RESEARCH Open Access Necessary and sufficient condition for the smoothness of intersection local time of subfractional Brownian motions Guangjun Shen Correspondence: guangjunshen@yahoo.com.cn Department of Mathematics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China Abstract Let S H and ˜ S H be two independent d-dimensional sub-fractional Brownian motions with indices H Î (0, 1). Assume d ≥ 2, we investigate the intersection local time of subfractional Brownian motions T = T 0 T 0 δ S H t − ˜ S H s dsdt, T > 0, where δ denotes the Dirac delta function at zero. By elementary inequalities, we show that ℓ T exists in L 2 if and only if Hd <2 and it is smooth in the sense of the Meyer-Watanabe if and only if H < 2 d+2 . As a related problem, we give also the regularity of the intersection local time process. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 60G15; 60F25; 60G18; 60J55. Keywords: subfractional Brownian motion, intersection local time, Chaos expansion 1. Introduction The intersection properties of Brownian motion paths have been investigated since the forties (see [1]), and since then, a large number of results on intersection local times of Brownian motion have been accumulated ( see Wolpert [2], Geman et al. [3], Imkeller et al. [4], de Faria et al . [5], Albeverio et al. [6] and the references therei n). The inter- section local time of independent fractional Brownian motions has been studied by Chen and Yan [7], Nualart et al. [8], Rosen [9], Wu and Xiao [10] and the references the rein. As for applications in physics, the Edwards’ model of long polymer molecules by Brownian motion paths uses t he intersection local time to model the ‘ excluded volume’ effect: different parts of the molecule should not be located at the same point in space, while Symanzik [11], Wolpert [12] introduced the intersection loc al time as a tool in constructive quantum field theory. Intersection functionals of independent Br ownian motions are used in models hand- ling different types of polymers (see, e.g., Stoll [13]). They also occur in models of quantum fields (see, e.g., Albeverio [14]). As an extension of Brownian motion, recently, Bojdeck i et al. [15] introduced and studied a rather special class of self-si milar Gaussian processes, which preserves many properties of the fractional Brownian motion. This process arises from occupation time Shen Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2011, 2011:139 http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 © 2011 Shen; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativ ecom mons.org/license s/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. fluctuations of branching particle systems with Poisson initial condition. This p rocess is called the subfractional Brownian motion. The so-called subfractional Brownian motion (sub-fBm in short) with index H Î (0, 1) is a mean zero Gaussian process S H = {S H t , t ≥ 0} with S H 0 =0 and C H (s, t):=E[S H t S H s ]=s 2H + t 2H − 1 2 (s + t) 2H +(t −s) 2H (1:1) for all s, t ≥ 0. For H = 1 2 , S H coincides with the Brownian motion B. S H is neither a semimartingale nor a Markov process unless H =1/2, so many of the powerf ul techni- ques fr om stochastic analysis are not available when dealing with S H . The sub-fBm has self-similarity and long-range dependence and satisfies the following estimates: (2 − 2 2H−1 ) ∧ 1 (t −s) 2H ≤ E (S H t − S H s ) 2 ≤ 2 − 2 2H−1 ∨ 1 (t −s) 2H . (1:2) Thus, Kolmogorov’s continuit y criterion implies that sub- fBm is Hölder continuous of or der g for any g <H. But its increments are not stationary. More works for sub- fBm can be found in Bardina and Bascompte [16], Bojdecki et al. [17-19], Shen et al. [20-22], Tudor [23] and Yan et al. [24,25]. In the present paper, we consider the intersection local time of two independent sub- fBms on ℝ d , d ≥ 2, with the same indices H Î (0, 1). This means that we have two d- dimensional independent centered Gaussian processes S H = {S H t , t ≥ 0} and ˜ S H = { ˜ S H t , t ≥ 0} with covariance structure given by E S H,i t S H,j s = E( ˜ S H,i t ˜ S H,j s )=δ i,j C H (s, t), where i, j = 1, , d, s, t ≥ 0. The intersection local time can be formally defined as fol- lows, for every T>0, T = T 0 T 0 δ S H t − ˜ S H s dsdt, (1:3) where δ(·) denotes the D irac delta function. It is a m easure of the amount of time that the trajectories of the two processes, S H and ˜ S H , intersect on the time interval [0, T]. As we pointed out, this definition is only formal. In order to give a rigorous mean- ing to ℓ T , we approximate the Dirac delta function by the heat kernel p ε (x)=(2πε) − d 2 e − |x| 2 2ε , x ∈ d . Then, we can consider the following family of random variables indexed by ε >0 ε,T = T 0 T 0 p ε (S H t − ˜ S H s )dsdt, (1:4) that we will call the approximated intersection local time of S H and ˜ S H . An interest- ing question is to study the behavior of ℓ ε,T as ε tends to zero. Shen Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2011, 2011:139 http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 Page 2 of 16 For H = 1 2 , the process S H and ˜ S H are Brownian motions. The intersection local time of independent Brownian motions has been studied by several authors (see Wolpert [2], Geman et al. [3] and the references therein). In the general case, that is H = 1 2 , only the collision local time has been studied by Yan and Shen [24]. Because of inter- esting properties of sub-fBm, such as short-/long-range dependence and self-similarity, it can be widely used in a variety of areas such as signal processi ng and telecommuni- cations( see Dou khan et al. [26]). Therefore, i t seems interesting to study the so-called intersection local time for sub-fBms, a rather special class of self-similar Gaussian processes. The aim of t his paper is to prove the existence, smoothness, regularit y of the inter- section local time of S H and ˜ S H ,for H= 1 2 and d ≥ 2. It is organized as follows. In Sec- tion 2, we recall some facts for the chaos expansion. In Section 3, we study the existence of the intersection lo cal time. In Section 4, we show that the intersection local time is smooth in the sense of the Meyer-Watanabe if and only if H < 2 d+2 .In Section 5, the regularity of the intersection local time is also considered. 2. Preliminaries In this section, firstly, we recall th e chaos expansion, which is an orthogonal decompo- sition of L 2 (Ω, P). We refer to Meyer [27] and Nualart [28] and Hu [29] and the refer- ences therein for more detai ls. Let X ={X t ,tÎ [0, T]} be a d-dimensional Gaussian process defined on the probability space (, F , P) with mean zero. If p n (x 1 , . ., x k )isa polynomial of degree n of k variables x 1 , , x k , then we call p n (X i 1 t 1 , , X i k t k ) a polynomial functional of X with t 1 , , t k Î [0, T]and1≤ i 1 , , i k ≤ d.Let P n be the completion with respect to the L 2 (Ω, P)normoftheset {p m (X i 1 t 1 , , X i k t k ):0≤ m ≤ n} .Clearly, P n is a subspace of L 2 (Ω, P). If C n denotes the orthogonal complement of P n−1 in P n , then L 2 (Ω, P) is actually the direct sum of C n , i.e., L 2 (, P)= ∞ ⊕ n=0 C n . (2:1) For F Î L 2 (Ω, P), we then see that there exists F n ∈ C n , n = 0, 1, 2, , such that F = ∞ n=0 F n , (2:2) This decomposition is called the chaos expansion of F. F n is called the n-th chaos of F. Clearly, we have E |F| 2 = ∞ n=0 E |F n | 2 . (2:3) As in the M alliavin c alculus, we introduce the space of “smooth” functionals in the sense of Meyer and Watanabe (see Watanabe [30]): U := {F ∈ L 2 (, P):F = ∞ n=0 F n and ∞ n=0 nE(|F n | 2 ) < ∞}, and F Î L 2 (Ω, P) is said to be smooth if F ∈ U . Shen Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2011, 2011:139 http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 Page 3 of 16 Now, for F Î L 2 (Ω, P), we define an operator ϒ u with u Î [0,1] by ϒ u F := ∞ n=0 u n F n . (2:4) Set (u):=ϒ √ u F . Then, Θ(1) = F. Define (u):= d du ||(u)|| 2 , where ||F|| 2 := E (|F| 2 ) for FÎ L 2 (Ω, P). We have (u)= ∞ n=1 nu n−1 E |F n | 2 . (2:5) Note that ||(u)|| 2 = E |(u)| 2 = ∞ n=1 E u n |F n | 2 . Proposition 1. Let F Î L 2 (Ω, P). Then F ∈ U , if and only if F Θ (1) < ∞. Now consider two d-dimensional independent sub-fBms S H and ˜ S H with indices H Î (0, 1). Let H n (x), x Î ℝ be the Hermite polynomials of degree n. That is, H n (x)=(−1) n 1 n! e x 2 2 ∂ n ∂x n e − x 2 2 . (2:6) Then, e tx− t 2 2 = ∞ n=0 t n H n (x) (2:7) for all t Î ℂ and x Î ℝ, which deduces exp(iuξ,S H t − ˜ S H s + 1 2 u 2 |ξ| 2 Var(S H,1 t − ˜ S H,1 s )) = ∞ n=0 (iu) n σ n (t , s, ξ)H n ξ, S H t − ˜ S H s σ (t, s, ξ ) , where σ (t, s, ξ )= Var(S H,1 t − ˜ S H,1 s )|ξ | 2 for ξ Î ℝ d . Because of the orthogonality of {H n (x), x ∈ } n∈ + , we will get from (2.2) that (iu) n σ n (t , s, ξ)H n ξ, S H t − ˜ S H s σ (t, s, ξ ) is the n-th chaos of exp iuξ,S H t − ˜ S H s + 1 2 u 2 |ξ| 2 Var S H,1 t - ˜ S H,1 s for all t, s ≥ 0. 3. Existence of the intersection local time The aim of this secti on is to prove the existence of the intersection local time of S H and ˜ S H , for an H = 1 2 and d ≥ 2. We have obtained the following result. Theorem 2. (i) If Hd <2, then the ℓ ε,T converges in L 2 (Ω). The limit is denoted by ℓ T Shen Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2011, 2011:139 http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 Page 4 of 16 (ii) If Hd ≥ 2, then lim ε→0 E( ε,T )=+∞, and lim ε→0 Var( ε,T )=+∞. Note that if {S 1 2 t } t≥0 is a planar Brownian motion, then ε = T 0 T 0 p ε S 1/2 t − S 1/2 s dsdt, diverges almost sure, when ε tends to zero. Varadhan, in [31], proved that the renor- malized self-intersection local time defined as lim ε®0 (ℓ ε -Eℓ ε ) exists in L 2 (Ω). Condition (ii) implies that Varadhan renormalization does not converge in this case. For Hd ≥ 2, according to Theorem 2, ℓ ε,T does not converge in L 2 (Ω), and therefore, ℓ T , the intersection local time of S H and ˜ S H , does not exist. Using the following classical equality p ε (x)= 1 (2πε) d 2 e − |x| 2 2e = 1 (2π) d d e iξ,x e −ε |ξ | 2 2 dξ, we have ε,T = T 0 T 0 p ε (S H t − ˜ S H s )dsdt = 1 (2π) d T 0 T 0 d e iξ,S H t − ˜ S H s · e −ε |ε| 2 2 dξdsdt. (3:1) Since ξ, S H t − ˜ S H s ∼N(0, |ξ | 2 (2 − 2 2H−1 )(t 2H + s 2H )) ,so E|e iξ,S H t − ˜ S H s = e −[(2−2 2H−1 )(t 2H +s 2H )] |ξ | 2 2 . Therefore, E( ε,T )= 1 (2π) d T 0 T 0 d E e iξ, S H t − ˜ S H s · e −ε |ξ | 2 2 dξdsdt = 1 (2π) d T 0 T 0 d e −[ε+(2−2 2H−1 )(t 2H +s 2H )] |ξ | 2 2 dξdsdt = 1 (2π) d 2 T 0 T 0 [ε +(2− 2 2H−1 )(t 2H + s 2H )] − d 2 dsdt, (3:2) Shen Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2011, 2011:139 http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 Page 5 of 16 where we have used the fact d e −[ε+(2−2 2H−1 )(t 2H +s 2H )] |ξ | 2 2 dξ = 2π ε +(2− 2 2H−1 )(t 2H + s 2H ) d 2 . We also have E( 2 ε,T )= 1 (2π) 2d [0,T] 4 2d E e iξ,S H t − ˜ S H s +iη,S H u − ˜ S H v ×e − ε(|ξ| 2 + |η| 2 ) 2 dξdηdsdtdudv. (3:3) Let we introduce some notations that will be used throughout this paper, λ s,t =Var(S H,1 t − S H,2 s )=(2− 2 2H−1 )(t 2H + s 2H ), ρ u,v =Var(S H,1 v − S H,2 u )=(2− 2 2H−1 )(u 2H + v 2H ), and μ s,t,u,v = Cov S H,1 t − S H,2 s , S H,1 v − S H,2 u = s 2H + t 2H + u 2H + v 2H − 1 2 [(t + v) 2H + |t − v| 2H +(s + u) 2H + |s −u| 2H ], where S H,1 and S H,2 are independent one dimensional sub-fBms with indices H. Using the above notations, we can write for any ε >0 E( ε , 2 T )= 1 (2π) 2d [0,T] 4 2d exp − 1 2 ((λ s,t + ε)|ξ | 2 +(ρ u,v + ε)|η| 2 +2μ s,t,u,v ξ, η) × dξdsdtdudv = 1 (2π) d [0,T] 4 λ s,t + ε ρ u,v + ε − μ 2 s,t,u,v − d 2 dsdtdudv. (3:4) In order to prove the Theorem 2, we need some auxiliary lemmas. Without loss of generality, we may assume v ≤ t, u ≤ s and v = xt, u = ys with x , y Î [0,1]. Then, we can rewrite r u,v and µ s,t,u,v as following. ρ u,v =(2− 2 2H−1 )(x 2H t 2H + y 2H s 2H ), μ s,t,u,v = t 2H 1+x 2H − 1 2 [(1 + x) 2H +(1− x) 2H ] + s 2H 1+y 2H − 1 2 [(1 + y) 2H +(1− y) 2H ] . (3:5) It follows that λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v = t 4H f (x)+s 4H f (y)+t 2H s 2H g(x, y), (3:6) where f (x):=(2−2 2H−1 ) 2 x 2H − 1+x 2H − 1 2 (1 + x) 2H − 1 2 (1 − x) 2H 2 , Shen Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2011, 2011:139 http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 Page 6 of 16 and g(x, y)=(2−2 2H−1 ) 2 (x 2H + y 2H ) − 2 1+x 2H − 1 2 (1 + x) 2H − 1 2 (1 − x) 2H × 1+y 2H − 1 2 (1 + y) 2H − 1 2 (1 − y) 2H . (3:7) For simplicity throughout this p aper, we assume that the notation F ≍ G means that there are positive constants c 1 and c 2 so that c 1 G(x) ≤ F(x) ≤ c 2 G(x) in the common domain of definition for F and G.Fora, b Î ℝ, a ∧ b := min{ a, b} and a ∨ b := max{a, b}. By Lemma 4.2 of Yan and Shen [24], we get Lemma 3. Let f(x) and g(x, y) be defined as above and let 0 <H<1. Then, we have f (x) x 2H (1 − x) 2H , (3:8) and g(x, y) x 2H (1 − y) 2H + y 2H (1 − x) 2H (3:9) for all x, y Î [0,1]. Lemma 4. Let A T := [0,T] 4 (λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v ) − d 2 dsdtdudv. Then, A T is finite if and only if Hd <2. Proof. It is easily to prove the necessary condition. In fact, we can find ε >0 such that D ε ⊂ [0, T] 4 , where D ε ≡ (s, t, u, v) ∈ 4 + : s 2 + t 2 + u 2 + v 2 ≤ ε 2 . We make a change to spherical coordinates as following ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ s = r cos ϕ 1 , t = r sin ϕ 1 cos ϕ 2 , u = r sin ϕ 1 sin ϕ 2 cos ϕ 3 , v = r sin ϕ 1 sin ϕ 2 sin ϕ 3 . (3:10) where 0 ≤ r ≤ ε,0≤ 1 , 2 ≤ π,0≤ 3 ≤ 2π, J = ∂(s, t, u, v) ∂(r, ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 , ϕ 3 ) = r 3 sin 2 ϕ 1 sin ϕ 2 . As λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v is always positive, and λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v = r 4H φ(θ ) , we have A T ≥ D ε (λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v ) − d 2 dsdtdudv = ε 0 r 3−2Hd φ(θ )dθ, (3:11) Shen Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2011, 2011:139 http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 Page 7 of 16 where the integral in r is convergent if and only if 3 - 2Hd >-1 i.e., Hd <2andthe angular integral is different from ze ro t hanks to the positivity of th e integrand. There- fore, Hd ≥ 2 implies that A T =+∞. Now, we turn to the proof of sufficient condition. Suppose that Hd <2. By symmetry, we have A T =4 ϒ (λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v ) − d 2 dsdtdudv, where ϒ = f(u, v, s, t):0 <u<s≤ T,0<v<t≤ T}. By Lemma 3, we get λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v = t 4H f (x)+s 4H f (y)+t 2H s 2H g(x, y) t 4H x 2H (1 − x) 2H + s 4H y 2H (1 − y) 2H + t 2H s 2H (x 2H (1 − y) 2H + y 2H (1 − x) 2H ) =[x 2H t 2H + y 2H s 2H ][(1 −x) 2H t 2H +(1− y) 2H s 2H ] =(v 2H + u 2H )[(t − v) 2H +(s − u) 2H ]. (3:12) These deduce for all H Î (0, 1) and T>0, T ≤ C H T 0 dt t 0 (v H (t − v) H ) −d/2 dv T 0 ds s 0 (u H (s − u) H ) −d/2 du = C H ⎛ ⎝ T 0 t 1−Hd dt 1 0 x − Hd 2 (1 − x) − Hd 2 dx ⎞ ⎠ 2 < ∞. □ Proof of Theorem 2. Suppose Hd <2, we have E( ε,T · η,T )= 1 (2π) d [0,T] 4 ((λ s,t + ε)(ρ u,v + η) − μ 2 s,t,u,v ) − d 2 dsdtdudv. Consequently, a necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence in L 2 (Ω)ofℓ ε, T is that [0,T] 4 (λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v ) − d 2 dsdtdudv < ∞. This is true due to Lemma 4. If Hd ≥ 2, then from (3.2) and using monotone convergence theorem lim ε→0 E( ε,T )= 1 (2π(2 −2 2H−1 )) d/2 T 0 T 0 (s 2H + t 2H ) − d 2 dsdt. Making a polar change of coordinates x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, Shen Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2011, 2011:139 http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 Page 8 of 16 where 0 ≥ r ≥ T, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 , T 0 T 0 (s 2H + t 2H ) − d 2 dsdt = T 0 π 2 0 r 1−Hd (cos 2H θ +sin 2H θ) − d 2 drdθ , and this integral is divergent if Hd ≥ 2. By the expression (3.2) and (3.4), we have lim ε→0 Var( ε,T ) = lim ε→0 [E( 2 ε,T ) − (E ε,T ) 2 ] = 1 (2π) d [0,T] 4 (λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v ) − d 2 − (λ s,t ρ u,v ) − d 2 dvdudsdt. Making a change of variables to spherical coordinates as (3.10), if Hd ≥ 2, we have lim ε→0 Var ( ε,T )=+∞. In fact, as the integrand is always positive, we obtain [0,T] 4 (λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v ) − d 2 − (λ s,t ρ u,v ) − d 2 dvdudsdt ≥ D ε (λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v ) − d 2 − (λ s,t ρ u,v ) − d 2 dvdudsdt = ε 0 r 3−2Hd dr ψ(θ )dθ, where the integral in r is convergent if and only if Hd <2, and the angular integral is different from zero thanks to the positivity of the integrand. Therefore, Hd ≥ 2 implies that lim ε→0 Var( ε,T )=+∞. This completes the proof of Theorem 2. □ 4. Smoothness of the intersection local time In this section, we consider the smoothness of the intersectio n local time. Our main object is to explain and prove the following theorem. The idea is due to An and Yan [32] and Chen and Yan [7]. Theorem 5. Let ℓ T be the intersection local time of two independent d-dimensional sub-fBms S H and ˜ S H with indices H Î (0, 1). Then, ℓ T Î U if and only if H < 2 d +2 . Shen Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2011, 2011:139 http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 Page 9 of 16 Recall that λ s,t =(2− 2 2H−1 )(t 2H + s 2H ), ρ u,v =(2− 2 2H−1 )(u 2H + v 2H ), and μ s,t,u,v = s 2H + t 2H + u 2H + v 2H − 1 2 [(t + v) 2H + |t −v| 2H +(s + u) 2H + |s − u| 2H ], for all s, t, u, v ≥ 0. In order to prove Theorem 5, we need the following propositions. Proposition 6. Under the assumptions above, the following statements are equivalent: (i) H < 2 d+2 ; (ii) T 0 T 0 T 0 T 0 (λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v ) − d 2 −1 μ 2 s,t,u,v dvdudsdt < ∞ . Proof. By (3.12), we have λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v = t 4H f (x)+s 4H f (y)+t 2H s 2H g(x, y) t 4H x 2H (1 − x) 2H + s 4H y 2H (1 − y) 2H + t 2H s 2H (x 2H (1 − y) 2H + y 2H (1 − x) 2H ) =[x 2H t 2H + y 2H s 2H ][(1 −x) 2H t 2H +(1− y) 2H s 2H ]. (4:1) On the other hand, an elementary calculus can show that x 2H ≤ 1+x 2H − 1 2 (1 + x) 2H − 1 2 (1 − x) 2H ≤ (2 −2 2H−1 )x 2H for all x, H Î (0, 1). By (3.5), we obtain (t 2H x 2H + s 2H y 2H ) 2 ≤ μ 2 s,t,u,v ≤ (2 − 2 2H−1 ) 2 (t 2H x 2H + s 2H y 2H ) 2 . (4:2) It follows that T 0 T 0 T 0 T 0 (λ s,t ρ u,v − μ 2 s,t,u,v ) − d 2 −1 μ 2 s,t,u,v dsdtdudv ≥ C H,T T 0 1 0 T 0 1 0 (t 2H x 2H + s 2H y 2H )st ((1 − x) 2H t 2H +(1− y) 2H s 2H ) 1+ d 2 dydsdxdt ≥ C H,T 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 (t 2H x 2H + s 2H y 2H )st ((1 − x) 2H t 2H +(1− y) 2H s 2H ) 1+ d 2 dydsdxdt ≥ C H,T 1 0 dy y 0 dx x 0 dt t 0 ds s 2H+1 x 2H t 2H(1+d/2)−1 (1 − x) 2H(1+d/2) ≥ C H,T 1 0 dy y 0 x 4−H(d−2) (1 − x) 2H(1+d/2) dx = C H,T 1 0 x 4−H(d−2) (1 − x) 1−2H(1+d/2) dx, Shen Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2011, 2011:139 http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 Page 10 of 16 [...]... s,t,u,v (1) [0,T]4 for all T ≥ 0 This completes the proof □ 5 Regularity of the intersection local time The main object of this section is to prove the next theorem Theorem 9 Let Hd 0 depending only on H and d Proof Let C >0 be a constant depending only on H and d and its value... http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2011/1/139 32 An, L, Yan, L: Smoothness for the collision local time of fractional Brownian motion Preprint (2009) 33 Berman, SM: Local nondeterminism and local times of Gaussian processes Indiana Univ Math J 23, 69–94 (1973) doi:10.1186/1029-242X-2011-139 Cite this article as: Shen: Necessary and sufficient condition for the smoothness of intersection local. .. 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Access Necessary and sufficient condition for the smoothness of intersection local time of subfractional Brownian motions Guangjun Shen Correspondence: guangjunshen@yahoo.com.cn Department of Mathematics,. + 1 2 u 2 |ξ| 2 Var S H,1 t - ˜ S H,1 s for all t, s ≥ 0. 3. Existence of the intersection local time The aim of this secti on is to prove the existence of the intersection local time of S H and ˜ S H , for an H = 1 2 and d. completes the proof of Theorem 2. □ 4. Smoothness of the intersection local time In this section, we consider the smoothness of the intersectio n local time. Our main object is to explain and prove the