2/RCS systems that deals with design and evaluation of Quality of Service Architecture to be implemented in DVB-S2/RCS systems. In this way, geostationary satellite networks are expected to play a decisive role in bridging the existing digital divide through providing broadband access to multimedia services in low terrestrial infrastructure areas. 2) Antenna system for land mobile satellite communications describes an antenna system for land mobile satellite communications particularly in design, development and chamber measurement as well as realization in eld experiment using the geostationary satellite. The developed antenna system is simple, compact and promising in low cost production. 3) Cooperative strategies for satellite access can be seen as a new form of spatial Preface VIII diversity in which the diversity gain can be achieved through the cooperation of different users, opportunely grouped in clusters. In this way a new class of communications, called cooperative communications, has been proposed as a valuable alternative to spatial diversity techniques which require the deployment of additional antennas in order to mitigate fading effects. 4) In MIMO channel modelling is presented an overview and analytical analysis of standard MIMO channel models for satellite communication systems. In order to further test the channel models and the effect of the propagation environment, was investigated a novel application of using satellite diversity in conjunction with compact MIMO antenna array congurations (exploiting the polarization and pattern diversity features provided by these compact MIMO antennas) in order to enhance the capacity of satellite communication links. In the second issue Emergency Communications in social areas are presented four chapters: 1) Experiment in telecommunications by satellite and wireless network solution for rural areas, where the TWISTER project (2005/2007) responses to the European Commission’s call for tenders, dedicated to satellite solutions. This analysis has enabled to conrm the relevance such as the ‘applications-territories’ coupling, certain territorial stakeholders want to develop more particularly structuring applications, such as, for example, e-administration services (for citizens), telemedicine (for retirement homers, ski resorts, etc.). 2) Design and implementation of satellite-based networks and services for ubiquitous access to healthcare was explicited by different projects that provided satellite-based trans-European competence network for telemedicine, telemedical support in cases of disaster emergencies, support on-board of cruise ships, and the EMISPHER project that enabled an equal access for most of the Euro- Mediterranean countries to online services for healthcare in the required quality of service. 3) In rate emergency communications satellite link in Ku/Ka/Q/V bands is expounded the link budget dimensioning and a customized, enhanced DVB-S2-like air interface proposed to support minimum emergency communications in a severely impaired channel environment in high frequencies. The paper then outlines the combined Excel//Juzzle/Matlab high-level transmission link software simulation platform that was developed in order to assess the performance of theproposed transmission scheme. In the third issue Mapping in Earth Sciences are presented six chapters: 1) Combining satellite and geospatial technologies for exploring rainstorm hazard where a set of sequential GIScience rules was utilized for converting coding data of a Rainstorm Hazard Index (RHI) from point record to spatial information using TRMM–NASA satellite rain data as covariate. Examples of probability estimation for different precipitation durations, ranging from 3 to 48 hours and the quantication of hydrological hazard elds were used with probability maps of damaging rainstorms prone-areas for the test-region of Southern Italy. 2) In design and simulation of a DVB-S2-like adaptive air interface designed for low bit, a DVB-S2-based adaptive air interface was proposed and simulated to meet the performance constraints of bidirectional satellite communication links to be established in a post-disaster emergency situation in Ku/Ka and Q/V bands where strong channel impairments occur. So that this chapter expounds the link budget dimensioning and a customized, enhanced DVB-S2-like air interface proposed to support minimum emergency communications in a severely impaired channel environment in high frequencies. 3) Mapping and estimation of chemical concentrations in surface soils has used LANDSAT TM satellite imagery as an alternative method for determining and mapping the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Consequently, the focus of this study was to determine the use of remote sensing IX to map chemical variability in bare soils in elemental concentrations of soils amended with biosolids, and in to use LANDSAT TM data to map these elemental concentrations of the soils when they are not covered by vegetation. 4) In paperless solution for the collection, management and dissemination of marine data were addressed many of the problems related to the complexity of the logical linkages between the different types of data in sher management, Olrac (www.olrac.com) a South African company, that has developed a data collection and management system it has named Olsh (www.olsh.com) for the specic use of operators and managers in the marine environment with a special focus on the commercial shing industry. 5) In Vegetation mapping and management was studied the vegetation types in the semiarid to arid region of Mond Protected Area, south-west Iran, based on unsupervised classication of the Spot XS bands and then produced updated maps. Based on eld observation and supported by satellite maps, three major habitat zones in the study area, namely, the coastal, riverine and inland zones, were recognized. Twelve vegetation types were recognized in the eld that showed a good compatibility with the satellite image. 6) Earth to space link describes how to calculate link-power budget in order to relate to two quantities, the transmitted power and the received power, and show in detail how the difference between these two powers is accounted. To arrive at an accurate answer, factors such as the uplink power amplier gain and noise factors, transmit antenna gain, slant angles and corresponding atmospheric loss over distance and climatic attenuation factors must be taken into account. In the fourth issue Optimization problems and develop of new technologies are presented with ten chapters: 1) Guidelines for satellite tracking raise the need to know where to look for the articial and natural satellites in the evening sky has been the obsession for many. So that mathematical models and positioning mechanisms were explained in this chaper to paint the picture of satellite tracking and give the brief insight in when to use what mathematical model to pinpoint the object in sky, even if the nal goal is just a view through a telescope. 2) Interference studies in cellular satellite systems accounts to reduce the array antenna aperture on board the satellite for multiple-spot-beam cellular coverage. The reduction in the antenna aperture with this approach translates into signicant reductions in number of array elements, RF components, and A/D and D/A converters. Analysis has shown that in spite of the smaller aperture and the broader beams of the sub-beams, the co-channel interference between sub-beams using the same frequency segment is not adversely affected. 3) In Ultra- life cycle utilization of GEO have proposed and veried practical development plan for satellites navigation based on GEO satellites. Particularly was introduced one kind of satellite communication techniques with micro-terminal low-information rate developed in this section. This technique can satisfy some communications and positioning requirements such as unattended measurement and short-message emergency communications. 4) Planar antennas for satellite communications was devoted to planar antennas not only for that already in use but proposing other kind that could be used for satellite applications. In this way was described actual planar antennas used in satellite communications systems and nished with a proposal of new developments of planar antennas that authors think could be used in the near future. 5) Power and spectral efcient multiuser broadband wireless communication system focuses on different aspects of the communication system, namely PAPR reduction and power control in transmitter, channel estimation for design of adaptive and optimized system, multiuser detection at the receiver for increase in user capacity. The newly proposed CI/MC-CDMA system discussed in this chapter may become an efcient multiple access scheme for X Satellite communication used for long distance broadband signal transmission in conjunction with cellular system. 6) In Quantum based information transfer was introduced the quantum communication to help to establish a secure communication link, and present solutions with zero redundancy error correction. 7) Satellite coverage optimization problems with shaped reector antennas was devoted to optimization formulations of satellite coverage problems and their solution which are specially useful in satellite broadcasting applications, and where the information goes from one to many. 8) In Satellite Laser Communication is used a cloud attenuation model derived from key Italsat results to nd laser cloud attenuation for satellite- ground links with gaseous attenuation included for 2-10 micron attenuation. Link availability is raised with suitable Northern Latitude satellites, such as Earth Observation Satellites. Soviet cloud correlation results indicate that link availability would be raised to acceptable levels with ground sites separated by 100-290 km. 9) In Satellite motion is described a little history on the satellite motion and its mathematical formulation. This includes the dimensions of orbit and the position of satellite on its orbits, and what velocity for a satellite is requested. 10) System aspects of active phased arrays concluded this book by reviewing early developments of phased arrays for multiple-beam satellite communications applications. A key component in these developments is the modular monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) beam-forming matrices that generate a number of simultaneous and independently digitally controlled beams. Editor Nazzareno Diodato MetEROBS – Met European Research Observatory, GEWEX-CEOP Network, World Climate Research Programme, via Monte Pino snc, 82100 Benevento Italy [...]...About QoS in DVB-S2/RCS Systems 1 1 X About QoS in DVB-S2/RCS Systems 2Université 1CNRS; Baptiste Jacquemin1,2, Pascal Berthou1,2, Thierry Gayraud1,2 and Lionel Bertaux1,2 LAAS; 7 avenue du Colonel Roche, F- 310 77 Toulouse, France de Toulouse; UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE; LAAS; F- 310 77 Toulouse, France 1 Introduction The standardization of a Return Channel via Satellite and the satellite community efforts in... bidirectional satellite architecture [Fig 1] A good overview of DVB-S/RCS satellite networks architecture is given in Fig 1, compliant with the architecture adopted within the ETSI BSM [3] group and the DVB-RCS standards It consists in a geostationary satellite network with Ka MF-TDMA (Multiple Frequency Time Division Multiple Access) uplinks and Ku TDM (Time Division Multiplexed) downlinks a) transparent satellite. .. be distinguished also between the satellite network side (in the middle) and the IP network sides (on left and right ends), interconnected by RCSTs So, the 3 main components in the satellite network side (middle) are the Satellite, the Return Channel by Satellite Terminals (RCST) and the Network Control Center (NCC) In Fig 1 a, the architecture relies on a transparent satellite offering a star topology... capacity types STs T F B 1 = T R T D + T N C C = 1 9 D A T A F R A M E S S U P E R F R A M E k 1 S U P E R F R A M E k N CC S IG NALLI NG F RAME DA TA F RA ME 1 DA TA F RA ME 2 rIN [k ] = num be r of pa cke ts re c ei ved in supe r-fra m e k -1 DA TA F RA ME 3 DA TA F RA ME 4 DA TA F RA ME 5 DA TA F RA ME 6 DA TA F RA ME 7 DA TA F RA ME 8 S IG NALLI NG F RAME DA TA F RA ME 1 DA TA F RA ME 2 DA TA F... through DVB Service Information Tables Adapted for satellite systems, DVB-S defines one of the most widespread formats used for Digital TV over the last years and still nowadays However, DVB-S Satellite Terminals can only receive frames from the satellite The need for a return link rapidly becomes essential so as to support emerging Internet services via satellite, leading to 3 solutions: UDLR (UniDirectional... ETSI/DVB standard EN 302 19 2 and TR 10 1 202] MPE includes methods for addressing the receivers of the data in the MPE header, which is necessary when many users have access to the same data channel This feature allows several logical networks to be established without assigning PID values to each service IP datagrams are encapsulated in "datagram_sections" as defined in ISO 13 818 -6 The section_number... architecture About QoS in DVB-S2/RCS Systems 25 5 Evaluation of a DVB-S/RCS satellite system 5 .1 Methodologies In this section, we will describe the different methodologies allowing evaluating the performance of a DVB-S/RCS satellite system 5 .1. 1 Simulation: NS-2 Development and implementation of new services on satellite networks take time and money, so before being implemented on a real system, an implementation... system evolution DVB-S Satellite Terminals can only receive frames from the satellite The need for a return link rapidly becomes essential so as to support emerging Internet services via satellite The return link access scheme in DVB-S/RCS systems is MF-TDMA The return link is segmented into portions of time and frequency (“superframes A Network Control Center (NCC) performs the entire satellite system control,... are also described The next part aims at describing what means QoS in satellite networks thanks to the DVBS2/RCS QoS Architecture example From the very first system only based on MPLS, a first architecture based on Diffserv was proposed It was then enhanced to better fit to the DVB-RCS system in the IST project Satsix The next part will answer a main question related to the satellite networking systems... demultiplexers The mapping of the datagram_section into MPEG2-TS is defined in ISO 13 818 -1 The sections are inserted into the payload of the MPEG2 packets (only first packet) The MPEG2 header is added to each packet The resulting stream is the output of the data encapsulator/multiplexer, which is fed to the DVB modulator and satellite uplink equipment Many network operators and manufacturers of electronic . Imagery 18 3 B.B. Maruthi Sridhar and Robert K. Vincent Contents VI Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter. DVB-S2/RCS Systems Baptiste Jacquemin 1, 2 , Pascal Berthou 1, 2 , Thierry Gayraud 1, 2 and Lionel Bertaux 1, 2 1 CNRS; LAAS; 7 avenue du Colonel Roche, F- 310 77 Toulouse, France 2 Université de. Satellite Communications edited by Nazzareno Diodato SCIYO Satellite Communications Edited by Nazzareno Diodato Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2 010