(Luận văn) the impact of food safety standard on coffee export, the case in vietnam during 2005 2014

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE NETHERLANDS t to ng hi ep VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS w n PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ad lo yi u yj th pl n ua al THE IMPACT OF FOOD SAFETY STANDARD ON COFFEE EXPORT THE CASE IN VIETNAM DURING 2005-2014 n va m ll fu t n oi z z BY vb j ht TRUONG TAN TAI k m gm om l.c Lu MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS an n va y te re HO CHI MINH CITY, OCTOBER -2016 ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to scrutinize the impact of FSS on the quantity of t to Vietnam’s coffee export Meanwhile, the regulated number of pesticides or average maximum ng residue levels is usually applied as a measurement of Food Safety Standard of a country The hi ep data covers 56 countries from 2005 to 2014 due to the data availability from Agrobase- Logigram’s Homologa database providing coffee FSS The Fixed effect estimator is w employed in the panel gravity model Furthermore, Driscoll – Kraay Standard Errors for n ad lo Fixed effect estimator is used for robustness checks Significantly, the primary findings determine that the regulated number of pesticides u yj th has a negative impact while average maximum residue levels have a positive effect on the yi export of Vietnamese coffee Furthermore, GDP per capita of importing countries, domestic pl consumption, and TWO member dummy variable demonstrate a contribution to Vietnamese n ua al coffee export Meanwhile, the real exchange rate depreciation and price*distance variable indicate a negative influence on the quantity of Vietnam’s coffee export Last but not least va n important, there are not any significant evidences proving the effect of trade openness and fu m ll tariff on Vietnamese coffee export in the study t n oi Keywords: Food safety standard, Vietnam’s coffee export, panel gravity model z z j ht vb k m gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re i ACKNOWDGEMENT t to Firstly, I would highly appreciate my advisor Dr Nguyen Huu Dung for his valuable ng advice, consideration, and agreeable methodology during the time for conducting this thesis hi ep If there are not such valuable things, I am unable to complete my thesis in time Secondly, I am grateful to Dr Truong Dang Thuy providing me with precious w instructions and encouragement Besides that, I also express my appreciation to dedicated n ad lo professors and staffs in the Vietnam – Netherlands Programme who always support me during the time at VNP u yj th Thirdly, I wish to express my thankfulness to my classmates and my friendly group in yi Class 20 The kind assistance, useful discussion, and wonderful memories together from them pl will be imprinted in my heart n ua al Finally, I have no word to manifest my deep gratefulness to my loved family They this thesis n va have to sacrifice the best things for me to have this opportunity to study at VNP and complete m ll fu t n oi z z j ht vb k m gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re ii ABBREVIATIONS The Centre d’Études Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales EEC CEPII t to European Economic Community ng hi ep EU The European Union FSS Food safety standards FTA Free Trade Agreement w Maximum Residue Levels of Pesticides n MRLs Technical Barriers to Trade pl TRAINS Sanitary and Phytosanitary yi TBT Ordinary least squares u yj th SPS ad lo OLS The UNCTAD Trade Analysis Information System n ua al UN Comtrade The United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database World Trade Organization n va WTO m ll fu t n oi z z j ht vb k m gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re iii (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 CONTENTS ABSTRACT i t to ACKNOWDGEMENT ii ng ABBREVIATIONS iii hi ep CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vii w n LIST OF FIGURES viii lo Problem statement u yj th 1.1 ad CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Research objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope and limitations of the study 1.5 The structure of the study yi 1.2 pl n ua al n va 2.1 m ll fu CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW The definitions n oi Pesticides 2.1.2 A maximum residue level or limit (MRL) t 2.1.1 z z Some contributions to gravity model theory 2.3 Empirical research j ht vb 2.2 k m Gravity model estimation using MRLs 2.3.2 Gravity model estimation using the regulated numbers of pesticides 10 gm 2.3.1 om l.c Lu 2.3.3 Gravity model estimation either using MRL or the regulated numbers of pesticides 11 Distance and GDP per capita in gravity model 12 2.3.5 Extended control variables in gravity model 13 Advantages 18 iv y te 3.1 re CHAPTER 3: SITUATION OF VIETNAMESE COFFEE DURING 2005 - 2014 18 n Literature review summary 16 va 2.4 an 2.3.4 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 3.2 Disadvantages 19 3.3 The top contribution rankings for the importing Vietnamese coffee countries 20 t to CHAPTER 4: ECONOMETRIC MODEL AND DATA 23 ng 4.1 Specification of the model 23 hi ep 4.1.1 Gravity model 23 4.1.2 Extended variables in gravity model 24 w n Data 25 4.2.1 Data source 25 4.2.2 u yj th ad lo 4.2 4.2.3 Descriptive statistical analysis 27 yi pl n ua al 4.3 Data description 25 Econometric models 28 Pooled OLS 28 4.3.2 Fixed Effect Estimation 29 4.3.3 Random Effect estimation 30 4.3.4 Driscoll and Kraay estimation 30 n va 4.3.1 m ll fu t n oi 4.4 Choosing between OLS, Fixed Effect, and Random Effect estimation 31 z F Test for pooled OLS or Fixed Effect estimation 31 4.4.2 Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian Multiplier Test for Random Effect or OLS 31 4.4.3 The Hausman test 31 j ht vb k m gm 4.5 z 4.4.1 Post-estimation tests 32 om l.c Multicollinearity 32 4.5.2 Heteroskedasticity 32 4.5.3 Serial correlation 32 an Lu 4.5.1 Estimating the intuitive gravity model 34 5.3 Empirical results 35 v y te 5.2 re Correlation matrix of all variables in the model 33 n 5.1 va CHARTER 5: EMPIRICAL RESULTS 33 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 5.3.1 The empirical results in the gravity model using the regulated number of pesticides variable 35 t to 5.3.2 The empirical results in the model using average maximum residue levels variable 39 ng hi CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 42 ep 6.1 Conclusions 42 Main findings 42 w 6.2 n ad Limitations and future research 44 u yj th 6.4 Policy implications 43 lo 6.3 REFERENCES 45 yi pl APPENDICES 49 n ua al n va m ll fu t n oi z z j ht vb k m gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re vi (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014  Random Effect regression having ln_avermrl Random-effects GLS regression Group variable: id Number of obs Number of groups R-sq: Obs per group: 185 44 = avg = max = 4.2 = = 106.06 0.0000 t to = = ng hi within = 0.3496 between = 0.4216 overall = 0.4838 ep w n Wald chi2(8) Prob > chi2 = (assumed) ad lo corr(u_i, X) u yj th Coef ln_pdistance ln_gdpperc ln_avermrl ln_dconsum ln_rexrate tradeopn simptax wtomemb _cons -1.650093 5375461 2822333 6624981 -.1205892 -.0113889 0098928 1.033927 12.52134 sigma_u sigma_e rho 1.4697237 78145674 77960051 yi ln_netweight Std Err pl n ua al 2349301 2906266 10275 1642132 1187213 0063205 0156543 2793552 2.932639 z P>|z| n va m ll fu -7.02 1.85 2.75 4.03 -1.02 -1.80 0.63 3.70 4.27 [95% Conf Interval] 0.000 0.064 0.006 0.000 0.310 0.072 0.527 0.000 0.000 -2.110548 -.0320715 0808471 3406462 -.3532786 -.0237769 -.020789 4864006 6.773475 -1.189639 1.107164 4836195 98435 1121002 000999 0405746 1.581453 18.26921 t n oi z z (fraction of variance due to u_i) j ht vb  Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test for choosing Pooled OLS or m k Random Effect regression gm Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test for random effects om l.c ln_netweight[id,t] = Xb + u[id] + e[id,t] Var 2.851433 7814567 1.469724 n y te re Test: 8.130672 6106746 2.160088 va ln_netw~t e u sd = sqrt(Var) an Lu Estimated results: Var(u) = chibar2(01) = Prob > chibar2 = 115.77 0.0000 52 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 Fixed Effect regression  Fixed Effect regression having ln_regnum t to ng Fixed-effects (within) regression Group variable: id Number of obs Number of groups R-sq: Obs per group: 185 44 = avg = max = 4.2 = = 15.99 0.0000 hi = = ep w n within = 0.4902 between = 0.0733 overall = 0.1257 ad lo u yj th F(8,133) Prob > F corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.9097 yi pl n ua al P>|t| 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.024 0.000 0.201 0.843 0.019 0.011 t z z [95% Conf Interval] -2.313871 3.384004 -.3661769 0609344 -1.290582 -.009149 -.0342794 1056561 -59.61822 j ht vb -1.38261 9.29126 -.0478791 8394068 -.5033092 0431298 0280428 1.150239 -7.700265 k m gm 6.5898192 78617393 98596693 -7.85 4.24 -2.57 2.29 -4.51 1.29 -0.20 2.38 -2.56 n oi sigma_u sigma_e rho 2354093 1.493269 0804611 1967866 1990111 0132153 0157541 2640555 13.12411 m ll -1.84824 6.337632 -.207028 4501706 -.8969454 0169904 -.0031183 6279477 -33.65924 t fu ln_pdistance ln_gdpperc ln_regnum ln_dconsum ln_rexrate tradeopn simptax wtomemb _cons Std Err n Coef va ln_netweight (fraction of variance due to u_i) om l.c F test that all u_i=0: F(43, 133) = 19.25 Prob > F = 0.0000 an Lu n va y te re 53 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014  Fixed Effect regression having ln_avermrl t to ng hi Fixed-effects (within) regression Group variable: id Number of obs = Number of groups = R-sq: Obs per group: ep w within = 0.4963 between = 0.0909 overall = 0.1522 185 44 4.2 = = 16.38 0.0000 n = avg = max = lo ad F(8,133) Prob > F yi u yj th corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.9116 6.4850048 78145674 98568708 n ua al n va 2325466 1.498065 0970608 1980932 1958537 0112188 0157167 2584609 13.16637 m ll fu n oi -8.29 4.03 2.88 2.69 -4.68 0.47 -0.34 2.06 -2.31 P>|t| 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.008 0.000 0.640 0.734 0.041 0.022 [95% Conf Interval] -2.388215 3.078887 0878343 1413412 -1.303193 -.0169236 -.0364361 0216535 -56.48438 -1.468279 9.005115 4717991 9249825 -.5284106 0274571 025738 1.044105 -4.399237 j ht vb sigma_u sigma_e rho t z -1.928247 6.042001 2798167 5331619 -.9158016 0052668 -.0053491 5328793 -30.44181 Std Err z pl ln_pdistance ln_gdpperc ln_avermrl ln_dconsum ln_rexrate tradeopn simptax wtomemb _cons Coef t ln_netweight k m gm (fraction of variance due to u_i) om l.c F test that all u_i=0: F(43, 133) = 19.09 Prob > F = 0.0000 an Lu n va y te re 54 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 Hausman Test  Hausman Test for choosing Fixed Effect or Random Effect for ln_regnum t to Coefficients (b) (B) fixed_ln_r~m random_ln_~m ng (b-B) Difference sqrt(diag(V_b-V_B)) S.E hi ep ln_pdistance ln_gdpperc ln_regnum ln_dconsum ln_rexrate tradeopn simptax wtomemb -1.84824 6.337632 -.207028 4501706 -.8969454 0169904 -.0031183 6279477 w n ad lo u yj th -1.589887 7470546 -.1303023 6494298 -.0959383 -.0079169 0127173 1.079526 -.2583535 5.590577 -.0767257 -.1992592 -.8010072 0249073 -.0158356 -.4515787 1.464324 0234536 1052222 1582619 0113579 yi b = consistent under Ho and Ha; obtained from xtreg B = inconsistent under Ha, efficient under Ho; obtained from xtreg pl Ho: n ua al Test: difference in coefficients not systematic n va chi2(8) = (b-B)'[(V_b-V_B)^(-1)](b-B) = 38.05 Prob>chi2 = 0.0000 (V_b-V_B is not positive definite) m ll fu n oi  Hausman Test for choosing Fixed Effect or Random Effect for ln_ avermrl sqrt(diag(V_b-V_B)) S.E j ht vb k 1.469604 1107923 1557688 0092689 0013998 gm om l.c an Lu -.2781535 5.504455 -.0024166 -.1293363 -.7952125 0166557 -.0152419 -.5010473 m -1.650093 5375461 2822333 6624981 -.1205892 -.0113889 0098928 1.033927 (b-B) Difference z -1.928247 6.042001 2798167 5331619 -.9158016 0052668 -.0053491 5328793 z ln_pdistance ln_gdpperc ln_avermrl ln_dconsum ln_rexrate tradeopn simptax wtomemb t Coefficients (b) (B) fixed_ln_a~l random_ln_~l n va b = consistent under Ho and Ha; obtained from xtreg B = inconsistent under Ha, efficient under Ho; obtained from xtreg Ho: difference in coefficients not systematic y te re Test: chi2(8) = (b-B)'[(V_b-V_B)^(-1)](b-B) = 14.37 Prob>chi2 = 0.0726 (V_b-V_B is not positive definite) 55 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 Heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation test  Modified Wald test testing heteroskedasticity for ln_regnum t to Modified Wald test for groupwise heteroskedasticity in fixed effect regression model ng hi ep H0: sigma(i)^2 = sigma^2 for all i w chi2 (44) = Prob>chi2 = n 1.1e+05 0.0000 ad lo yi u yj th pl Wooldridge test testing autocorrelation for ln_regnum n ua al  n va Wooldridge test for autocorrelation in panel data H0: no first-order autocorrelation F( 1, 29) = 12.918 Prob > F = 0.0012 m ll fu t n oi z z j ht vb k m gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re 56 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014  Modified Wald test testing heteroskedasticity for ln_avermrl t to Modified Wald test for groupwise heteroskedasticity in fixed effect regression model ng hi ep H0: sigma(i)^2 = sigma^2 for all i chi2 (44) = Prob>chi2 = w 4.9e+29 0.0000 n ad lo u yj th Wooldridge test testing autocorrelation for ln_avermrl yi  pl n ua al Wooldridge test for autocorrelation in panel data H0: no first-order autocorrelation F( 1, 29) = 12.958 Prob > F = 0.0012 n va m ll fu t n oi z z j ht vb k m gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re 57 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors for Fixed Effects Regression  Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors for Fixed Effects Regression having ln_regnum t to ng hi ep Regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors Method: Fixed-effects regression Group variable (i): id maximum lag: w Number Number F( 8, Prob > within of obs of groups 43) F R-squared = = = = = 185 44 9512.52 0.0000 0.4902 n ad lo t yi u yj th ln_netweight Drisc/Kraay Coef Std Err P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] pl n va m ll fu n oi 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.019 0.037 0.603 0.003 0.018 z -2.426946 3.476145 -.3070172 0973874 -1.640639 0010617 -.0151181 2199325 -61.33137 -1.269535 9.199119 -.1070387 8029537 -.1532521 0329191 0088815 1.035963 -5.987113 j ht vb -6.44 4.47 -4.18 2.57 -2.43 2.15 -0.52 3.10 -2.45 z 2869578 1.418901 0495808 1749316 3687689 0078984 0059502 202319 13.72154 t -1.84824 6.337632 -.207028 4501706 -.8969454 0169904 -.0031183 6279477 -33.65924 n ua al ln_pdistance ln_gdpperc ln_regnum ln_dconsum ln_rexrate tradeopn simptax wtomemb _cons k m gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re 58 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014 (Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014(Luận.văn).the.impact.of.food.safety.standard.on.coffee.export the.case.in.vietnam.during.2005.2014