Ship resistance and propulsion  practical estimation of ship propulsive power

SHIP RESISTANCE AND PROPULSION Second Edition This second edition provides a comprehensive and scientific approach to evaluating ship resistance and propulsion Written by experts in the field, it includes the latest developments in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), experimental techniques and guidance for the practical estimation of ship propulsive power It addresses the increasing emphasis on improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions, including the introduction of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) The text also includes sufficient published standard series data for hull resistance and propeller performance to enable practitioners to make ship power predictions based on material and data within the book, and numerous fully worked examples illustrate applications for cargo and container ships, tankers, bulk carriers, ferries, warships, work boats, planing craft, yachts, hydrofoils, submarines and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) The book is ideal for practising naval architects and marine engineers, sea-going officers, small craft designers, undergraduate and postgraduate students, and professionals in transportation, transport efficiency and eco-logistics Anthony F Molland is Emeritus Professor of Ship Design at the University of Southampton For many years, Professor Molland has extensively researched and published papers on ship design and ship hydrodynamics, including propellers and ship resistance components, ship rudders and control surfaces He also acts as a consultant to industry in these subject areas and has gained international recognition through presentations at conferences and membership of committees of the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) Professor Molland is co-author of Marine Rudders and Control Surfaces (2007) and editor of the Maritime Engineering Reference Book (2008) Stephen R Turnock is Professor of Maritime Fluid Dynamics at the University of Southampton Professor Turnock lectures on many subjects, including ship resistance and propulsion, powercraft performance, marine renewable energy and applications of CFD His research encompasses both experimental and theoretical work on energy efficiency of shipping, performance sport, underwater systems and renewable energy devices, together with the application of CFD for the design of propulsion systems and control surfaces He acts as a consultant to industry, and was on committees of the ITTC and the International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress (ISSC) Professor Turnock is co-author of Marine Rudders and Control Surfaces (2007) Dominic A Hudson is Shell Professor of Ship Safety and Efficiency at the University of Southampton Professor Hudson lectures on ship resistance and propulsion, powercraft performance and design, recreational and high-speed craft, and ship design His research interests are in all areas of ship hydrodynamics, including experimental and theoretical work on ship resistance components, seakeeping and manoeuvring, together with energyefficient ship design and operation He was a member of the ISSC Committee on Sailing Yacht Design and is a member of the 28th ITTC Specialist Committee on Performance of Ships in Service, having previously served on the ITTC Seakeeping and High Speed Craft Committees 15:50:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! 15:50:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Ship Resistance and Propulsion PRACTICAL ESTIMATION OF SHIP PROPULSIVE POWER Second edition Anthony F Molland University of Southampton Stephen R Turnock University of Southampton Dominic A Hudson University of Southampton 15:50:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi - 110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06-04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107142060 DOI: 10.1017/9781316494196  C Anthony F Molland, Stephen R Turnock, and Dominic A Hudson 2017 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2011 Second edition 2017 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Molland, Anthony F Ship resistance and propulsion : practical estimation of ship propulsive power / Anthony F Molland, Stephen R Turnock, Dominic A Hudson p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-107-14206-0 (hardback) Ship resistance Ship resistance – Mathematical models Ship propulsion Ship propulsion – Mathematical models I Turnock, Stephen R II Hudson, Dominic A III Title VM751.M65 2017 623.8 12–dc22 2011002620 ISBN 978-1-107-14206-0 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate 15:50:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Contents Preface to the Second Edition page xvii Preface to the First Edition xix Nomenclature xxi Abbreviations xxv Figure Acknowledgements xxix Introduction History Powering: Overall Concept Improvements in Efficiency 3 references (chapter 1) Propulsive Power 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Components of Propulsive Power Propulsion Systems Definitions Components of the Ship Power Estimate 7 10 Components of Hull Resistance 12 3.1 Physical Components of Main Hull Resistance 3.1.1 Physical Components 3.1.2 Momentum Analysis of Flow Around Hull 3.1.3 Systems of Coefficients Used in Ship Powering 3.1.4 Measurement of Model Total Resistance 3.1.5 Transverse Wave Interference 3.1.6 Dimensional Analysis and Scaling 3.2 Other Drag Components 3.2.1 Appendage Drag 3.2.2 Air Resistance of Hull and Superstructure 3.2.3 Roughness and Fouling 3.2.4 Wind and Waves 3.2.5 Service Power Margins references (chapter 3) 12 12 18 21 23 29 33 37 37 46 52 57 64 65 v 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com vi Contents Model–Ship Extrapolation 70 4.1 Practical Scaling Methods 4.1.1 Traditional Approach: Froude 4.1.2 Form Factor Approach: Hughes 4.2 Geosim Series 4.3 Flat Plate Friction Formulae 4.3.1 Froude Experiments 4.3.2 Schoenherr Formula 4.3.3 The ITTC Formula 4.3.4 Other Proposals for Friction Lines 4.4 Derivation of Form Factor (1 + k) 4.4.1 Model Experiments 4.4.2 CFD Methods 4.4.3 Empirical Methods 4.4.4 Effects of Shallow Water 70 70 71 72 73 73 77 79 80 80 81 82 82 84 84 references (chapter 4) Model–Ship Correlation 86 5.1 Purpose 5.2 Procedures 5.2.1 Original Procedure 5.2.2 ITTC1978 Performance Prediction Method 5.2.3 Summary 5.3 Ship Speed Trials and Analysis 5.3.1 Purpose 5.3.2 Trials Conditions 5.3.3 Ship Condition 5.3.4 Trials Procedures and Measurements 5.3.5 Corrections 5.3.6 Analysis of Correlation Factors and Wake Fraction 5.3.7 Summary 5.3.8 Updated Ship Speed Trials Procedures references (chapter 5) Restricted Water Depth and Breadth 6.1 Shallow Water Effects 6.1.1 Deep Water 6.1.2 Shallow Water 6.2 Bank Effects 6.3 Blockage Speed Corrections 6.4 Squat 6.5 Wave Wash references (chapter 6) Measurement of Resistance Components 7.1 Background 7.2 Need for Physical Measurements 86 86 86 88 91 91 91 92 92 92 93 96 97 97 100 102 102 102 102 105 105 108 108 110 113 113 113 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Contents vii 7.3 Physical Measurements of Resistance Components 7.3.1 Skin Friction Resistance 7.3.2 Pressure Resistance 7.3.3 Viscous Resistance 7.3.4 Wave Resistance 7.4 Flow Field Measurement Techniques 7.4.1 Hot-Wire Anemometry 7.4.2 Five-Hole Pitôt Probe 7.4.3 Photogrammetry 7.4.4 Laser-Based Techniques 7.4.5 Summary references (chapter 7) 115 115 121 124 129 141 142 142 142 144 146 147 Wake and Thrust Deduction 149 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Wake Fraction 8.1.2 Thrust Deduction 8.1.3 Relative Rotative Efficiency ηR 8.2 Origins of Wake 8.2.1 Potential Wake: wP 8.2.2 Frictional Wake: wF 8.2.3 Wave Wake: wW 8.2.4 Summary 8.3 Nominal and Effective Wake 8.4 Wake Distribution 8.4.1 General Distribution 8.4.2 Circumferential Distribution of Wake 8.4.3 Radial Distribution of Wake 8.4.4 Analysis of Detailed Wake Measurements 8.5 Detailed Physical Measurements of Wake 8.5.1 Circumferential Average Wake 8.5.2 Detailed Measurements 8.6 Computational Fluid Dynamics Predictions of Wake 8.7 Model Self-Propulsion Experiments 8.7.1 Introduction 8.7.2 Resistance Tests 8.7.3 Propeller Open Water Tests 8.7.4 Model Self-Propulsion Tests 8.7.5 Trials Analysis 8.7.6 Wake Scale Effects 8.8 Empirical Data for Wake Fraction and Thrust Deduction Factor 8.8.1 Introduction 8.8.2 Single Screw 8.8.3 Twin Screw 8.8.4 Effects of Speed and Ballast Condition 8.9 Effects of Shallow Water 149 149 149 150 150 150 151 151 151 151 152 152 153 153 155 155 155 156 156 156 156 157 157 157 160 160 161 161 161 164 167 167 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com viii Contents 8.10 Tangential Wake 8.10.1 Origins of Tangential Wake 8.10.2 Effects of Tangential Wake 8.11 Submarine and AUV Wake and Thrust Deduction 8.11.1 Submarine and AUV Wake 8.11.2 Submarine and AUV Thrust Deduction 8.11.3 Submarine and AUV Relative Rotative Efficiency references (chapter 8) Numerical Estimation of Ship Resistance 168 168 168 169 169 171 171 171 174 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Historical Development 9.3 Available Techniques 9.3.1 Navier–Stokes Equations 9.3.2 Incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes Equations (RANS) 9.3.3 Potential Flow 9.3.4 Free Surface 9.4 Interpretation of Numerical Methods 9.4.1 Introduction 9.4.2 Validation of Applied CFD Methodology 9.4.3 Access to CFD 9.5 Thin Ship Theory 9.5.1 Background 9.5.2 Distribution of Sources 9.5.3 Modifications to the Basic Theory 9.5.4 Example Results 9.6 Estimation of Ship Self-Propulsion Using RANS 9.6.1 Background 9.6.2 Mesh Generation 9.6.3 Boundary Conditions 9.6.4 Methodology 9.6.5 Results 9.6.6 Added Resistance in Waves 9.7 Summary references (chapter 9) 10 Resistance Design Data 174 175 176 176 177 179 179 181 181 183 185 186 186 187 187 188 188 188 189 189 190 192 194 195 195 198 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Data Sources 10.2.1 Standard Series Data 10.2.2 Other Resistance Data 10.2.3 Regression Analysis of Resistance Data 10.2.4 Numerical Methods 10.3 Selected Design Data 10.3.1 Displacement Ships 10.3.2 Semi-Displacement Craft 198 198 198 200 200 201 202 202 218 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Contents ix 10.3.3 Planing Craft 10.3.4 Small Craft 10.3.5 Multihulls 10.3.6 Yachts 10.3.7 Submarines and AUVs 10.3.8 Hydrofoil Craft 10.4 Wetted Surface Area 10.4.1 Background 10.4.2 Displacement Ships 10.4.3 Semi-Displacement Ships, Round-Bilge Forms 10.4.4 Semi-Displacement Ships, Double-Chine Forms 10.4.5 Planing Hulls, Single Chine 10.4.6 Yacht Forms references (chapter 10) 11 Propulsor Types 222 230 233 239 245 249 252 252 253 253 256 256 257 257 264 11.1 Basic Requirements: Thrust and Momentum Changes 11.2 Levels of Efficiency 11.3 Summary of Propulsor Types 11.3.1 Marine Propeller 11.3.2 Controllable Pitch Propeller (CP Propeller) 11.3.3 Ducted Propellers 11.3.4 Contra-Rotating Propellers 11.3.5 Tandem Propellers 11.3.6 Z-Drive Units 11.3.7 Podded Azimuthing Propellers 11.3.8 Waterjet Propulsion 11.3.9 Cycloidal Propeller 11.3.10 Paddle Wheels 11.3.11 Sails 11.3.12 Oars 11.3.13 Lateral Thrust Units 11.3.14 Other Propulsors references (chapter 11) 12 Propeller Characteristics 264 264 265 265 266 266 268 268 269 270 271 271 272 272 273 273 274 275 277 12.1 Propeller Geometry, Coefficients, Characteristics 12.1.1 Propeller Geometry 12.1.2 Dimensional Analysis and Propeller Coefficients 12.1.3 Presentation of Propeller Data 12.1.4 Measurement of Propeller Characteristics 12.2 Cavitation 12.2.1 Background 12.2.2 Cavitation Criterion 12.2.3 Subcavitating Pressure Distributions 12.2.4 Propeller Section Types 12.2.5 Cavitation Limits 277 277 282 282 283 286 286 288 289 291 291 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com x Contents 12.2.6 Effects of Cavitation on Thrust and Torque 12.2.7 Cavitation Tunnels 12.2.8 Avoidance of Cavitation 12.2.9 Preliminary Blade Area – Cavitation Check 12.2.10 Example: Estimate of Blade Area 12.3 Propeller Blade Strength Estimates 12.3.1 Background 12.3.2 Preliminary Estimates of Blade Root Thickness 12.3.3 Methods of Estimating Propeller Stresses 12.3.4 Propeller Strength Calculations Using Simple Beam Theory 12.4 Shape-Adaptive Foils references (chapter 12) 13 Powering Process 294 296 298 298 300 301 301 301 302 303 310 310 313 13.1 Selection of Marine Propulsion Machinery 13.1.1 Selection of Machinery: Main Factors to Consider 13.1.2 Propulsion Plants Available 13.1.3 Propulsion Layouts 13.2 Propeller–Engine Matching 13.2.1 Introduction 13.2.2 Controllable Pitch Propeller (CP Propeller) 13.2.3 The Multi-Engined Plant 13.3 Propeller Off-Design Performance 13.3.1 Background 13.3.2 Off-Design Cases: Examples 13.4 Voyage Analysis and In-Service Monitoring 13.4.1 Background 13.4.2 Data Required and Methods of Obtaining Data 13.4.3 Methods of Analysis 13.4.4 Limitations in Methods of Logging and Data Available 13.4.5 Developments in Voyage Analysis 13.4.6 Further Data Monitoring and Logging 13.5 Dynamic Positioning references (chapter 13) 14 Hull Form Design 313 313 313 316 316 316 318 319 320 320 321 323 323 324 324 327 328 328 329 330 332 14.1 General 14.1.1 Introduction 14.1.2 Background 14.1.3 Choice of Main Hull Parameters 14.1.4 Choice of Hull Shape 14.2 Fore End 14.2.1 Basic Requirements of Fore End Design 14.2.2 Bulbous Bows 14.2.3 Cavitation 14.3 Aft End 332 332 332 333 337 341 341 342 347 347 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at APPENDIX A4 Tabulations of Propulsor Design Data Table A4.1 Table A4.2 Table A4.3 Table A4.4 Table A4.5 Table A4.6 Wageningen propeller series polynomial coefficients Wageningen propeller series polynomial coefficients: influence of Re Gawn propeller series polynomial coefficients KCA propeller series polynomial coefficients KCA propeller series polynomial coefficients: influence of cavitation Series 60 relative rotative efficiency regression coefficients It should be noted that some data, such as the design charts for the Wageningen series, Gawn series, ducted propellers, supercavitating and surface-piercing propellers, are contained fully within the text in Chapter 16 581 024 15:43:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com 582 Appendix A4: Tabulations of Propulsor Design Data Table A4.1 Wageningen propeller series polynomial coefficients Wageningen propeller series polynomial coefficients Thrust KT Torque KQ n Cn s t u v n Cn s t u v 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 0.00880496 –0.20455400 0.16635100 0.15811400 –0.14758100 –0.48149700 0.41543700 0.01440430 –0.05300540 0.01434810 0.06068260 –0.01258940 0.01096890 –0.13369800 0.00638407 –0.00132718 0.16849600 –0.05072140 0.08545590 –0.05044750 0.01046500 –0.00648272 –0.00841728 0.01684240 –0.00102296 –0.03177910 0.01860400 –0.00410798 –0.000606848 –0.004981900 0.002598300 –0.000560528 –0.001636520 –0.000328787 0.000116502 0.000690904 0.004217490 0.0000565229 –0.001465640 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 6 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 0.00379368 0.00886523 –0.032241 0.00344778 –0.0408811 –0.108009 –0.0885381 0.188561 –0.00370871 0.00513696 0.0209449 0.00474319 –0.00723408 0.00438388 –0.0269403 0.0558082 0.0161886 0.00318086 0.015896 0.0471729 0.0196283 –0.0502782 –0.030055 0.0417122 –0.0397722 –0.00350024 –0.0106854 0.00110903 –0.000313912 0.0035985 –0.00142121 –0.00383637 0.0126803 –0.00318278 0.00334268 –0.00183491 0.000112451 –0.0000297228 0.000269551 0.00083265 0.00155334 0.000302683 –0.0001843 –0.000425399 0.0000869243 –0.0004659 0.0000554194 0 1 2 1 3 0 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 6 6 0 3 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 024 15:43:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Appendix A4: Tabulations of Propulsor Design Data 583 Table A4.2 Wageningen propeller series polynomial coefficients: influence of Re Wageningen propeller series polynomial coefficients: influence of Re KT =  aiPi KQ =  bi Pi Pi Pi bi (AE /A0 )J2 (AE /A0 )(P/D)J (log Re – 0.301)2  (AE /A0 )  J2 (log Re – 0.301) (P/D)6 J2 (log Re – 0.301)2  (P/D)6  J2 (log Re – 0.301)2  Z  (AE /A0 )  J2 (log Re – 0.301)  Z  (AE /A0 )  (P/D)  J (log Re – 0.301)  Z2  (AE /A0 ) (P/D)3  J 0.0003534850 –0.0033375800 –0.0047812500 0.0002577920 0.0000643192 –0.0000110636 –0.0000276305 (P/D) Z  (P/D)6 (AE /A0 )2 (log Re – 0.301)  (P/D) (log Re – 0.301)  (P/D)2 (log Re – 0.301)2  (P/D)2 –0.00059141200 0.00696898000 –0.00006666540 0.01608180000 –0.00093809000 –0.00059593000 0.00007820990 0.0000954000 0.0000032049 024 (log Re – 0.301)  Z  (AE /A0 )  J2 (log Re – 0.301)2  Z  (AE /A0 )  (P/D)  J (log Re – 0.301)  Z  (P/D)6 (log Re – 0.301)2  Z  (P/D)6 (log Re – 0.301) (AE /A0 )2 (log Re – 0.301)2 (AE /A0 )2 0.00000521990 –0.00000088528 0.00002301710 –0.00000184341 –0.00400252000 0.00022091500 15:43:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com 584 Appendix A4: Tabulations of Propulsor Design Data Table A4.3 Gawn propeller series polynomial coefficients Gawn propeller series polynomial coefficients Thrust KT Torque KQ n Cn s t u v n Cn s t u v 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 –0.0558636300 –0.2173010900 0.260531400 0.158114000 –0.147581000 –0.481497000 0.3781227800 0.0144043000 –0.0530054000 0.0143481000 0.0606826000 –0.0125894000 0.0109689000 –0.1336980000 0.0024115700 –0.0005300200 0.1684960000 0.0263454200 0.0436013600 –0.0311849300 0.0124921500 –0.0064827200 –0.0084172800 0.0168424000 –0.0010229600 –0.0317791000 0.018604000 –0.0041079800 –0.0006068480 –0.0049819000 0.0025963000 –0.0005605280 –0.0016365200 –0.0003287870 0.0001165020 0.0006909040 0.0042174900 0.0000565229 –0.0014656400 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 6 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 0.0051589800 0.0160666800 –0.044115300 0.0068222300 –0.040881100 –0.077329670 –0.088538100 0.1693750200 –0.003708710 0.0051369600 0.0209449000 0.0047431900 –0.007234080 0.0043838800 –0.026940300 0.0558082000 0.0161886000 0.0031808600 0.0129043500 0.024450840 0.0070064300 –0.027190460 –0.016645860 0.0300449000 –0.033697490 –0.003500240 –0.010685400 0.0011090300 –0.000313912 0.0035895000 –0.001421210 –0.003836370 0.0126803000 –0.003182780 0.0033426800 –0.001834910 0.0001124510 –0.0000297228 0.000269551 0.0008326500 0.0015533400 0.0003026830 –0.000184300 –0.000425399 0.0000869243 –0.0004659000 0.0000554194 0 1 2 1 3 0 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 6 6 0 3 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 024 15:43:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Appendix A4: Tabulations of Propulsor Design Data 585 Table A4.4 KCA propeller series polynomial coefficients KCA propeller series polynomial coefficients 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ct e x y z Cq e x y z 0.1193852 –0.6574682 0.3493294 0.4119366 –0.1991927 5.8630510 –1.1077350 –0.1341679 0.2628839 –0.5217023 0.2970728 6.1525800 –2.4708400 –4.0801660 4.1542010 –1.1364520 – 0 0 –2 –2 0 0 –2 –2 –3 –3 –3 – 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 – 0 1 2 0 2 6 – 1 1 3 – 1.5411660 0.1091688 –0.3102420 0.1547428 –4.3706150 0.2490295 –0.1594602 8.5367470 –9.5121630 –9.3203070 3.2878050 5.4960340 –4.8650630 –0.1062500 8.5299550 1.1010230 –3.1517560 –3 0 –2 0 –2 –2 –3 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 Table A4.5 KCA propeller series polynomial coefficients: influence of cavitation KCA propeller series polynomial coefficients: influence of cavitation 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 dt e s t u v dq e s t u v 6.688144 3.579195 –5.700350 –1.359994 –8.111903 4.770548 –2.313208 –1.387858 4.992201 –7.161204 1.721436 2.322218 –1.156897 5.014178 –6.555364 2.852867 –8.081759 8.671852 –3.727835 8.043970 –2 0 0 –1 1 1 –2 –2 –1 –1 1 0 1 2 2 2 0 1 3 0 1 1 1 2 0 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 4.024475 1.202447 –9.836070 –8.318840 5.098177 –5.192839 2.641109 –1.688934 4.928417 1.024274 –1.194521 5.498736 –2.488235 –5.832879 1.503955 –3.316121 3.890792 1.682032 – – –3 –1 –2 –1 –1 –2 –2 –1 –2 –1 –1 –1 0 – – 0 1 2 0 1 0 3 – – 0 1 1 2 0 1 3 3 – – 3 1 0 – – 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 – – 024 15:43:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com 586 Appendix A4: Tabulations of Propulsor Design Data Table A4.6 Series 60 relative rotative efficiency regression coefficients Series 60 relative rotative efficiency regression coefficients, load draught condition VK /Lf 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10 d11 d12 d13 d14 d15 0.1825 –0.2491 –0.1100 0.5135 –0.4949 0.1810 –0.0579 –0.0242 –0.2544 0.1006 0.2174 0.0571 0.4328 –0.4880 0.1961 0.2300 –0.2721 –0.1046 0.4472 –0.4104 0.1604 –0.0631 0.0237 –0.2958 0.0513 0.2904 –0.0811 0.3663 –0.4161 0.1269 0.2734 –0.2895 –0.1061 –0.3708 –0.3446 0.1147 –0.0879 0.0518 –0.2720 0.0101 0.2999 –0.2046 0.2863 –0.3420 0.0683 0.3271 –0.3076 –0.1006 0.2956 –0.3111 0.0382 –0.1190 0.0405 –0.2688 –0.0310 0.2666 –0.3065 0.1974 –0.2699 0.0334 0.3661 –0.2667 –0.0884 0.1927 –0.2275 0.0376 –0.1130 –0.0591 –0.3438 –0.0279 0.1486 –0.1286 0.1296 –0.1713 0.1639 0.3748 –0.2155 –0.0582 0.1226 –0.1495 0.0935 –0.0921 –0.1327 –0.3352 –0.0006 0.1591 –0.0518 0.0855 –0.0513 0.2359 0.3533 –0.2139 –0.0616 0.1211 –0.2094 0.1504 –0.0954 –0.0936 –0.2724 0.0215 0.2869 –0.1748 0.2038 –0.1365 0.1411 0.3356 –0.1158 0.0056 0.1683 –0.1753 0.1477 –0.0966 0.0029 –0.1821 –0.0150 0.3187 –0.1018 0.2525 –0.0933 0.0616 –0.4972 –1.3337 –0.5433 –1.3800 –0.5107 0.0631 –0.0752 –1.1904 –0.3510 –0.0601 0.2347 –1.9488 0.3341 –1.0238 0.5313 024 15:43:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Index actuator disc theory, 2, 365 Admiralty coefficient, 325 air bubble lubrication, 452 air cushion vehicles (ACVs), 16 see also hovercraft air drag diagram, 48 estimation, 48 general, 483 reducing, 49 values, 49 air resistance, 9, 11, 28, 46 airwakes, 49 angle of entrance, 341 angle of run, 348 antifouling paints, 55 antifouling coatings, 64 antifoulings, appendage drag AUVs, 17 background, 37 data, 28 estimating, 40, 497 high-speed craft, 28 scaling, 40 submarines, 17 appendages, 11, 482 AUVs, 446, 530 C data, 210 average  average hull roughness (AHR), 54 AXE-Bow, 354 ballast, 27 ballast condition, 479, 515 bank effects, 105 base-ventilating sections, 44 Beaufort number, 59, 94 bend-twist, see shape adaptive foils Bernoulli’s equation, 13, 19, 536 Betz formula, 124 bilge keels, 9, 37, 42, 89 bioinspiration, 274 blade area ratio, 265, 281 blade element-momentum theory (BEMT), 2, 189, 361, 365–388, 453, 525 blade element theory, 2, 369 blockage corrections, 25, 105, 107 effects, 25, 190 bluff bodies, 41, 46 BMEP, 324 body plan, 27 bollard pull condition, 413, 520 bossings, 37, 41, 44, 348 boundary element method (BEM), 360 boundary layer general, 19, 35, 114, 176, 190, 537 displacement thickness, 539 inner region, 56, 116 laminar, 121, 541 laminar sub-layer, 52, 116, 538 law of the wall, 118, 364 ship, 39, 179 thickness, 37, 40 transition, 121 turbulent, 52, 121, 540 velocity profile, 56, 120 Bowden–Davidson formula, 88 bow thrusters, 45 see also lateral thrust units box shapes, 50 bridge fin, 248 BSRA series, 91, 202 bulbous bow, 32, 45, 187, 204, 342–347, 353, 452, 482 Burrill chart, 300 buttock slope, 351 calibration, 116, 118 calibration procedure, 25 camber, effective, 374 captive tests, 28 cargo ship, 478 587 15:44:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com 588 Index catamaran, 14, 141 forms, 104 hulls, 15 cavitation avoidance, 298 bubble, 286, 290, 293, 522 bucket, 291 Burrill chart, 300 check, 298, 361, 484, 500 criterion, 288 detailed check, 522 erosion, 361 general, 2, 42, 266, 286, 287 hub vortex, 291 inception, 362 limits, 291 numerical prediction, 388 sheet, 286, 290, 293, 522 tip vortex, 291 tunnel, 113, 283, 296, 390 CCD camera, 145 centre of effort, 28 centre of pressure, 16 CFD analysis, 141, 146, 181, 302 flow over superstructures, 49 flow solver, 185 general, 91, 124, 174 hull form design, 354 RANS based, 364 software, 186 validation, circulating water channel, 25, 40, 113, 121 climatic design, 58 CO2 emissions, 3, 451 coatings self polishing, 54, 56 silicone-based foul release, 54, 56 coefficients circular, 21, 23, 77 Froude, 21 ITTC, 21 propeller, 282 resistance, 21 slenderness, 21 viscous, 21, 71 wetted area, 21 compensating moment, 27 components of ship power, 7, 10 of ship resistance, 12 concept design, 181 containerships, 61, 350, 480 continuous service rating (CSR), 11, 65, 316 contra-rotating propellers, 2, 268 control surface drag, 43 control surfaces, 40 controllable-pitch propellers, 8, 266, 318, 403 correlation allowance, 11, 54, 87, 91 factor, 87, 96 line, 79 model-ship, 86 corresponding speeds, 1, 36, 40 costs construction, disposal, fuel, maintenance, 65 current, 93 curvature corrections, 375 cycloidal propeller, see vertical axis (cycloidal) propeller deadrise angle, 223 DES, see detached eddy simulation detached eddy simulation (DES), 178, 390 diesel, engine, diesel electric, 315 diesel/LNG, dimensional analysis, 33, 35, 76, 181, 282 direct numerical simulation (DNS), 178 Dirichlet inlet condition, 189 docking, frequency, 56 downwash, 250 drag, 28 drift, 24, 52 dual fuel, 8, 464 ducted propeller, 5, 284, 352 ducts, ducts upstream, 460 dye streaks, 114 dynamic positioning, 329 dynamic similarity, 35 dynamometer, 25, 28, 73, 141 economic factors, economics of hull surface finish, 55 EEDI formula, 465 general, 4, 97, 100, 451, 457 reduction, 468 reference line, 467 efficiency hull, 11, 395 ideal, 453 open water, 7, 11, 395 propeller, 61, 283 propulsive, quasi-propulsive, 9, 11, 395 relative rotative, 11, 150, 160, 395 AUV, 171, 504 data, 443 submarine, 171 transmission, Eggers formula, resistance, 135, 139, 544, 546 Eggers series, 130, 136, 187, 544 electric propulsion, emissions, 3, 451 energy dissipation, 12, 18, 114 15:44:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Index 589 energy saving devices (ESDs), 451, 460 environmental factors, ESDs, see energy saving devices extrapolation, 26 model-ship, 78, 86 extrapolation methods, 14, 70 extrapolator, 73 fast ferries, 49, 50 fences, anti-ventilation, 17 ferry catamaran, 493 passenger, 488 passenger/car, 491 twin screw, 485 finite element analysis, 302, 364 finite volumes (FV), 185, 189 fins downstream, 461 upstream, 460 fish, 274 five-hole Pitôt, 142, 156 flow buttock, 351 continuity of, 18, 535 cross, 37, 44 curvature, 17 curvature effects, 374 distortion, 49 laminar, 25, 38, 41, 43, 77, 116, 538 measurement, 141 separated, 37, 142 separation, 190, 540 steady, 535 transitional, 77, 538 turbulent, 25, 38, 116, 538 uniform, 535 unsteady, 182 visualisation, 25, 114, 348 foil section, 17 force normal, 114 pressure, 12 tangential, shear, 12, 114 form factor, 40, 71, 80, 88, 90, 147 fouling, 5, 10, 11, 52, 55, 64, 326 rate of, 64 fractional draught data, 211, 479 free surface, 179, 190 friction formulae, flat plate, 73 friction moment correction, 27 Froude, W., 1, 70, 359 Froude circular notation, 21, 23, 77 Froude coefficients, 21 Froude depth number, 26, 94, 102 Froude experiments, 73 Froude friction line, 87, 91 Froude f values, 77 Froude law, 36, 70 Froude number, 33, 70 fuel consumption, fuels, 464 gas turbine, Gawn propeller series, 409 geometrically similar forms, geosims general, 33, 40 models, 41 series, 72 tests, 40 Goldstein K factors, 367 golf balls, 541 gravity wave, 141, 176 greenhouse gas emissions, Green’s function, 179, 180, 186 Greyhound, grid, 184 Grigson formula, 80 gyroscopic systems, 463 Havelock, T H., 109 heave, 26, 27, 28 heel, 28, 240 helicopter landing, 49 high-speed craft, 26, 28 hollows, resistance curve, 31 hot film probe, 116, 142 hot wire anemometry, 142 hovercraft, drag, 16 hovercraft lift fan power, 17 Hughes, G., 79, 120 hull cleaning, 459 form, design, 332 parameters, choice, 333 resistance, naked, 9, 11 shape, 109, 249, 337, 353, 452 surface finish, 458 surface pressure, 25 hump main, 32 prismatic, 32 humps, resistance curve, 31 hybrid power systems, 464 hydraulic radius, 107 hydroelastic techniques, 302, 310 hydrofoil craft, 16, 249, 310, 541 hydrofoils, 42 hydrophones, array, 390 hydrostatic force, 16 inclined keel, see keel, inclined inclined shaft, 429 induced drag, 15, 16, 20, 114, 416 see also resistance, induced inflow factors, 371 interference drag, 42, 43, 416 15:44:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com 590 Index International Maritime Organisation (IMO), International Measurement System (IMS), 240 International Standards Organisation (ISO), 113 International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC), 2, 113, 183 ITTC coefficients, 21 1957 formula, 54, 79 1957 line, 45 1978 Performance Prediction Method, 54, 88 keel, inclined, 455 keels, 16, 40 Kelvin sources, 186 Kelvin wave, 29 Kelvin wave pattern, 103, 132 Kelvin wave system, 131 Kelvin wave theory, 30 kites, 5, 463 Kort nozzle, see ducted propeller KVLCC2 hull form, 189, 192 laminar flow, see flow large eddy simulation (LES), 178, 360, 390 laser Doppler anemometer (LDA), 56 laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), 91, 142, 144, 156 lateral projected area, 49 lateral thrust units, 273, 436 see also bow thrusters leeway, 52, 240 LES, see large eddy simulation lift, 28 lift fan power, 17 lifting line theories, 362 lifting-surface method, 2, 360 light emitting diode (LED), 143 liquid crystals, 121 load variation test, 100 longitudinal centre of buoyancy (LCB), 334 longitudinal centre of gravity (LCG), 27 longitudinal cut, 138 Lucy Ashton, 41, 73, 128 manoeuvring, 341 margin, engine operation, 65 see also power, margins mass, machinery, maximum continuous rating (MCR), 11, 65 mean apparent amplitude (MAA), 54 measurement flow field, 141 non-invasive, 141 skin friction, 25 Melville Jones formula, 125 MEMS technology, 115 mesh generation, 185, 189 quality, 364 resolution, 193, 194 size, 360 metacentric height, 339 midship area, 32 midship coefficient, 336, 353 model experiments, 81 resistance tests, scale, 113 size, 25 speed, 24 tests, 7, 38, 100 total resistance, 23 models, 53 momentum analysis, 18, 136 momentum theory, 2, 365 motions, ship, 353 Mumford’s indices, 210, 478, 481 Navier–Stokes equations, 176 neutral buoyancy particles, 114 Newton’s second law, 264, 536 noise, 3, 381 NOx emissions, 3, 451 nuclear submarine, 268 numerical methods, 174, 201, 293, 359 Offshore Racing Congress, 240, 440 open water tests, propeller, 89, 157 optimisation, 195 paint streaks, 37, 114 panel methods, paraffin wax, 25, 75 parametric studies, 181 parasitic drag, 25 particle image velocimetry (PIV), 20, 37, 145, 156 passenger ships, 49 passive adaption, see shape adaptive foils passive control, 310 patrol boat, 502 PBCFs, see propeller, boss cap fins photogrammetry, 142 Pitot probe, five-hole, 160, 179 Pitôt static tube, 13, 24, 56, 156 planing craft, 16, 27, 222, 332, 506, 509 planks, 75 podded propellers, 5, 8, 270, 350, 351 pollution, potential drag, 105 flow, 179 theory, 20 power components of, 7, 10 correction, 100 delivered, 3, 7, effective, 3, 7, increase, 57, 61, 63 due to wind and waves, 63 installed, 7, 9, 11 15:44:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Index margins, 9, 56, 57, 63 service, 64 reserve, 11 savings, 456 thrust, pram stern, 350 pre-swirl duct, 460 pre-swirl fins, 2, 460 pressure distributions, 289 gradient, 115, 118 measurements, 113, 123 rake, 124, 126 static, 174 transducer, 121 vapour, 286 Preston tube, 114, 116 prismatic coefficient, 32, 336 profile drag, 17 Prohaska, 81 projected area, 47, 89 lateral, 49 transverse, 49 propeller axial loss, 455 blades, number of, 395 blade strength estimates, 301 boat, 283 boss cap fins, 2, 461 cleaning, 459 coefficients, 282 composite, 310 design, 1, AUV, 446 submarine, 445 efficiency, 61 see also efficiency engine matching, 65, 316 finite element analysis, 302, 364 friction loss, 454 hull interaction, 4, immersion, 457 law, 316 locked, 429 noise, assessment, 381, 390 off-design, 62, 104, 320, 360 calculations, 515, 518 open water data, 283 open water tests, 157, 296 rotational loss, 455 scale effect, 25, 86 section data, 375 section design, 2, 373 section thickness, 362 section types, 291 shafting, 23 simple beam theory, 303 strength calculations, 362 strength formulae, 306 stresses, 302, 524 591 surface finish, 55 theories, tip below baseline, 455 tip clearance, 349, 455 tip fins, tip off-loading, 298 propeller geometry blade area ratio, 265, 281 blade root thickness, 301 blade sections, 279 blade thickness ratio, 281 boss/diameter ratio, 281 camber, section, 293 generator line, 277 mass distribution, 309 nose shape, 293 outline developed, 278 expanded, 278 projected, 278 pitch, 316 effective, 280 geometric, 277, 280 hydrodynamic, 280 rake, 277 rake distribution, 309 skew, 265, 277, 298 sweep, thickness, 293 propulsion, engines, layouts, 316 machinery, 11, 57, 313 systems, 7, 181 propulsion plants diesel, 315 dual fuel, 315 electric, 315 gas turbines, 314 multi-engined plant, 319 steam turbines, 313 propulsor data cavitating propellers, 421 controllable pitch propellers, 415 ducted propellers, 415 Gawn propeller series, 409 oars, 438 paddle wheels, 436 podded propellers, 416–421 presentation, 282 sails, 439–443, 462 supercavitating propellers, 423 surface piercing propellers, 425 vertical axis (cycloidal) propellers, 435 Wageningen B propeller series, 397–403 Wageningen C, D propeller series, 403–409 waterjets, 431–435 propulsor types contra-rotating propeller, 268 controllable-pitch propeller, 8, 266, 318, 403 15:44:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com 592 Index propulsor types (cont.) cycloidal propeller, see vertical axis (cycloidal) propeller ducted propeller, 5, 8, 266 electrolytic propulsion, 274 gyroscopic systems, 463 kites, 463 Kort nozzle, see ducted propeller marine propeller, 265 oars, 273 paddle wheels, 272, 286 podded propeller, 5, 8, 270, 350, 351 pump jet, 267, 445 ram jets, 274 rim driven, 268 rotors, 463 sails, 272 self-pitching propellers, 429 solar, 463 supercavitating propeller, 5, 266 surface piercing propeller, 5, 266 tandem propeller, 268 vertical axis (cycloidal) propeller, 2, 271, 286 Voith Schneider propeller, see vertical axis (cycloidal) propeller waterjet propulsion, 5, 8, 271 wave device, 463 wind turbines, 463 Z-drive unit, 269 quasi-propulsive coefficient, 9, 11, 395 see also efficiency Rankine source, 180 RANS, 177 propeller analysis, 188, 364 simulations, 191 solvers, 3, 80 regression analysis, 87, 200 resistance added in waves, 65, 98, 194, 452 air, 89, 91, 94 AUV, 245–249 calm water, 11 components, 12 data, 198 frictional, 1, 12, 21, 28, 41 hull, naked, 9, 11 induced, 14 see also induced drag measurement, 23, 113 potential, 102 pressure, 12, 114, 121 residuary, 1, 35 separation, 39, 52 skin friction, 16, 23, 38, 102, 115, 190 spray, 16 still air, 50, 95 submarine, 245–249 test, 24, 26 total, 21, 23, 35, 88 total viscous, 72, 82 viscous, 13, 35, 114, 124 viscous pressure, 71 wave, 13, 21, 35, 37, 71, 102, 105, 129, 546 wave breaking, 14, 106, 127, 146 wave making, 2, 16, 17 wave pattern, 82 wind, 57, 98 resistance regression data fractional draught, 200 Hollenbach, 200, 215 Holtrop and Mennen, 200, 212 Radojcic, 200 Sabit BSRA series, 200, 206 Sabit Series 60, 210 Van Oortmerssen, 200, 230 WUMTIA, 200, 222, 231 resistance series BSRA, 199 Compton semi-planing, 199 Dawson coasters, 199 Delft yacht series, 200, 239 Latiharju, 199 Lindblad twin screw, 200 MARAD, 199 NPL, 27, 199, 220 NTUA, 199, 221 Ridgely–Nevitt trawlers, 199 Robson, 199 Savitsky equations, 199 Series 60, 199, 209 Series 62, 199, 222 Series 63, 199 Series 64, 27, 199, 218 Series 65, 199 SKLAD, 199 Southampton catamaran series, 199, 233–236 Southampton planing hull series, 230 SSPA series, 199 Taylor–Gertler series, 199, 216 tugs, 199 USCG, 199 VWS catamaran series, 199, 237 Zborowski series, 199, 218 Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes, see RANS Reynolds number, 33, 70, 179 Reynolds stress, 142, 144, 178 rise of floor (ROF), 337 risk assessment, passage, 110 roll moment, 28 roll stabilisation, rotors, rough water, ships in, rough weather, roughness allowance, 54, 78, 88 criterion, 53 15:44:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Index 593 density, 53 form of, 54 general, 11, 52, 64, 326 hull, 87 levels, 53 location, 53 measurements, 88 of surface, 75 values of, 55 rudders, 9, 16, 17, 37, 40, 42, 43, 348 twisted, 2, 461 sail, see bridge fin sailing craft, 28 sailing vessels, 16, 26 sails, 5, 439–443, 462 Savitsky equations, 222, 226, 506, 509 scale effect, 25, 86 scale effect factor, 40 scaling equation, 34 general, 1, 12, 34, 114 laws, 7, 14 methods, 70 Schoenherr formula, 77 Schoenherr friction line, 54, 216 seakeeping, 341, 352, 353 sectional area curve (SAC), 337 self-propulsion tests, 96, 157–160, 482 semi-displacement craft, 26, 332 separation drag, 48 flow, 114, 116, 150 shaft brackets, 9, 37, 42, 348 shafting, 9, 17 shafts, 44 shallow draught vessels, 352 shallow water, 2, 5, 26, 64, 84, 94, 99, 102, 108, 131, 139, 167, 188 shape adaptive foils, 310 shear stress, 113, 114, 115, 174, 534 shielding effects, 47, 48 ship resistance, 1, shot blasting, 55 sideforce, 15, 28 Simon Boliver, 73 sink, 23 sinkage, 26, 99, 102, 187 skew, 360 skin friction coefficient, 70 correction, 27, 202 data, 36 drag, 16, 23 see also resistance, skin friction general, 37, 115, 361 measurement, 25 slamming, 57, 332 slender body theory, 182 slip negative or apparent, 2, 327 true, 327 slow steaming, 452, 457 smooth turbulent line, 52, 77 solar energy, soliton, see wave, solitary sources, 187 SOx emissions, 3, 451 speed critical, 103, 108, 110 loss, 60, 61, 106 percentage, 60 optimum economic, 456 sub-critical, 103, 131 super-critical, 103, 131 trans-critical, 103 spray, 28, 42 drag, 14, 43 rails, 16 root, 28 squat, 108 stabilisers, fin, 9, 37, 42, 43 stability, 332, 339 stagnation pressure, 15 standard series data, see also propulsor data and resistance series Stanton tube, 116 steam turbine, stern bulb, 351 stern shape parameter, 83 stern wedge, 349 straight framed ships, 340 strain gauge, 25, 116 Stratford flow, 351 streamline, 535 streamlined superstructure, 50 strut drag, 42 struts, 41 submarine, 17, 390, 445, 528 supercavitating propellers, 5, 266, 284 superstructure, 28, 46 drag, 50 flow over, 49 streamlined, 49 surface finish, 55 panel code, 360 panel method, 179, 362, 390 surface piercing propellers, 5, 266, 284 tailcone angle, 246 tanker, 479, 515 taper ratio, 245 Taylor, D W., 22 test tank, 23 data, 474 thin ship theory, 186 three-dimensional effects, 14 15:44:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com 594 Index thrust deduction, 11, 149, 160, 167, 351, 395 AUV, 171 data, 161–167 submarine, 171 identity, 96, 159, 160 line, 27 loading, measurements, 54 tip vortex, 364, 381 torque identity, 160 tow fitting, 28 tow force, 27, 28 towing force, 23 towing tank, 23, 113, 127, 174, 390 trade patterns, 55 transducer, load, 41 transfer functions, 98 transmission losses, 11 transom immersion, 188 transom stern, 14, 15, 187, 349 transverse cut, 137 transverse frontal area, 47 transverse projected area, 49 trawler, 444 trials analysis, 160 conditions, 92 measurements, 92 procedures, 92 ship speed, 91, 97, 521 tributyltin (TBT), 55 trim, 16, 23, 26, 27, 28, 102, 122, 187, 452, 457 optimum, trim angle, 16 trimaran, 15 trimming moments, 28 tufts, 37, 114 tug, 171, 322, 444, 504, 518 tunnel stern, 352, 455 Turbinia, 2, 269 turbulence, 150 levels, 116 stimulation, 25, 27 turbulence stimulators sand strips, 25 trip studs, 25 trip wires, 25 turbulent flow, see flow turnaround times, 55 twin skeg forms, 350 twisted stern, 461 ‘U’ forms, 342 ‘U’ sections, 348, 353 uncertainty, 26, 113, 146, 174, 182 unsteady motion, 103 validation, code, 183 ‘V’ forms, 341 ‘V’ sections, 348, 353 velocity distribution, power law, 40 friction, 118 gradient, 38, 39, 94, 115, 116 induced, 19 perturbation, 19 potential, 179, 544 prediction program (VPP), 240, 440, 511 profile, 38, 114, 116 relative, 46, 51 wave, sub surface, 150 ventilation, 42, 287 vibration, propeller excited, 390, 395 virtual stern, 188 viscosity coefficient of dynamic, 534 coefficient of kinematic, 534 general, 12, 115 values, 26 viscous shear, 19 Voith Schneider propeller, see vertical axis (cycloidal) propeller volume of fluid, 388 Von Karman, T., 77 Von Karman constant, 57 vortex generator, 42 identification, 365 lattice method, voyage analysis, 56, 59, 323–328 developments, 328 voyage data, 59 Wageningen B propeller series, 90, 397–403 Wageningen C, D, propeller series, 403–409 wake adapted propeller, 378, 527 analysis, 477 AUV, 169 CFD predictions, 156 circumferential, 153, 155 data, 161–167 distribution, 127, 152 effective, 151, 155 fraction, 4, 11, 90, 96, 149, 159, 167, 351, 395 frictional, 151 general, 2, 12 measurement, 155, 156 nominal, 151 non-uniform, 289, 390 potential, 150 radial, 153 scale effects, 160 submarine, 169 surveys, 348 tangential, 168 effect of, 382 velocity, 382 15:44:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Index traverse, 141 viscous, 364 volumetric mean, 155 wave, 151 warship, 49, 496 wash, see wave, wash water ballast, 459 water depth, 102 restricted, 64 waterjets, 2, 5, 286 wave bow, 31 breaking, 14, 106, 127, 146 buoy, 59 components, 129 crest, 30, 119 decay, 109 divergent, 29, 103, 109 diverging, 187 elevation, 20, 127, 544 energy, 110, 188 envelope, 132 gravity, free surface, 141, 176 height, 59, 94, 109 maximum, 109 height measurement, 137 maker, numerical, 194 orbital paths, 541 orbital velocities, 19, 119, 250 orbital motion, 20, 541 pattern, 12, 114, 129, 188 pattern measurements, 19, 141 period, 542 profile, 27 propagation, 109 properties, 541 shallow water, 542 solitary, 103 sources, 134 speed, 102, 542 stern, 31 tank, numerical, 194 theory, 542 transverse, 29, 32, 103, 109, 187 transverse interference, 29, 139 595 trochoid, 541 trough, 31, 119 wash, 3, 108, 188 wave velocities induced, 19 orbital, 19 subsurface, 20 weather, 10, 11 weather factor, 326 weather margin, 64 weather routeing, 4, 58, 63, 459 wetted length, 16, 27, 224 wetted surface area displacement ships, 253 general, 21, 23, 215, 252 planing hulls, 256 running, 26, 28 semi-displacement ships, static, 27 yacht forms, 257 wind BSRA, correction, 94 gradient, natural, 50, 94 gradient effects, 50 head, 46 induced forces, 52 measurements, 51 resistance, 57, 98 speed, 59, 94 tunnel, 40, 113, 116, 121 tunnel tests, 58, 82, 98 turbines, wireless data transmission, 115 work boat, 504  R X-Bow , 354 yacht model test, 28 performance, 511 resistance estimate, 239 yachts, 15, 26, 53, 310 yaw, 16, 28 Z-Drive unit, 269 15:44:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.ebook3000.com