Thermodynamics and heat power

Eighth Edition Thermodynamics and Heat Power Irving Granet and Maurice Bluestein Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! Eighth Edition Thermodynamics and Heat Power Eighth Edition Thermodynamics and Heat Power Irving Granet, PE Professor of Engineering City University of New York Maurice Bluestein Professor Emeritus Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This work was previously published by Pearson Education, Inc CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20141020 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-3856-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com This book is dedicated to the memory of Irving Granet Contents Preface xiii Author xv Symbols xvii Fundamental Concepts 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Thermodynamic Systems 1.2.1 Application of System Concept .2 1.2.2 Properties of a System 1.3 Temperature 1.4 Force and Mass 15 1.4.1 English System 15 1.4.2 SI System 17 1.5 Elementary Kinetic Theory of Gases 25 1.6 Pressure 28 1.6.1 Dead-Weight Piston Gauge 35 1.6.2 Manometer 36 1.6.3 Micromanometer 40 1.6.4 Barometers .42 1.6.5 McLeod Gauge 43 1.7 Review 50 Key Terms 50 Equations Developed in This Chapter 51 Questions 52 Problems 52 Work, Energy, and Heat 59 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Work 60 2.3 Energy 62 2.4 Internal Energy 63 2.5 Potential Energy 64 2.6 Kinetic Energy 68 2.7 Heat 72 2.8 Flow Work 73 2.9 Nonflow Work 75 2.10 Review 81 Key Terms 81 Equations Developed in This Chapter 82 Questions 82 Problems 82 vii viii Contents First Law of Thermodynamics 89 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 90 3.3 Nonflow System 90 3.4 Steady-Flow System 97 3.4.1 Conservation of Mass—Continuity Equation 97 3.4.2 Steady-Flow Energy Equation 102 3.4.3 Bernoulli Equation 106 3.4.4 Specific Heat 107 3.5 Applications of First Law of Thermodynamics 109 3.5.1 Turbine 110 3.5.2 Pipe Flow 116 3.5.3 Boiler 118 3.5.4 Nozzle 120 3.5.5 Throttling Process 123 3.5.6 Heat Exchanger 124 3.5.7 Filling a Tank 127 3.6 Review 128 Key Terms 129 Equations Developed in This Chapter 129 Questions 130 Problems 131 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 141 4.1 Introduction 142 4.2 Reversibility—Second Law of Thermodynamics 143 4.3 The Carnot Cycle 145 4.4 Entropy 157 4.5 Review 173 Key Terms 173 Equations Developed in This Chapter 174 Questions 174 Problems 175 Properties of Liquids and Gases 183 5.1 Introduction 183 5.2 Liquids and Vapors 184 5.3 Thermodynamic Properties of Steam 188 5.4 Computerized Properties 212 5.5 Thermodynamic Diagrams 216 5.6 Processes 224 5.6.1 Throttling 224 5.6.2 Constant-Volume Process (Isometric Process) 226 5.6.3 Adiabatic Processes 229 5.6.4 Constant-Pressure Process (Isobaric Process) 233 5.6.5 Constant-Temperature Process (Isothermal Process) 233 5.7 Review 235 Key Terms 236 Equations Developed in This Chapter 236 802 Appendix TABLE A.21 (Continued) Properties of Some Gases at Low Pressure Products of Combustion, 400% Theoretical Air Temp °R 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 Products of Combustion, 200% Theoretical Air Nitrogen Oxygen h φ h φ h φ h φ 11665.6 12464.3 13271.7 14087.2 14910.3 15740.5 16577.1 17419.8 18268.0 19121.4 19979.7 20842.8 21709.8 22581.4 23456.6 24335.5 25217.8 26102.9 26991.4 54.360 54.844 55.306 55.747 56.169 56.574 56.964 57.338 57.699 58.048 58.384 58.710 59.026 59.331 59.628 59.916 60.196 60.469 60.734 11859.6 12678.6 13507.0 14344.1 15189.3 16042.4 16902.5 17769.3 18642.1 19520.7 20404.6 21293.8 22187.5 23086.0 23988.5 24895.3 25805.6 26719.2 27636.4 28556.8 29479.9 30406.0 31334.8 32266.2 54.504 55.000 55.473 55.926 56.360 56.777 57.177 57.562 57.933 58.292 58.639 58.974 59.300 59.615 59.921 60.218 60.507 60.789 61.063 61.329 61.590 61.843 62.091 62.333 11409.7 12178.9 12956.3 13741.6 14534.4 15334.0 16139.8 16951.2 17767.9 18589.5 19415.8 20246.4 21081.1 21919.5 22761.5 23606.8 24455.0 25306.0 26159.7 27015.9 27874.4 28735.1 29597.9 30462.8 31329.4 32198.0 33068.1 33939.9 34813.1 35687.8 36563.8 37441.1 38319.5 39199.1 40079.8 40961.6 41844.4 42728.3 53.561 54.028 54.472 54.896 55.303 55.694 56.068 56.429 56.777 57.112 57.436 57.750 58.053 58.348 58.632 58.910 59.179 59.442 59.697 59.944 60.186 60.422 60.652 60.877 61.097 61.310 61.520 61.726 61.927 62.123 62.316 62.504 62.689 62.870 63.049 63.223 63.395 63.563 11832.5 12655.6 13485.8 14322.1 15164.0 16010.9 16862.6 17718.8 18579.2 19443.4 20311.4 21182.9 22057.8 22936.1 23817.7 24702.5 25590.5 26481.6 27375.9 28273.3 29173.9 30077.5 30984.1 31893.6 32806.1 33721.6 34639.9 35561.1 36485.0 37411.8 38341.4 39273.6 40208.6 41146.1 42086.3 43029.1 43974.3 44922.2 57.182 57.680 58.155 58.607 59.039 59.451 59.848 60.228 60.594 60.946 61.287 61.616 61.934 62.242 62.540 62.831 63.113 63.386 63.654 63.914 64.168 64.415 64.657 64.893 65.123 65.350 65.571 65.788 66.000 66.208 66.413 66.613 66.809 67.003 67.193 67.380 67.562 67.743 Source: Abridged from Tables 4, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 in Joseph H Keenan and Joseph Kaye: Gas Tables 1948 Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA Reproduced with permission T dT cp0 , Btu/lb mole °R; ϕ is essentially equal to the absolute entropy at Note: h = enthalpy Btu/lb mole; φ = T T =0 atm pressure, Btu/lb mole °R ∫ 803 Appendix TABLE A.21 (SI) Properties of Some Gases at Low Pressure Water Vapor Temp °R 537 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 Carbon Dioxide h φ h φ 4258.3 4764.7 5575.4 6396.9 7230.9 8078.9 8942.0 9820.4 10714.5 11624.8 12551.4 13494.9 14455.4 15433.0 16427.5 17439.0 18466.9 19510.8 20570.6 21645.7 22735.4 23839.5 24957.2 26088.0 27231.2 28386.3 29552.8 30730.2 31918.2 33116.0 34323.5 35540.1 36765.4 37998.9 39240.2 40489.1 41745.4 43008.4 44278.0 45.079 45.970 47.219 48.316 49.298 50.191 51.013 51.777 52.494 53.168 53.808 54.418 54.999 55.559 56.097 56.617 57.119 57.605 58.077 58.535 58.980 59.414 59.837 60.248 60.650 61.043 61.426 61.801 62.167 62.526 62.876 63.221 63.557 63.887 64.210 64.528 64.839 65.144 65.444 4030.2 4600.9 5552.0 6552.9 7597.6 8682.1 9802.6 10955.3 12136.9 13344.7 14576.0 15829.0 17101.4 18391.5 19697.8 21018.7 22352.7 23699.0 25056.3 26424.0 27801.2 29187.1 30581.2 31982.8 33391.5 34806.6 36227.9 37654.7 39086.7 40523.6 41965.2 43411.0 44860.6 46314.0 47771.0 49231.4 50695.1 52162.0 53632.1 51.032 52.038 53.503 54.839 56.070 57.212 58.281 59.283 60.229 61.124 61.974 62.783 63.555 64.292 64.999 65.676 66.327 66.953 67.557 68.139 68.702 69.245 69.771 70.282 70.776 71.255 71.722 72.175 72.616 73.045 73.462 73.870 74.267 74.655 75.033 75.404 75.765 76.119 76.464 Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide h φ h 3640.3 4075.6 4770.2 5467.1 6165.3 6864.5 7564.6 8265.8 8968.7 9673.8 10381.5 11092.5 11807.4 12526.8 13250.9 13980.1 14714.5 15454.4 16199.8 16950.6 17707.3 18469.7 19237.8 20011.8 20791.5 21576.9 22367.7 23164.1 23965.5 24771.9 25582.9 26398.5 27218.5 28042.8 28871.1 29703.5 30539.8 31379.8 32223.5 31.194 31.959 33.031 33.961 34.784 35.520 36.188 36.798 37.360 37.883 38.372 38.830 39.264 39.675 40.067 40.441 40.799 41.143 41.475 41.794 42.104 42.403 42.692 42.973 43.247 43.514 43.773 44.026 44.273 44.513 44.748 44.978 45.203 45.423 45.638 45.849 46.056 46.257 46.456 3729.5 3168.0 4866.0 5568.2 6276.4 6992.2 7716.8 8450.8 9194.6 9948.1 10711.1 11483.4 12264.3 13053.2 13849.8 14653.2 15463.3 16279.4 17101.0 17927.4 18758.8 19594.3 20434.0 21277.2 22123.8 22973.4 23826.0 24681.2 25539.0 26399.3 27261.8 28126.6 28993.5 29862.3 30732.9 31605.2 32479.1 33354.4 34231.2 φ 47.272 48.044 49.120 50.058 50.892 51.646 52.337 52.976 53.571 54.129 54.655 55.154 55.628 56.078 56.509 56.922 57.317 57.696 58.062 58.414 58.754 59.081 59.398 59.705 60.002 60.290 60.569 60.841 61.105 61.362 61.612 61.855 62.093 62.325 62.551 62.772 62.988 63.198 63.405 (continued) 804 Appendix TABLE A.21 (SI) (Continued) Properties of Some Gases at Low Pressure Water Vapor Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide φ h φ h φ h φ 45553.9 46835.9 48123.6 49416.9 50715.5 52019.0 53327.4 54640.3 55957.4 57278.7 65.738 66.028 66.312 66.591 66.866 67.135 67.401 67.662 67.918 68.172 55105.1 56581.0 58059.7 59541.1 61024.9 62511.3 64000.0 65490.9 66984.0 68479.1 76.803 77.135 77.460 77.779 78.091 78.398 78.698 78.994 79.284 79.569 33070.9 33921.6 34775.7 35633.0 36493.4 37356.9 38223.3 39092.8 39965.1 40840.2 46.651 46.842 47.030 47.215 47.396 47.574 47.749 47.921 48.090 48.257 35109.2 35988.6 36869.3 37751.0 38633.9 39517.8 40402.7 41288.6 42175.5 43063.2 63.607 63.805 63.998 64.188 64.374 64.556 64.735 64.910 65.082 65.252 Temp °R 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 Carbon Dioxide h TABLE A.22 Normal Total Emissivity of Various Surfaces Surfaces a Metals and Their Oxides Aluminum: Highly polished plate, 98.3% pure Polished plate Rough plate Oxidized at 1110°F Al-surfaced roofing Al-treated surfaces, heated at 1110°F Copper Steel Brass: Highly polished: 73.2% Cu, 26.7% Zn, by weight 62.4% Cu, 36.8% Zn, 0.4% Pb, 0.3% Al, by weight 82.9% Cu, 17.0% Zn, by weight Hard-rolled, polished, but direction of polishing visible But somewhat attacked But traces of stearin from polish left on Polished: °F є 440, 1070 73 78 390, 1110 110 0.039, 0.057 0.040 0.055 0.11, 0.19 0.216 390, 1110 390, 1110 0.18, 0.19 0.52, 0.57 476, 674 494, 710 530 70 73 75 100, 600 0.028, 0.031 0.0388, 0.037 0.030 0.038 0.043 0.053 0.096, 0.096 (continued) 805 Appendix TABLE A.22 (Continued) Normal Total Emissivity of Various Surfaces Surfaces Rolled plate: Natural surface Rubbed with coarse emery Dull plate Oxidized by heating at 1110°F Chromium: See Nickel alloys for Ni–Cr steels Copper: Carefully polished electrolytic Cu Commercial, emeried, polished, but pits remaining Scraped shiny, but not mirrorlike Polished Plate heated at 1110°F Cuprous oxide Plate, heated for a long time, covered with thick oxide layer Molten copper Gold: Pure, highly polished Iron and steel: Metallic surfaces (or very thin oxide layer): Electrolytic iron, highly polished Polished iron Iron freshly emeried Cast iron, polished Wrought iron, highly polished Cast iron, newly turned Polished steel casting Ground sheet steel Smooth sheet iron Cast iron, turned on lathe Oxidized surfaces: Iron plate, pickled, then rusted red Then completely rusted Rolled sheet steel Oxidized iron Cast iron, oxidized at 1100°F Steel oxidized at 1100°F Smooth, oxidized electrolytic iron Iron oxide Rough ingot iron Sheet steel, strong rough oxide layer Dense shiny oxide layer Cast plate: Smooth Rough °F є 72 72 120, 660 390, 1110 0.06 0.20 0.22 0.61, 0.59 176 66 72 242 390, 1110 1470, 2010 77 1970, 2300 0.018 0.030 0.072 0.023 0.57, 0.57 0.66, 0.54 0.78 0.16, 0.13 440, 1160 0.018, 0.035 350, 440 800, 1880 68 392 100, 480 72 1420, 1900 1720, 2010 1650, 1900 1620, 1810 0.052, 0.074 0.144, 0.377 0.242 0.21 0.28 0.435 0.52, 0.56 0.55, 0.61 0.55, 0.60 0.60, 0.70 68 67 70 212 390, 1110 390, 1110 260, 980 930, 2190 1700, 2040 75 75 0.612 0.685 0.657 0.736 0.64, 0.78 0.79, 0.79 0.78, 0.82 0.85, 0.89 0.87, 0.95 0.80 0.82 73 73 0.80 0.82 (continued) 806 Appendix TABLE A.22 (Continued) Normal Total Emissivity of Various Surfaces Surfaces Cast iron, rough, strongly oxidized Wrought iron, dull-oxidized Steel plate, rough High-temperature alloy steels; see Nickel alloys Molten metals: Molten cast iron Molten mild steel Lead: Pure (99.96%) unoxidized Gray oxidized Oxidized at 390°F Mercury, pure clean Molybdenum filament Ni-Cu alloy, oxidized at 1110°F Nickel: Electroplated on polished iron, then polished Technically pure (98.9% Ni by weight, +Mn), polished Electroplated on pickled iron, not polished Wire Plate, oxidized by heating at 1110°F Nickel oxide Nickel alloys: Cr-Ni alloy (18–32% Ni, 55–68% Cu, 20% Zn by weight), gray oxidized Alloy steel (8% Ni, 18% Cr); light silvery, rough, brown after heating Same, after 24 h heating at 980°F Alloy (20% Ni, 25% Cr), brown, splotched, oxidized from service Alloy (60% Ni, 12% Cr), smooth, black, firm adhesive oxide coat from service Platinum: Pure, polished plate Strip Filament Wire Silver: Polished, pure Polished Steel, see Iron Tantalum filament Tin, bright, tinned iron sheet Tungsten: Filament, aged Filament °F є 100, 480 70, 680 100, 700 0.95 0.94 0.94, 0.97 2370, 2550 2910, 3270 0.29, 0.29 0.28, 0.28 260, 440 75 390 32, 212 1340, 4700 390, 1110 0.057, 0.075 0.281 0.63 0.09, 0.12 0.096, 0.292 0.41, 0.46 74 440, 710 68 368, 1844 390, 1110 1200, 2290 0.045 0.07, 0.087 0.11 0.096, 0.186 0.37, 0.48 0.59, 0.86 125, 1894 70 420, 914 0.64, 0.76 0.262 0.44, 0.36 420, 980 420, 980 0.62, 0.73 0.90, 0.97 520, 1045 0.89, 0.82 440, 1160 1700, 2960 80, 2240 440, 2510 0.054, 0.104 0.12, 0.17 0.036, 0.192 0.073, 0.182 440, 1160 100, 700 0.0198, 0.0324 0.0221, 0.0312 2420, 4580 76 0.193, 0.31 0.043, 0.064 80, 6000 6000 0.032, 0.35 0.39 (continued) 807 Appendix TABLE A.22 (Continued) Normal Total Emissivity of Various Surfaces Surfaces Zinc: Commercial, 99.1% pure, polished Oxidized by heating at 750°F Galvanized sheet iron: Fairly bright Gray, oxidized °F є 440, 620 750 0.045, 0.053 0.11 82 75 0.228 0.276 b Refractories, Building Materials, Paints, and Miscellaneous Asbestos board 74 Asbestos paper 100, 700 Brick: Red, rough, but no gross irregularities 70 Silica unglazed, rough 1832 Silica glazed, rough 2012 Grog brick, glazed 2012 See Refractory materials, below Carbon: T-carbon, 0.9% ash 260, 1160 Carbon filament 1900, 2560 Candle soot 206, 520 Lampblack: Water–glass coating 209, 362 Water–glass coating 260, 440 Thin layer on iron plate 69 Thick coat 68 0.003 in or thicker 100, 700 Enamel, white, fused on iron 66 Glass, smooth 72 Gypsum, 0.02 in thick or smooth on blackened plate 70 Marble, light gray, polished 72 Oak, planed 70 Oil layers on polished nickel (lubricating oil): Polished surface alone 68 +0.001 in oil 68 +0.002 in oil 68 +0.005 in oil 68 +∞ 68 Oil layers on aluminum foil (linseed oil): Aluminum foil 212 +1 coat oil 212 +2 coats oil 212 Paints, lacquers, varnishes: Snow-white enamel varnish on rough iron plate 73 Black shiny lacquer, sprayed on iron 76 Black shiny shellac on tinned iron sheet 70 0.96 0.93, 0.945 0.93 0.80 0.85 0.75 0.81, 0.79 0.526 0.952 0.959, 0.947 0.957, 0.952 0.927 0.967 0.945 0.897 0.937 0.903 0.931 0.895 0.045 0.27 0.46 0.72 0.82 0.087 0.561 0.574 0.906 0.875 0.821 (continued) 808 Appendix TABLE A.22 (Continued) Normal Total Emissivity of Various Surfaces Surfaces Black-matte shellac Black lacquer Flat black lacquer White lacquer Oil paints, 16 different, all colors Aluminum paints and lacquers: 10% Al, 22% lacquer body, on rough or smooth surface 26% Al, 27% lacquer body, on rough or smooth surface Other aluminum paints, varying age and Al content Aluminum lacquer, varnish binder, on rough plate Aluminum paint, after heating to 620°F Paper, thin: Pasted on tinned iron plate Pasted on rough iron plate Pasted on black lacquered plate Plaster, rough, lime Porcelain, glazed Quartz, rough, fused Refractory materials, 40 different Poor radiators °F є 170, 295 100, 200 100, 200 100, 200 212 0.91 0.80, 0.95 0.96, 0.98 0.80, 0.95 0.92, 0.96 212 212 212 70 300, 600 0.52 0.30 0.27, 0.67 0.39 0.35 66 66 66 50, 190 72 70 1110, 1830 0.924 0.929 0.944 0.91 0.924 0.932 69 0.65, 0.75 0.70 0.80, 0.85 0.85, 0.90 0.91 74 76 74 32, 212 0.945 0.859 0.900 0.95, 0.963 Good radiators Roofing paper Rubber: Hard, glossy plate Soft, gray, rough (reclaimed) Serpentine, polished Water Source: A I Brown and S M Marco, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1958, pp 54–58 With permission 0.60 25 30 30 12.5 35 40 45 50 55 60 80 75 65 70 Dry Bulb Temperature Degrees F Source: Courtesy of General Electric 20 25 40 d an p w70 13 10 20 30 35 45 50 55 60 lb bu et 65 W de 75 80 85 85 14 0.00 0.10 10 12 14 28 30 32 34 36 38 48 46 90 90 95 10% midity ve hu Relati % 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 120 115 110 105 100 Copyright, 1942, General Electric Company Wet bulb line s % 30 air dry 40 50 60 70 16 18 20 22 24 26 40 ir 42 44 50 52 58 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Barometric Pressure 14.696 Lb per Sq.in PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 54 56 14 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 170 180 Weight of Water Vapor in One Pound of Dry Air Grains 190 200 210 220 230 240 p Btu Tot al H eat– 0.70 Pressure of Water Vapor Lb per Sq.in ry A of D er P oun d 250 Psychrometric Chart for Air–Water Vapor Mixtures oi nt s re tu te m pe 100 % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50 % of Lb per 15.0 t f Cu 40 % TABLE A.23 Appendix 809 13 A R NORMAL TEMPERATURE SEA LEVEL BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 101.325 kPa COPYRIGHT 1992 ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO 40 10 50 g j/k (k 15 Sa n tio a ur t 60 0.0 ) da t em e ur at r pe 70 20 °C 80 % 50 % 40 20 % lative 0.8 10 0.8 30 10% re % 30 ity 30 re, atu per tem humid ulb t-b We 0.8 0.8 15 0.82 0.78 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE ( C) 20 25 20 25 90 °c 40 air 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 50 10 12 14 HUMIDITY RATIO w, g w /kgda Source: ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc., 2005 With permission 10 EN TH L A PY h 0 2.0 0 H3 H 1.0 30 0.9 dry 0.5 ENTHALPY = h HUMIDITY RATIO w 2.5 ram 30 SENSIBLE HEAT = TOTAL HEAT per g kilo 0 2.05 100 20 0 1.0 0.6 0.5 10.0 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC E H A S % Psychrometric Chart for Air–Water Vapor Mixtures 0.2 % 0.5 90 me % olu tre 80 2V me % 0.9 ic cub 70 0.9 60 TABLE A.23 (SI) 810 Appendix References American Iron and Steel Institute AISI Metric Practice Guide: SI Units and Conversion Factors for the Steel Industry Washington, DC: AISI, 1975 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE Guide and Data Book, latest ed New York: ASHRAE American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME Orientation and Guide for Use of SI (Metric) Units, 5th ed New York: ASME, 1974 American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME Text Booklet: SI Units in Strength of Materials New York: ASME, 1975 American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME Steam Tables, 6th ed New York: ASME, 1993 American Solar Energy Society, 2400 Central Avenue, Suite G-l, Boulder, CO 80301 American Wind Energy Association, 122 C Street, Suite 380, Washington, DC 20001 Annamalai, K., I Puri, and M Jog Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011 Baker, H D., E A Ryder, and H N Baker Temperature Measurement in Engineering New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961 Benedict, R P Fundamentals of Temperature, Pressure, and Flow Measurements New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969 Bluestein, M “Nature’s Carnot Engine: The Hurricane,” Proc of ASME International Mechanical Engineering Conf., IMECE2006-13359, November, 2006 Cengel, Y A Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1998 Clifford, G E Modern Heating and Ventilating Systems Design Upper Saddle River, NJ: Regents/ Prentice Hall, 1993 Dodge, B F., Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1944 Durham, F P., Thermodynamics, 2nd ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1959, p 43 Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 95160 Fagenbaum, J “The Stirling: A ‘Hot’ Engine for the 80’s?” Mechanical Engineering, Vol 105, No 5, May 1983, pp 18–29 Fermi, E Thermodynamics New York: Dover Publications, 1956, p 11 Ferris, E A Modern Steam Generating Equipment New York: Combustion Engineering Inc., 1960 Granet, I “Heat Transfer Performance Curves,” Chemical Engineering, March 1955, pp 187–190 Granet, I “Heat Transfer to Subsaturated Water, Dry Air and Hydrogen in Turbulent Flow Inside a Tube,” Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, Vol 69, No 4, November 1957, pp. 787–794 Granet, I “The Coefficient of Radiant Heat Transfer,” Design News, September 29, 1970 Granet, I “Natural Convection Heat Transfer Aids,” Design News, March 20, 1972 Hatsopoulos, G N., and J H Keenan “A Single Axiom for Classical Thermodynamics,” ASME Paper 61-WA-100, 1961 Howell, J R., and R O Buckius Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987 Howell, J R., and R O Buckius Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1992, p 284 Huang, F F Engineering Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1992 International Electronic Research Corporation Thermal Management Guide Burbank, CA: IERC, 1990 Irvine, T E., and J P Hartnett Steam and Gas Tables with Computer Equations New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1984 Janna, W S Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd ed Boston, MA: PWS-Kent Publishing Company, 1993 811 812 References Jones, C “A Survey of Curtiss–Wright’s 1958–1971 Rotary Combustion Engine Technological Developments,” Paper 720468 Detroit, MI: Society of Automotive Engineers National Automobile Engineering Meeting, May 1972 Jordan, R C., and G B Priester Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd ed Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1956 Keenan, J H Thermodynamics New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1941, p 58 Keenan, J H., and J Kaye Gas Tables New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1948 Keenan, J H., F G Keyes, P G Hill, and J G Moore Steam Tables–Thermodynamic Properties of Water Including Vapor, Liquid, and Solid Phases New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969 Also by the same authors and under the same title (SI Units), 1978 Kreith, F., and R Bezdek “Can Industry Afford Solar Energy?” Mechanical Engineering, Vol 105, No. 3, March 1983, pp 35–41 Kreith, F., and M S Bohn Principles of Heat Transfer, 5th ed St Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1993 Liley, P E 2000 Solved Problems in Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1989 McAdams, W H Heat Transmission, 3rd ed New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1954 McQuiston, F C., and J D Parker Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning, 4th ed New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994 Moebius Research, Inc Heat Pump Manual, 2nd ed Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute, 1997 Moran, M J., and H N Shapiro Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992 Naef, F E., and D N Burwell “Mini-OTEC Results,” 7th Energy Technology Conference Obert, E F Concepts of Thermodynamics New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1960, p 59 Pita, E G Air Conditioning Principles and Systems, 3rd ed Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc., 1998 Potter, M C., and C W Sommerton Theory and Problems of Engineering Thermodynamics New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993 Power magazine special reports: B G A Skrotzki, “Steam Turbines,” June 1962; B G A Skrotzki, “Gas Turbines,” December 1963; R J Bender, “Steam Generation,” June 1964; R K Evans, “Nuclear Power Reactors,” March 1965; R G Schweiger, “Heat Exchangers,” June 1970 Rathakrishnan, E Elements of Heat Transfer Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2012 Renewal Products Co How an Internal Combustion Engine Works Fairless Hills, PA: The Company, 1960 Reynolds, W C Thermodynamic Properties in SI (Graphs, Tables and Computational Equations for 40 Substances) Stanford, CA: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 1979 Rohsenow, W M., and H Y Choi Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1961 Severns, W H., and J F Fellows Air Conditioning and Refrigeration New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1958 Shapiro, A H The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Fluid Flow, Vol New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1953 Shavit, A., and C Gutfinger Thermodynamics: From Concepts to Applications, 2nd ed Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009 Steinberg, D S Cooling Techniques for Electronic Equipment, 2nd ed New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991 Stoecker, W F., and J W Jones Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd ed New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982 Stultz, S C., and J B Kitto, eds Steam: Its Generation and Use Barberton, OH: The Babcock and Wilcox Company, 1992 Todd, J P., and H B Ellis An Introduction to Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1981 U.S Atomic Energy Commission Power Reactors Washington, DC: USAEC Technical Information Service, May 1958 References 813 Van Wylen, G J., and R E Sonntag Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, 2nd ed New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1973; SI version, 1976 Waxberg, H Economic Study of Advanced Steam Conditions New York: Ebasco Services, Inc., June 1981 Wolfe, H C ed Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry New York: Reinhold Publishing, 1955 Wood, D B Applications of Thermodynamics, 2nd ed Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., 1982 Zemansky, M W Heat and Thermodynamics, 4th ed New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1957, p 59 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Eighth Edition Thermodynamics and Heat Power “The authors have adopted simple yet engaging ways to present and discuss complex concepts of thermodynamics Solved illustrative problems are discreetly placed following the explanation of each new concept The concepts have been introduced from the basic principles and progressively taken to the advanced level.” —Mohammad Hossain, Ph.D., York Technical College, Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA Building on the last edition, (dedicated to exploring alternatives to coal- and oil-based energy conversion methods and published more than ten years ago), Thermodynamics and Heat Power, Eighth Edition updates the status of existing direct energy conversion methods as described in the previous work Offering a systems approach to the analysis of energy conversion methods, this text focuses on the fundamentals involved in thermodynamics, and further explores concepts in the areas of ideal gas flow, engine analysis, air conditioning, and heat transfer It examines energy, heat, and work in relation to thermodynamics, and also explores the properties of temperature and pressures The book emphasizes practical mechanical systems and incorporates problems at the end of the chapters to advance the application of the material What’s New in the Eighth Edition: • An emphasis on a systems approach to problems • More discussion of the types of heat and of entropy • Added explanations for understanding pound mass and the mole • Analysis of steady-flow gas processes, replacing the compressible flow section • The concept of paddle work to illustrate how frictional effects can be analyzed • A clearer discussion of the psychrometric chart and its usage in analyzing air conditioning systems • Updates of the status of direct energy conversion systems • A description of how the cooling tower is utilized in high-rise buildings • Practical automotive engine analysis • Expanded Brayton cycle analysis including intercooling, reheat, and regeneration and their effect on gas turbine efficiency • A description of fins and how they improve heat transfer rates • Added illustrative problems and new homework problems • Availability of a publisher’s website for fluid properties and other reference materials • Properties of the latest in commercial refrigerants This text presents an understanding of basic concepts on the subject of thermodynamics and is a definitive resource for undergraduate students in engineering programs, most specifically, students studying engineering technology K23231 an informa business w w w c r c p r e s s c o m 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK w w w c r c p r e s s c o m