Reading test 10

READING PAPER 10 Time permitted: 60 minutes Number of questions: 40 _ Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages Each one is followed by 10 questions about it For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet PASSAGE - Questions 1-10 Hydrogen Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and was perhaps the first to form It is among the ten most common elements on Earth as well and one of the most useful for industrial purposes Under normal conditions of temperature, hydrogen is a gas Designated as H, hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table because it contains only one proton Hydrogen can combine with a large number of other elements, forming more compounds than any of the others Pure hydrogen seldom occurs naturally, but it exists in most organic compounds, that is, compounds that contain carbon, which account for a very large number of compounds Moreover, hydrogen is found in inorganic compounds For example, when hydrogen bums in the presence of oxygen, it forms water The lightest and simplest of the elements, hydrogen has several properties that make it valuable for many industries It releases more heat per unit of weight than any other fuel In rocket engines, tons of hydrogen and oxygen are burned, and hydrogen is used with oxygen for welding torches that produce temperatures as high as 4,000 degrees F and can be used in cutting steel Fuel cells to generate electricity operate on hydrogen and oxygen Hydrogen also serves to prevent metals from tarnishing during heat treatments by removing the oxygen from them Although it would be difficult to remove the oxygen by itself, hydrogen readily combines with oxygen to form water, which can be heated to steam and easily removed Furthermore, hydrogen is one of the coolest refrigerants It does not become a liquid until it reaches temperatures of -425 degrees F Pure hydrogen gas is used in large electric generators to cool the coils Future uses of hydrogen include fuel for cars, boats, planes, and other forms of transportation that currently require petroleum products These fuels would be lighter, a distinct advantage in the aerospace industry, and they would also be cleaner, thereby reducing pollution in the atmosphere Hydrogen is also useful in the food industry for a process known as hydrogenation Products such as margarine and cooking oils are changed from liquids to semisolids by combining hydrogen with their molecules Soap manufacturers also use hydrogen for this purpose In addition, in the chemical industry, hydrogen is used to produceammonia, gasoline, methyl alcohol, and many other important products What is the author’s main purpose in thepassage? A To explain the industrial uses of hydrogen B To describe the origin of hydrogen in the universe C To discuss the process of hydrogenation D To give examples of how hydrogen and oxygen combine How does hydrogen generally occur? A It is freely available in nature B It is contained in many compounds C It is often found in pure form D It is released during hydrogenation How can hydrogen be used to cut steel? A By cooling the steel to a very lowtemperature B By cooling the hydrogen with oxygen to a very low temperature C By heating the steel to a very high temperature D By heating the hydrogen with oxygen to a very high temperature The word “them” in paragraph refers to _ A fuel cells B metals C treatments D products Where in the passage does the author explain why hydrogen is used as a refrigerant? A Paragraph B Paragraph C Paragraph D Paragraph The word “readily” in paragraph could best be replaced by _ A completely B slowly C.easily D usually What does the author mean by the statement underlined in paragraph 4? A Oxygen is removed by combining it with hydrogen and heating it B Water can be made by combining hydrogen and oxygen C Hydrogen cannot be separated from oxygen because it is too difficult D It is easy to form steam by heating water The word “combining” in paragraph is closest in meaning to _ A trying B changing C finding D adding The author mentions all of the following as uses for hydrogen EXCEPT _ A.to remove tarnish from metals B to produce fuels such as gasoline and methyl alcohol C to operate fuel cells that generate electricity D to change solid foods to liquids 10 It can be inferred from the passage that hydrogen _ A is too dangerous to be used for industrial purposes B has many purposes in a variety of industries C.has limited industrial uses because of its dangerous properties D is used in many industries for basically the same purpose PASSAGE - Questions 11 – 20 The work of the railroad pioneers in America became the basis for a great surge of Line railroad building halfway through the nineteenth century that linked the nation together as never before Railroads eventually became the nation’s number one transportation system, and remained so until the construction of the interstate highway system halfway through the twentieth century They were of crucial importance in stimulating economic expansion, but their influence reached beyond the economy and was pervasive in American society at large By 1804, English as well as American inventors had experimented with steam engines for moving land vehicles In 1820, John Stevens ran a locomotive and cars around in a circular track on his New Jersey estate, which the public saw as an amusing toy And in Line 11 1825, after opening a short length of track, the Stockton to Darlington Railroad in England became the first line to carry general traffic American businesspeople, especially those in the Atlantic coastal region who looked for better communication with the West, quickly became interested in the English experiment The first company in America to begin actual operations was the Baltimore and Ohio, which opened a thirteenLine 15 mile length of track in 1830 It used a team of horses to pull a train of passenger carriages and freight wagons along the track Steam locomotive power didn’t come into regular service until two years later However, for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true railroad system Even the longest of the lines was relatively short in the 1830’s, and most of them served simply to connect water routes to each other, not to link one railroad to another Even when two Line 22 lines did connect, the tracks often differed in width, so cars from one line couldn’t fit onto tracks of the next line Schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent Significantly, however, some important developments during the 1830’s and 1840’s included the introduction of heavier iron rails, more flexible and powerful locomotives, and passenger cars were redesigned to become more stable, comfortable, and larger By the end of 1830 only 23 miles of track had been laid in the country But by 1836, more than 1,000 miles of track had been laid in eleven States, and within the decade, almost 3,000 miles had been constructed By that early age, the United States had already surpassed Great Britain in railroad construction, and particularly from the mid-1860’s, the late nineteenth century belonged to the railroads 11 The word “stimulating” in paragraph1 is closest in meaning to A helping B changing C promoting D influencing 12 The word “their” in paragraph1 refers to A railroad pioneers B railroads C the interstate highway system D American society 13 Which of the following can be inferred from the second passage? A The United States regarded Great Britain as a competitor in developing railroad system B Steam locomotive power was first used in 1832 C American businessmen saw railroads as a threat to established businesses D Steam locomotives replaced horses because of the distances across the country 14 The author concludes that for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true railroad system because _ A passenger cars were not stable, comfortable or large B locomotives were not powerful enough C schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent D lines were relatively short and not usually linked 15 The word “schedules” in paragraph is closest in meaning to A safety procedures B employees C timetables D railroad tracks 16 According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true about the 1830’s and 1840’s? A passenger cars became larger B schedules were reliable C locomotives became more powerful D tracks were heavier 17 The word “stable” in paragraph is closest in meaning to A fixed B supportive C reliable D sound 18 By what time had almost 3,000 miles of track been laid? A 1830 B 1836 C 1840 D mid-1860s 19 The word “surpassed” in paragraph is closest in meaning to A exceeded B beaten C overtaken D equaled 20 Where in the passage does the author outline the main conclusions about the importance of railroads in America? A Lines 2-5 B Lines 11-15 C Lines 15-17 D Lines 22-25 PASSAGE - Questions 21 – 30 The Asian migration hypothesis is today supported by most of the scientificevidence The first “hard” data linking American Indians with Asians appeared in the 1980s with the finding that lndians and northeast Asians share a common and distinctive pattern in the arrangement of the teeth But perhaps the most compelling support for the hypothesis comes from genetic research Studies comparing theDNA variation of populations aroundthe worldconsistentlydemonstrate the close genetic relationship of the two populations, and recently geneticists studying a virus sequestered in the kidneys of all humans found thatthe strain of virus carried by Navajos and Japanese is nearly identical, whilethat carried by Europeans and Africans is quite different The migration could have begun over a land bridge connecting the continents During the last Ice Age 70,000 to 10,000 years ago, huge glaciers locked up massive volumes of water and sea levels were as much as 300 feet lower than today Asia and North America were joined by a huge subcontinent of ice- free, treeless grassland, 750 miles wide Geologists have named this area Beringia, from the Bering Straits Summers there were warm, winters were cold, dry and almost snow-free This was a perfect environment for large mammals - mammoth and mastodon, bison, horse, reindeer, camel, and saiga (a goatlike antelope) Small bands of Stone Age hunter-gatherers were attracted by these animal populations, which provided them not only with food but with hides for clothing and shelter, dung for fuel, and bones for tools and weapons Accompanied by a huskylike species of dog, hunting bands gradually moved as far east as the Yukon River basin of northern Canada, where field excavations have uncovered the fossilized jawbones of several dogs and bone tools estimated to be about 27,000 years old Other evidence suggests that the migration from Asia began about 30,000 years ago around the same time that Japan and Scandinavia were being settled This evidence is based on blood type The vast majority of modern Native Americans have type O blood and a few have type A, but almost none have type B Because modern Asian populations include all three blood types, however, the migrations must have begun before the evolution of type B, which geneticists believe occurred about 30,000 years ago By 25,000 years ago human communities were established in western Beringia, which is present-day Alaska But access to the south was blocked by a huge glacial sheet covering much of what is today Canada How did the hunters get over those 2,000 miles of deep ice? The argument is that the climate began to warm with the passing of the Ice Age, and about 13,000B.C.E.glacial melting created an ice-free corridor along the eastern front range of the Rocky Mountains Soon hunters of big game had reached the Great Plains 21 According to the text, what happened in the 1980s? A A research into American Indians teeth was first conducted B Researchers started investigating the distinctive features of American Indians C Studies on human kidneys were encouraged D A shared characteristic of American Indians and Asians was discovered 22.The word “distinctive” inparagraph is closest in meaning to _ A new B simple C different D particular 23 Recent studies found that Navajos carry the strain of virus similar to that of _ A Japanese B Asians C Europeans D Africans 24.According to paragraph 2, why did Stone Age tribes begin to migrate into Beringia? A To intermarry with tribes living there B To trade with tribes that made tools C To hunt for animals in the area D To capture domesticated dogs 25 All of the following animals are mentioned as examples of large mammals EXCEPT _ A saiga B bison C camel D goat 26 The phrase “Accompaniedby”in paragraph is closest in meaning to _ A found with B joined by C threatened by D detoured with 27 The word “which” in paragraph refers to _ A migrations B evolution C geneticists D populations 28.Why does the author mention blood types in paragraph 3? A Comparisons of blood types in Asia and North America established the date of migration B The presence of type B in Native Americans was evidence of the migration C The blood typing was similar to data from both Japan and Scandinavia D Blood types offered proof that the migration had come from Scandinavia 29 Which blood type most Native Americans have? A Type A B Type B C Type AB D Type O 30.How did groups migrate into the Great Plains? A By walking on a corridor covered with ice B By using the path that big game had made C By following a mountain trail D.By detouring around a huge ice sheet PASSAGE – Questions 31-40 Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to manipulate toys, food, and other objects They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished They learn social skills for interacting with other children After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex Simple forms of learning involve a single stimulus A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment) People and animals can also learn by observation - that is, by watching others perform behaviors More complex forms of learning include learning languages, concepts, and motor skills 31.According to the passage, which of the following is learning in broad view comprised of? A Acquisition of social and behavioural skills B Knowledge acquisition and ability development C Acquisition of academic knowledge D Knowledge acquisition outside the classroom 32.According to the passage, what are children NOT usually taught outside the classroom? A literacy and calculation B life skills C interpersonal communication D right from wrong 33.Getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job are mentioned in paragraph as examples of A the situations in which people cannot teach themselves B the areas of learning which affect people’s lives C the changes to which people have to orient themselves D the ways people’s lives are influenced by education 34.Which of the following can be inferred about the learning process from the passage? A It is more interesting and effective in school than that in life B It becomes less challenging and complicated when people grow older C It plays a crucial part in improving the learner’s motivation in school D.It takes place more frequently in real life than in academic institutions 35.According to the passage, the study of learning is important in many fields due to A the great influence of the on-going learning process B the influence of various behaviours in the learning process C the exploration of the best teaching methods D.the need for certain experiences in various areas 36.It can be inferred from the passage that social workers, employers, and politicians concern themselves with the study of learning because they need to A change the behaviours of the objects of their interest towards learning B make the objects of their interest more aware of the importance of learning C understand how a stimulus relates to the senses of the objects of their interest D thoroughly understand the behaviours of the objects of their interest 37.The word “retrieves ” in paragraph is closest in meaning to _ A generates B recovers C creates D gains 38.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? A Psychologists studying memory are concerned with how the stored knowledge is used B.Psychologists studying memory are concerned with the brain’s storage of knowledge C Psychologists are all interested in memory as much as behaviours D.Psychologists studying learning are interested in human behaviours 39.According to the passage, the stimulus in simple forms of learning A makes associations between behaviours B is created by the senses C is associated with natural phenomena D bears relation to perception 40.The passage mainly discusses A simple forms of learning B practical examples of learning inside the classroom C application of learning principles to formal education D general principles of learning ĐÁP ÁN A B D B D 10 C A D D B 11 12 13 14 15 C B B D C 16 17 18 19 20 B D C A A 21 22 23 24 25 D D A C D 26 27 28 29 30 B B A D C 31 32 33 34 35 B A C D A 36 37 38 39 40 D B C D D