Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering M Razi Nalim R Vasudevan Sameer Rahatekar Editors Advances in Automotive Technologies Select Proceedings of ICPAT 2019 Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering Series Editors Francisco Cavas-Martínez, Departamento de Estructuras, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain Fakher Chaari, National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia Francesco Gherardini, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Mohamed Haddar, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia Vitalii Ivanov, Department of Manufacturing Engineering Machine and Tools, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine Young W Kwon, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Aerospace Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Science, Monterey, CA, USA Justyna Trojanowska, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest developments in Mechanical Engineering—quickly, informally and with high quality Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core of LNME Volumes published in LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and new challenges of mechanical engineering Topics in the series include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Engineering Design Machinery and Machine Elements Mechanical Structures and Stress Analysis Automotive Engineering Engine Technology Aerospace Technology and Astronautics Nanotechnology and Microengineering Control, Robotics, Mechatronics MEMS Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Dynamical Systems, Control Fluid Mechanics Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer Manufacturing Precision Engineering, Instrumentation, Measurement Materials Engineering Tribology and Surface Technology To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact the Springer Editor of your location: China: Dr Mengchu Huang at mengchu.huang@springer.com India: Priya Vyas at priya.vyas@springer.com Rest of Asia, Australia, New Zealand: Swati Meherishi at swati.meherishi@springer.com All other countries: Dr Leontina Di Cecco at Leontina.dicecco@springer.com To submit a proposal for a monograph, please check our Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering at http://www.springer.com/series/11693 or contact Leontina.dicecco@springer.com Indexed by SCOPUS The books of the series are submitted for indexing to Web of Science More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11236 M Razi Nalim R Vasudevan Sameer Rahatekar • • Editors Advances in Automotive Technologies Select Proceedings of ICPAT 2019 123 Editors M Razi Nalim Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue School of Engineering & Technology Indianapolis, IN, USA R Vasudevan School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Sameer Rahatekar Enhanced Composites and Structures Centre Cranfield University Cranfield, UK ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering ISBN 978-981-15-5946-4 ISBN 978-981-15-5947-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5947-1 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents CFD Analysis of Automotive Radiators Swapnil Kumar, K Sai Kiran, and Thundil Karuppa Raj Rajagopal Ejector-Mechanical Compression Hybrid Air-Conditioning System for Automotives: System Configuration and Analysis M Anoop Kumar Investigation of the Combined Effect of Perforated Tube, Baffles, and Porous Material on Acoustic Attenuation Performance Sandeep Kumar and K Ravi 17 Semi-autonomous Vehicle Transmission and Braking Systems G Paul Robertson and Rammohan A 29 Comparison of Gaseous and Liquid Fuel Cells for Automotive Applications A Thirkell and R Chen 39 Lane Monitoring System for Driver Assistance Using Vehicle to Infrastructure Connection Akash Kalghatgi and A Rammohan 51 Integration of Area Scanning with PSO for Improving Coverage and Hole Detection in Sensor Networks T Shankar, Geoffrey Eappen, Shubham Mittal, and Ramit Mehra 65 Optimized Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks T Shankar, Geoffrey Eappen, and S Rajalakshmi Survivability Technique Using Markov Chain Model in NG-PON2 for Stacked Wavelength S Rajalakshmi and T Shankar 83 97 v vi Contents Effects of Different Membranes on the Performance of PEM Fuel Cell 113 M Muthukumar, A Ragul Aadhitya, N Rengarajan, K Sharan, and P Karthikeyan Design Analysis and Fabrication of Race Car Seat to Increase Driver Comfort 127 K Raja, C D Naiju, M Senthil Kumar, and N Navin Kumar Design Optimization of Lubrication System for a Four-Cylinder Diesel Engine 139 J Ramkumar, George Ranjit, Vijayabaskaran Sarath, V Vikraman, Bagavathy Suresh, Namani Prasad Babu, and Malekar Amit Investigation on Turbocharger Actuator for LPG Fuelled SI Engine 157 K Ravi, Jim Alexander, and E Porpatham Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis Using Hypermesh and Optistruct 169 Vijay Sharma, D Mallikarjuna Reddy, and Shreekant Patil Development of Reaction Wheel Controlled Self-Balancing Bicycle for Improving Vehicle Stability Control 187 Omkar Patil, Sujay Jadhav, and R Ramakrishnan An Intelligent Energy Management Strategy for Electric Vehicle Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Storage System Using Machine Learning Approach 197 Geetansh Mahajan, Abhinav, and R Ramakrishnan Low Velocity of Single and Multiple Impacts on Curved and Hybrid Curved Composite Panel for Aircraft Applications 215 D Mallikarjuna Reddy, Shreekant Patil, Kiran S Matti, and Nemmani Abhinav Aerodynamic Study of a Three Wheeler Body 225 C Bhaskar, Krishna Rawat, Muhammed Minhaj, M Senthil Kumar, and C D Naiju Evaluating the Hardness and Microstructural Analysis of Reinforcing the Nano Silicon Carbide and Nano Zirconium Oxide in Hybrid Al6061 Metal Matrix Composite 231 V Deepakaravind and P Gopal Exploratory and Performance Analysis of Solar Refrigeration System Using Nanofluids—A Review 241 M Sivakumar and S Mahalingam About the Editors Dr M Razi Nalim is Executive Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Programs at the Purdue University School of Engineering & Technology in Indianapolis (currently on leave, and serving as Visiting Professor at Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India) He has three decades of experience in higher education and professional practice – in industry, academia, and government Working at NASA Glenn Research Center and Purdue University, he pioneered novel concepts for pressure-gain combustion engines and non-steady flow pressure-wave machines, aimed at efficiency, power and emissions improvement of aircraft and power generation engines Recognized as an entrepreneurial ‘translational’ scholar at IUPUI, he helped establish multiple industry-university research consortia, especially with Rolls-Royce Corporation His research has led to patents, and over 100 publications, supported by over $10 million in grants from NASA, US National Science Foundation (NSF), Rolls-Royce, and other sponsors He previously led R&D at two small start-up companies, and has launched a startup company to commercialize his research He has received the IUPUI Bynum Faculty Mentor award for guiding undergraduate research, University Trustees teaching award for innovative learning contributions, and the highest honors of his school for research and service He has conducted workshops on project-enhanced active learning in engineering education, supported by the NSF Internationally, Dr Nalim has given many keynote talks and served as NATO AGARD Scholar and twice as a Fulbright Scholar He is an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics Dr R Vasudevan is Professor & Dean of School of Mechanical Engineering and The Director- Centre for Innovative Manufacturing Research (CIMR) at Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.He obtained his Ph.D from Concordia University, Canada He has around 18 years of combined research and teaching experience in India and Canada He secured University first rank and Gold medal during the Post Graduation He was awarded International Tuition Fees Remission at Concordia University during 2007 He was also nominated for Governor General Gold Medal Award for Ph.D thesis and best Ph.D thesis Concordia University, vii viii About the Editors Montreal, Canada He has published around 45 research articles in international journals with high impact factors He has also authored a monograph titled “Analysis of Smart Structure” At present, he is working on seven research projects sponsored by various International and National funding agencies He has also finished three funded projects sponsored by ARDB, VRDEand one consultancy project by Alvi Tech Pvt Ltd., Bangalore He has guided Ph.D students and one M.S (Research) scholar at VIT His research focuses on broad range of problems in mechanics of composite structures, active and semi-active vibration control, structural health monitoring, with applications in aerospace and automotive industries He is a life member of Indian Society of Technical Education, New Delhi, and a senior member of International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology, Singapore Dr Sameer Rahatekar earned his PhD at University of Cambridge where he worked on nano-composites modelling and manufacturing He worked as a postdoctoral researcher at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA where he worked on manufacturing strong and multi-functional natural polymer based fibers using ionic liquids as a benign solvent He also worked on nano-particles dispersion, rheology and nano-composites manufacturing at NIST He was a lecturer at the Advanced Composite Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS) at University of Bristol where he worked on manufacturing strong of cellulose fibres as precursors for carbon fibers and on nano-particles reinforced carbon/glass fiber composites for improved fracture toughness, erosion resistance and lightening strike protection of composites parts used in aerospace industry CFD Analysis of Automotive Radiators Swapnil Kumar, K Sai Kiran, and Thundil Karuppa Raj Rajagopal Abstract This paper of ours deals with the automotive radiators We have shown a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling simulation of mass flow rate of air passing through an automotive radiator Modelling has been done in Solidworks and exported to ANSYS for CFD analysis In our paper, the main implication that we have drawn is that the heat which is been transferred by a radiator is a function of the airflow at different air velocity We undertook this experiment on a single radiator of constant geometry on the basis of some parameters like the material of the radiator and the vehicle’s speed The thermal analysis is done for different velocities of air mixture passing through different tube materials such as aluminium and stainless steel The numerical results were compared and results obtained served as a good database for the future investigations Keywords Computational Fluid Dynamics · Thermal · Meshing · Radiators · Temperature drop Nomenclature [1,2] Flow area Velocity of water Reynolds number for water Nusselt number for water Convective heat transfer coefficient of water Velocity of air Maximum velocity of air ((π /4) * (Di )2 ) m2 (ma/(ρ wa * Fa)) m/s ((ρ wa * V wa * Di )/μ) 0.023 * ((REwa )0.8 ) * ((PRwa )0.3 ) (NUwa * K wa )/(Di ) W/m2 K mair /(2 * ƥair * (π /4) * Df ) m/s (S t /(S t − Do )) * V air m/s S Kumar (B) · K Sai Kiran Student, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India e-mail: swapnilsrivastava1997@gmail.com T K R Rajagopal Professor, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021 M R Nalim et al (eds.), Advances in Automotive Technologies, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5947-1_1 232 V Deepakaravind and P Gopal Metal matrix-based composite material was consisting of superior properties such as high strength, high stiffness, high thermal stability, high elastic modulus, high electrical and thermal conductivity and exhibits greater corrosion resistance, oxidation and wear comparable to the metal matrix material [1] Composite material is composed of two or more constituent phase: matrix phase and reinforcement phase The discontinuous phase in composites is usually harder and stronger than continues phase and is called reinforcing agents The continuous phase is called as the matrix Composite materials can be categorized based on the matrix material are summarized as follows: Metal matrix-based composites were broadly used in aerospace, marine, automobile, marine and structural application, etc., due to outstanding mechanical properties In this, metal matrix composite stands for reinforcing in a ductile metal matrix By improving, the strength of MMC has considerably better mechanical properties compared to the strength of base metal matrix material 1.1 Literature Review Malhotra [2] observed that aluminium was influenced by varying weight percentage composition of zirconia (5 and 10%) with fixed as percentage fly ash (10%) reinforcing in Al6061 metal matrix-based composite material using stir casting method Hence, it was identified with increased hardness and ultimate tensile strength increase to increase the weight fraction of reinforcement material in aluminium-based metal matrix composite Therefore, a better hardness 94HV with tensile strength of 278 MPa for 10% zirconia and 10% fly ash was found in the reinforcement of aluminium-based composite material Aluminium alloy 6061 has determined elongation of 21.66%, and it was significantly to reduce within a range of 85–90% due to the addition of reinforcement element in the aluminium-based matrix composite material Girisha [3] investigated with the effect of different weight percentage fraction of nanoparticles of zirconium oxide as 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% were reinforced in aluminiumbased metal matrix composite using stir casting method Hence, it was observed that particle agglomeration is present in casting of composite material due to large content of nanoparticles of zirconium oxide The wear and hardness properties were increased as increase in the weight fraction of nanoparticles of zirconium dioxide Jenix Rino [4] investigated the mechanical behaviour of aluminium Al6063 alloy composite was strengthened by adding zircon sand and alumina particle as reinforcing weight percentage as 8% using stir casting method It observed homogenous distribution of the reinforcement in Al6063 matrix material The hardness and tensile strength of the composite have the higher value at the composite sample having the reinforcement mixture of wt%ZrSiO4 + 4wt% Al2 O3 Meena [5] analysed that mechanical properties of developing SiC were reinforced in Al6063 metal matrix-based composite material using the stirring technique The experiment was performed by varying the reinforced particle size as 200 meshes with Evaluating the Hardness and Microstructural Analysis … 233 Table Chemical composition of aluminium alloy 6061 Constituents Al Mg Si Fe Cu Zn Mn Cr Other Weight percentage of composition.% 96.50 0.956 0.562 0.532 0.236 0.202 0.102 0.046 0.864 the different weight percentage composition as 5, 10, 15 and 20% of SiC particle were added reinforcement in composite material The stirring process was operated at 200 rpm using a graphite impeller on behalf of 15 time duration A homogenous dispersion of silicon carbide particle elements was observed in the aluminium-based metal matrix element, hardness, tensile and yield strength were improved with an addition of reinforcing particulate size and percentage weight fraction of SiC particles Percentage elongation, impact strength and percentage reduction area were decreased with rising reinforcement particle size of composite material Maximum hardness 83 HRB and impact strength 37.01 Nm were achieved as 20% weight percentage of SiC particles in aluminium metal matrix-based composite material Ravesh et al [6] studied the effect of the different weight fraction of SiC (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%) and 5% fly ash reinforced 6061 aluminium matrix composite by stir casting technique Tensile strength, hardness and impact strength increased with growth in weight fraction of SiC particles A better tensile strength 115 N/mm2 , hardness 93 RHN and toughness value 7.8 for a 10% SiC and 5% Fly ash reinforced composite material were obtained 1.2 Material Composition of Aluminium (Al6061) Aluminium metal matrix material is utilized in experimental study as well as aluminium alloy 6061 composite The chemical composition of aluminium alloy 6061 is shown in Table Aluminium 6061 ingot was purchased from Gokul Industry, Coimbatore, India The aluminium alloy Al6061 is a precipitation of toughening aluminium alloy with an enclosing magnesium and silicon as its major alloying elements in the aluminium alloys components The mechanical properties of aluminium alloy Al6061 grades are settled on tempering with the heat treatment of the material In this, the material is compared to other materials, and it was offered relatively high strength, good workability, high machinability, high resistance to corrosion and is broadly available Experimental Procedure In this experiment [7, 8], we consider Al 6061 with zirconium oxide nanopowder (Zro2) as weight 0%, 5% and 10%, respectively Composites are produced by using 234 V Deepakaravind and P Gopal stir casting technique as shown in figure Al 7075 is taken in the form of cylindrical rods for the experiments Temperature about 6000–7500 °C is set in an electric furnace with control panel The cylindrical rods are placed inside the graphite crucible The graphite crucible containing rods is now placed inside the furnace, and it is heated until it reaches its melting point; once the metal reaches into the liquid state, the slag formed on the surface will be removed slowly The reinforced material zirconium oxide nanopowder (Zro2) is preheated in the electric furnace at 800°C temperature in order to remove the moisture in Zro2 nanopowder Now add the Zro2 nanopowder in the aluminium 6061 liquid state slowly by stirring the graphite rod at speed of 400 rpm Stirring is done very slowly for 5–10 because it will mix properly Now pour the liquid metal in the required die dimensions of diameter 20 mm*150 mm length in order to conduct the experiment on mechanical properties In this experiment, Al 6061 was reinforced with zirconium oxide nanopowder (Zro2) as weight 2.8, 3.0% and 3.2 and 2% weight of nano silicon carbide to form the hybrid nanocomposite sample as shown in Table In this, nanocomposites are fabricated using stir casting technique as shown in Fig Al 6061 is taken in the form of cylindrical rods for these experiments Temperatures are maintained about 600–750 °C and set in an electric furnace with control panel The cylindrical rods are kept inside in the graphite crucible This graphite crucible was contained with rods, it is placed inside the electric furnace, and it is heated until it reaches its melting point Therefore, the metal is reached into the liquid molten state, and the slag formed on Table Weight % of materials used in experiment S.No Samples % of Al 6061 by weight %of β phase SiC by weight % of β phase ZrO2 by weight S0 100% – – S1 2% 2.8% S2 2% 3.0% S3 2% 3.2% 95.2% 95% 94.8% Fig Stir casting set-up for making of pure sample S0 and AMNC samples(S1, S2 and S3) Evaluating the Hardness and Microstructural Analysis … 235 Fig Pure sample(S0) and AMNC samples(S1, S2 and S3) the surface will be removed slowly Reinforced nanoparticle of zirconium oxide is preheated in the electric furnace at 800 °C temperature in the order of removing the moisture present in nanopowder of Zro2 By adding nano zirconium oxide powder in to the molten aluminium alloy Stirring was done very slowly for 5–10 min, due to which it was mixed properly Then pouring liquid molten metal was required in the die with the dimension of diameter 20 mm*150 mm length The mechanical properties are conducted experiment on Aluminium based Nano Composite Samples (AMNC) S1, S2 and S3 samples as well as pure aluminium 6061 composite samples S0 as shown in Fig Results and Discussion A X-ray diffractometer (XRD) studies X-ray diffraction studies are carried out using Phillips X-ray diffractometer (model PW 3710) with Cu Kλ radiation (λ = 1.5405 A˚) X-ray diffraction pattern of AMNC sample confirms the crystalline phase, and mean crystal size determined is around 40 nm scale range In the XRD observations, three strongest peaks shown in Figs 3, and are detected with Miller indices (223), (054), (122), (125) and (082) corresponding to Bragg angles 30°, 36°, 51°and 59°, respectively The characteristic peaks are higher in intensity, which is indicated that the products are good in crystalline nature No peaks corresponding with the impurities are detected, showing that the final product of AMNC samples S1, S2 and S3 in Figs 3, and It is observed that intensity of the peaks increased with high thermal treatment due to agglomeration, It means that the crystalline growth has been improved The full width at half maxima of major peaks decreases and confirms with the grain size growth B SEM analysis The size and morphology of the ZrO2 nanoparticles have been determined using scanning electron microscopy Figure shows the image random distribution of the 236 V Deepakaravind and P Gopal Fig AMNC sample (S1) Fig AMNC sample (S2) Fig AMNC sample (S3) ZrO2 nanoparticles having non-spherical shape and diameter in the range of nano metre The nanocomposites are found to be agglomerated, when it is analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM: JEOL, Japan, JSM 840A) studies as shown in Figs 4, 5, 6, and It can be observed that the ZrO2 crystallites have no uniform Evaluating the Hardness and Microstructural Analysis … 237 Fig AMNC sample S1 at 50 μm scale range Fig AMNC sample S2 at 50 μm scale range shape This is believed to be related to the non-uniform distribution of temperature and mass flow in the combustion flame, due to the high surface energy of the particles and from the SEM there is such difference which was observed for different wt% of ZrO2 dispersed aluminium powder In the scanning electron microscope images are observed the presnce of aluminium and zirconium in Aluminium based nano composite samples 238 V Deepakaravind and P Gopal Fig AMNC sample S3 at 50 μm scale range C Microhardness test results The microhardness test results show on AMNC samples S1, S2 and S3 are revealed with an increasing trend in base matrix hardness as well as increasing reinforcement content of sample S3 as shown in Fig Trend analysis of microhardness measurements in AMNC sample results revealed that increasing the reinforcement content leads to be a vital increase in the hardness as well as attributing to the presence of harder ZrO2 nanomaterials within a large constraint to be localizing the deformation during indentation due to their presence and reduced in the grain size of AMNC samples Results show that increase in the weight percentage of reinforcement with increased hardness value increases up to 3.2 weight percentage Decreased the presence of porosity in the crystal structure of Aluminium based nano composite samples Al6061 aluminium alloy was reinforced with nanosized ZrO2 and nano silicon carbide of sample is best once compared to other three sample as shown in Fig Fig Trend analysis of microhardness test results of pure sample and AMNC samples (S1,S2 and S3) Evaluating the Hardness and Microstructural Analysis … 239 Conclusion Al6061 aluminium alloy is reinforced with nanosized ZrO2 and nanosized silicon carbide are successfully fabricated using stir casting method as shown in Fig The nanoparticles of reinforcement elements are uniformly distributed in the base matrix composites of AMNC samples as shown in Figs 6, and Therefore, reinforcement nanoparticle agglomeration is observed in hybrid AMNC samples composites with large content of ZrO2 as shown in Figs 3, and From the experimental testing results of casted Aluminium based nano composite samples S1, S2 and S3 stir casting was found as suitable method for fabrication of this kind of AMNC Samples S1, S2 and S3 Mechanical characterization is revealed with the presence of nanoparticulates of zirconium oxide in aluminium-based matrix composite From the microhardness test, the result is suggested to improve the microhardness properties of Al6061 as well as AMNC samples AMNC sample S3 has higher microhardness value 102VHN compared to other three samples S0, S1 and S2 References Balakumar G (2013) Development and property evaluation of copper- chilled aluminum alloy reinforced with nano-ZrO2 metal matrix composites (NMMCS) Int J Networks Appl 4(1):1–11I ISSN 0976-5859 Chernyshova TA, Kobeleva LI, Bykov PA, Bolotova LK, Kalashnikov IE, Volochko AT, Izobello AY (2013) Nanostructuring of dispersion_reinforcedaluminum_matrix composite materials Inorganic materials: applied research, 4(3):247–255 ISSN 2075_1133 Koli DK, Agnihotri G, Purohit R (2013) Properties and characterization of Al-Al2O3 composites processed by casting and powder metallurgy routes (Review) Int J Latest Trends Eng Technol 2(4) Nandipati G DR., kommineni R DR., Damera NR Dr., Nallu R Dr (2013) Fabrication and study of the mechanical properties of AA2024 alloy reinforced with B4C nano-particles using ultrasonic cavitation method IOSR J Mechanical Civ Eng 7(4):01–07 Kwon Hansang, Lee Gil-Geun, Leparoux Marc, Kawasaki Akira (2013) Functionally graded dual-nanoparticulate-reinforced aluminummatrixcompositematerials J Phys: Conf Ser 419(2013):012004 Dixon J, Ghannam S (2013) Strengthening of aluminum matrix nano composite using Al2O3SiC Eur J Appl Eng 10:2668–3792 Rasidhar L Dr., Rama Krishna A, Srinivas Rao Ch Dr (2013) Fabrication and investigation on properties of ilmenite (FeTiO3) based Al nanocomposite by stir casting process Int J Bio-Sci Bio-Technol 5(4) Suresh SM, Mishra D, Srinivasan A, Arunachalam RM, Sasikumar R (2011) Production and characterization of micro and nano Al2 O3 particle-reinforced LM25 aluminium alloy composites ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 6(6) Exploratory and Performance Analysis of Solar Refrigeration System Using Nanofluids—A Review M Sivakumar and S Mahalingam Abstract In this day and age refrigeration, frameworks assume a crucial job to satisfy the human needs A persistent research is being done by numerous specialists so as to enhance the execution of these frameworks Directly utilized, vapor pressure refrigeration framework does not work effectively because of lack of electric power This examination covers an expansive diagram of sun-based photovoltaic innovation, which utilizes effectively accessible sun-oriented vitality for refrigeration reason It incorporates an engine, a blower, an inverter and battery, a photovoltaic controller, and boards This should be possible by changing over sunlight-based vitality into power by methods for photovoltaic gadgets, which can be used by the electric engine to drive vapor weight refrigeration structure The principle goal of the examination is dealing with the deficiency of electric power, in living situations by utilizing a cooling framework coupled to a sun-oriented establishment In this sunlight-based refrigeration framework, when traditional refrigerants like (R22, HFCR134a, R600, and so forth.) are utilized, it prompts low warm conductivity, heat exchange rate, and COP level, and a portion of alternate effects is corrosive downpour, softening of ice sheets, ocean level raising, well-being impacts, air contamination, ozone consumption, which is exceptionally risky to the earth To maintain a strategic distance from these dangers, one of the routes is to utilize nanofluids which are not destructive to nature The utilization of nanofluids results in high warm conductivity and heat exchange rate and gives a better COP level The accompanying three nanofluids Al2 O3 , ZrO2 , and Cu2 O have been now utilized in the refrigeration framework A portion of the properties of given nanofluids will be changed to advance new nanofluids The improved nanofluids will be utilized in refrigeration framework and a similar will be contrasted and different nanofluids like R22, R134a, R290, and R600a Despite the fact that Al2 O3 , ZrO2 , and Cu2 O give great outcomes, the new nanofluids have been advanced for better outcomes M Sivakumar (B) Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annai Mathammal Sheela Engineering College, Erumapatty, Namakkal 637013, India e-mail: rvssiva@gmail.com S Mahalingam Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, India © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021 M R Nalim et al (eds.), Advances in Automotive Technologies, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5947-1_20 241 242 M Sivakumar and S Mahalingam Keywords Vapor compression refrigeration system · Nanofluids (Al2 O3 , ZrO2 , Cu2 O) · Refrigerants (R22, R134a, R290, and R600a) · Solar photovoltaic collector with battery and inverter · Coefficient of performance (COP) Introduction Expansive number of populace in creating nations like India lives in the rustic or remote areas where network power is inaccessible So the capacity of medications and sustenance is preposterous as a result of low-temperature prerequisites In India, there are endless spots where the working of understood innovation vapor pressure refrigeration does not work proficiently because of the deficiency of electric vitality In this situation, sun-powered vitality is the most bounteous of all vitality shapes Sustainable wellsprings of vitality from sun are very non-dirtying and thought about clean Sun-powered vitality as the green and ecological neighborly vitality has delivered vitality for billions of years Sun-oriented vitality that achieves the earth is around × 1015 MW, and it is multiple times as substantial as the worldwide usage Sun-based power age became much more quickly (+86.3%), however from a little base Inexhaustible types of vitality represented 2.1% of worldwide vitality utilization, up from 0.7% in 2001 Subsequently, the usage of sunlight-based vitality and the innovation of nanofluids charmed considerably more consideration Nanofluids are set up by suspending nanomeasured particles (1–100 nm) in regular liquids which have higher warm conductivity than the base liquids Nanofluids have the going with properties when appeared differently in relation to the common solid–liquid suspensions (I) higher warmth trade between the particles and fluids because of the high surface region of the particles, (ii) better scattering strength with transcendent Brownian movement, (iii) diminishes molecule obstructing, (iv) decreased siphoning power when contrasted with base liquid to acquire equal warmth exchange Nanoparticles can be utilized in refrigeration frameworks in light of its unfathomable enhancement in thermo-physical and heat exchange capacities to upgrade the execution of refrigeration frameworks In a vapor pressure refrigeration framework, the nanoparticles can be enhanced to the grease At the point, when the refrigerant is circled through the blower, it conveys hints of grease + nanoparticles blend (nano-ointments) so alternate parts of the framework will have nanolubricant—refrigerant blend Literature Review Jwo et al [1] directed examinations on a refrigeration framework supplanting R134a refrigerant and polyester oil with a hydrocarbon refrigerant and mineral oil The mineral ointment included added Al2 O3 nanoparticles to enhance the grease and warmth exchange execution Their examinations exhibit that the 60% R-134a and Exploratory and Performance Analysis of Solar Refrigeration … 243 0.1 wt% Al2 O3 nanoparticles were flawless Under these conditions, the power use was reduced by about 2.4%, and the coefficient of execution was expanded by 4.4% Henderson et al [2] led a test investigation on the stream bubbling warmth exchange of R134a-based nanofluids in a level cylinder They found a great scattering of CuO nanoparticle with R134a and POE oil and the warmth exchange coefficient builds over 100% over standard R134a/POE oil results Fatehmulla et al (2011) planned and grew low power refrigeration framework utilizing PV modules, modules every one of 36 sun-oriented cells Yilanci et al [3] contemplated the vitality of an examination of a fridge and fueled by a photovoltaic explored to acquire effective activity conditions dependent on exploratory information Sobamowo et al [4] structured and created photovoltaic-controlled DC vapor pressure refrigeration framework for creating nations, for example, Nigeria and demonstrated that its appropriateness to various climatic locales in Africa and could be utilized for transient nourishment stockpiling, enhancement in the well-being administrations and living conditions in remote and provincial zones which were not able to access power from the network Kumar et al [5] examined the impact of aluminum oxide put together nano-oil with respect to the COP of the framework and solidifying limit of the framework The trial setup was worked according to Indian guidelines Refrigerants like R12, R22, R600, R600a, and R134a were utilized as a refrigerant The execution of the framework relies on the thermo-physical properties of the refrigerant The expansion of nanoparticles to the refrigerant outcomes in enhancement is in the thermo-physical properties in this way enhancing the execution of the refrigeration framework The exploratory investigations show that the refrigeration framework with nano-refrigerant works regularly There was increment in the COP of the framework by 19.6% Mineral oil with alumina nanoparticles oil blend was explored, and it was discovered that there is an expansion in solidifying limit and decrease in power utilization by 11.5% when contrasted with polyester Aluminum oxide-based nano-oil in refrigeration framework was discovered working palatably Sendil Kumar and Elansezhian [6] performed an investigation in his paper, and ZnO nanoparticles with refrigerant blend were utilized in HFC R152a refrigeration framework The framework execution with nanoparticles was then explored The centralization of nano-ZnO runs in the request for 0.1% v, 0.3% v, and 0.5%v with a molecule size of 50 nm and 150 g of R152a was charged and tests were directed The blower pull pressure, release pressure, and evaporator temperature were estimated The outcomes showed that ZnO nano-refrigerant works ordinarily and securely in the framework The ZnO nanoparticle fixation is a significant factor considered for heat move improvement in the refrigeration framework The presentation of the framework was altogether improved with 21% less vitality utilization when 0.5%v ZnOR152a refrigerant Both the attractions weight and release pressure were brought down by 10.5% when nano-refrigerant was utilized The evaporator temperature was diminished by 6% with the utilization of nano-refrigerant Thus, ZnO nanoparticles could be utilized in the refrigeration framework to significantly diminish vitality 244 M Sivakumar and S Mahalingam utilization The utilization of R152a with zero ozone exhausting potential (ODP) and exceptionally less GWP and subsequently gives a green and clean condition Senthilkumara and Praveenb [7] explored in his paper, we report a technique that utilizes flammable gas to improve the vitality proficiency of refrigeration countering strategy utilizing CuO—R600a as interchange refrigerants Along these lines, unwavering quality and execution of nano-refrigerant in the working liquid have been explored tentatively Another nano-refrigerant is utilized in the local cooler The exhibitions of the nano-refrigerant, for example, the cooling limit, vitality proficiency proportion were resolved The outcomes show that the blend of R600a with nanoparticles (CuO) works regularly in the household cooler The cooling limit of the residential cooler is expanded by 10–20% by utilizing nano-refrigerant Experimental Investigations 3.1 Use of Nanofluids in Refrigeration System There is parcel of information and yield parameters in the field of refrigeration framework These parameters of refrigerants are identified with one another when we use in vapor pressure refrigeration framework We can utilize nanofluids in the vapor pressure framework to improve the warm conductivity The effectiveness of the framework relies on the properties of the refrigerant Typically, R22, R134a, R290, and R600a are utilized in refrigeration framework as a refrigerant The limit with regard to warm exchange isn’t all that great, and henceforth, it prompts increment in vitality utilization In this way, the refrigeration framework with nano-refrigerants works skillfully It is discovered that the solidifying limit is higher and decrease in power utilization 3.2 Experimental Setup The exploratory setup comprises of an engine, a blower, an evaporator, a condenser, an extension valve, a battery, an inverter, a PV controller, and photovoltaic boards (Fig 1) Exploratory and Performance Analysis of Solar Refrigeration … 245 Fig Experimental setup of the experiment Experimental Procedure The sun-based photovoltaic framework uses a sunlight-based controlled prime mover to drive a refrigeration framework This should be possible by changing over sunoriented vitality into power by methods for photovoltaic gadgets, at that point using an electric engine to work a vapor blower A hermetically fixed blower is utilized for nanofluid refrigerant, a constrained kind cool condenser, a development valve and an evaporator containing water were incorporated Five thermocouples, two weight checks, and one vitality meter are given to quantify the channel and outlet weight of blower, temperature and the power utilization at required areas The refrigeration framework execution test incorporates vitality utilization tests and solidifying limit tests The sort of evaporator utilized in this framework is a water tank To quantify the vitality expended amid refrigeration framework activity, perusing is noted from energy meter The test is done for 20 for every blend of nanofluids by taking note of down the normal drop in temperature of water from its underlying temperature The solidifying limit is dictated by the mass of water put away in the evaporator Observation and Analysis For breaking down the execution of vapor pressure refrigeration framework, the accompanying perceptions were précised: 246 M Sivakumar and S Mahalingam The refrigerant’s warmth limit while utilizing R22, 134a, R290, and R600a leaves something to be desired and expands control utilization too The refrigeration framework with nano-refrigerant works skillfully It is discovered that the solidifying limit is higher and the power utilization diminishes When contrasted with ordinary refrigeration framework, the COP level is improved by the utilization of nanofluids While utilizing the nanofluids, different dangers to the earth are stayed away from Although Al2 O3 , ZrO2 , Cu2 O give great outcomes, the new nanofluids have been enhanced for better outcomes Conclusion The test examination of vapor pressure refrigeration framework was done with the accompanying ends: The commitment of this work was to enhance the warm solace in living conditions by utilizing a cooling framework coupled with a sunlight-based establishment The photovoltaic board fulfills the power request of the blower The nanofluid refrigerant works capability in refrigeration framework and guaranteed that the reason will be the warm property of nanofluids is higher than regular refrigerant The coefficient of performance (COP) of the refrigeration framework is enhanced amid use of nanofluids while contrasted with traditional refrigerant Nanofluids will be eco-agreeable with conditions Cost of sun-powered power is conservative than electric power References Jwo CS, Jeng LY, Teng TP, Ho Chang (2009) Effects of nanolubricant on performance of hydrocarbon refrigeration system J Vac Sci Technol B Microelectron Nanometer Struct 27(3):1473–1477 Henderson K, Park YG, Liu L, Jacobi AM (2010) Flow-boiling heat transfer of R-134a-based nanofluids in a horizontal tube Int J Heat Mass Transf 53(5-6):944–951 Ekren O, Yilanci A, Cetin E, Ozturk HK (2011) Experimental performance evaluation of a PV-powered refrigeration system Electronics and Electrical Engineering-Elektronika Irelektrotechink 8(114):7–10 Sobamowo MG, Ogunmola BY, Ismail SO, Ogundeko IA (2012) Design and development of a photovoltaic-powered DC vapour compression refrigerator with an incorporated solar tracking system Int J Mech Comput Manuf Res 1:19–28 ISSN: 2301-4148 Kumar RR, Sridhar K, Narasimha M (2013) Heat transfer enhancement in domestic refrigerator using R600a/mineral oil/nano-Al2O3 as working fluid Int J Comput Eng Res 3(4):42–50 Exploratory and Performance Analysis of Solar Refrigeration … 247 Sendil Kumar D, Elansezhian R (2014) ZnO nano refrigerant in R152a refrigeration system for energy conservation and green environment Front Mech Eng 9(1):75–80 Senthilkumar A, Praveen R (2015) Performance analysis of a domestic refrigerator using cuo –r600a nano – refrigerant as working fluid J Chem Pharm Sci (ICRAMET’ 15) ISSN: 0974-2115