Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles edited by Seref Soylu SC I YO Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles Edited by Seref Soylu Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 Sciyo All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by Sciyo, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jelena Marusic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright icetray, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from publication@sciyo.com Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles, Edited by Seref Soylu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-100-8 SC I YO .C O M WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS FREE free online editions of Sciyo Books, Journals and Videos can be found at www.sciyo.com [...]... 10 0 0.25 90 Engine load, % 80 0.2 70 0 .15 60 50 NOxmatrix gr/s, test10 0 .1 40 30 0.05 20 10 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 Engine speed, rpm 2000 2250 Fig 9 NOx emissions to be released over engine load-speed map with SCR system 10 0 16 80 Engine load, % 90 14 70 12 60 10 50 NOx matrix (gr), test10 40 8 6 30 4 20 2 10 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 Engine speed, rpm 2000 2250 Fig 10 Cycle NOx emissions to be released... trip 10 0 90 325 Engine load, % 80 300 70 Tempmatrix, test15 60 275 250 50 225 40 200 30 17 5 15 0 20 10 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 Engine speed, rpm 2000 2250 Fig 6 Exhaust gas temperature distribution (˚C) over engine speed – load map (Temperature measured from exhaust flow meter) 8 Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles 10 0 90 Engine load, % 80 0.4 70 0.35 NOxmatrix gr/s, test15 60 0.3 0.25 50 0.2 40 0 .15 ... load, % 80 0.4 70 0.35 NOxmatrix gr/s, test15 60 0.3 0.25 50 0.2 40 0 .15 30 0 .1 20 0.05 10 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 Engine speed, rpm 2000 2250 Fig 7 NOx emissions to be released over engine load-speed map without SCR system 10 0 35 90 30 Engine load, % 80 70 25 60 20 50 15 40 10 30 NOx matrix (gr), test15 5 20 10 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 Engine speed, rpm 2000 2250 Fig 8 Cycle NOx emissions to be released... 40 20 0 0 200 400 600 800 10 00 12 00 Time, seconds Fig 1 Variation of the vehicle speed on the specific bus route 10 0 300 90 Engine Load, % 80 250 70 200 60 50 15 0 frequency, test 15 40 10 0 30 20 50 10 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 Engine speed, rpm Fig 2 Engine load-speed map for real world driving 2000 2250 5 Examination of an Urban City Bus Operating Conditions and Emissions 10 0 90 60 frequency, ETC Engine... Operating Conditions and Emissions 10 0 90 60 frequency, ETC Engine load, % 80 70 50 40 60 50 30 40 20 30 10 20 10 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 Engine speed, rpm 2000 2250 Fig 3 Engine load-speed map for ETC 10 0 90 40 Engine load, % 80 30 70 60 20 50 40 10 30 frequency, WHTC 20 10 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 Engine speed, rpm 2000 2250 Fig 4 Engine load-speed map for WHTC (to be valid with EURO 6) As mentioned... considered 5 Acknowledgment TEMSA R&D and Turkish Ministry of Industry and Trade are acknowledged for their contribution to this work 6 References [1] Soylu, S.; Gumrukcuoglu, M; Senturk, G.; Bal, A.; Aydınlar, B (2009) Examination Urban Transport Activities And Emissions, Adapazarı Case Study, the 17 th transport and air Pollution Symposium and the third Environment and Transport Symposium, June 2-4, 2009... on-board measurement in real life operation 16 th International Symposium Transport and Air Pollution [11 ] Cocker III, D R.; Sandip, D S.; Johnson, K.; Miller, J W & Norbeck, J M (2004) Development and Application of a Mobile Laboratory for Measuring Emissions from Diesel Engines 1 Regulated Gaseous Emissions Environmental Science &Technology 2004- 38, 218 2- 218 9 [12 ] Lents, J.; Unal, A.; Mangir, N.; Osses,... EPA by Southwest Research Institute EPA Contract No EP-C-05- 018 , February 2008 [20] Soylu, S (2009) Measurement and Modelling of Hybrid City Bus Emissions under Real world Conditions, SANTEZ Project 6th month report, Sakarya University, TURKEY http://www.sahakk.sakarya.edu.tr/hybridbus/index.html 12 Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles [ 21] Koebl, M.; Elsener, M & Kleeman, M (2000) Urea-SCR: a promising... E.J., Mindell, J.S., Warren, R.F (20 01) The transport sector as a source of air pollution Atmospheric Environment 20 01- 35, 15 37 15 65 [9] Frey, H C.; Zhai, H & Rouphail, N M (2009) Regional On-Road Vehicle Running Emissions Modeling and Evaluation for Conventional and Alternative Vehicle Technologies Environmental Science & Technology 2009- 43, 8449–8455 [10 ] Erlandsson, L.; Almen, J, & Johansson, H... University and the city center which represents typical Sakarya urban driving It is 22 km long and involves 48 bus stops and the altitude changes from 30 m to 220 m The travel time is approximately 60 minutes During the test the vehicle was driven on the route with and without its SCR system and data for vehicle speed and location, engine operation characteristics, exhaust flow-rate, exhaust emissions and . exhaust flow meter). Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles 8 Engine speed, rpm Engine load, % 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 2000 2250 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 0.05 0 .1 0 .15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 NOxmatrix. Engine speed, rpm Engine load, % 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 2000 2250 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 NOx matrix (gr), test10 Fig. 10 . Cycle NOx emissions to be released over. Operating Conditions and Emissions 9 Engine speed, rpm Engine load, % 750 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 2000 2250 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 0.05 0 .1 0 .15 0.2 0.25 NOxmatrix gr/s, test10 Fig. 9.