Ultra Wideband edited by Boris Lembrikov SCIYO Ultra Wideband Edited by Boris Lembrikov Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 Sciyo All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by Sciyo, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic Technical Editor Goran Bajac Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Germán Ariel Berra, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from publication@sciyo.com Ultra Wideband, Edited by Boris Lembrikov p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-139-8 SCIYO.COM WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS FREE free online editions of Sciyo Books, Journals and Videos can be found at www.sciyo.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Preface VII Ultra wideband preliminaries 1 M A Matin Impact of ultra wide band (UWB) on highways microcells downlink of UMTS, GSM-1800 and GSM-900 systems 17 Bazil Taha Ahmed and Miguel Calvo Ramón Parallel channels using frequency multiplexing techniques 35 Magnus Karlsson, Allan Huynh and Shaofang Gong Performance of a TH-PPM UWB system in different scenario environments 55 Moez HIZEM and Ridha BOUALLEGUE High performance analog optical links based on quantum dot devices for UWB signal transmission 75 M. Ran, Y. Ben Ezra and B.I. Lembrikov Portable ultra-wideband localization and asset tracking for mobile robot applications 97 Jong-Hoon Youn and Yong K. Cho Transient Modelling of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Pulse Propagation 109 Qingsheng Zeng and Arto Chubukjian Pulse generator design 137 S. Bourdel, R. Vauché and J. Gaubert Ultra wideband oscillators 159 Dr. Abdolreza Nabavi Design and implementation of ultra-wide-band CMOS LC filter LNA 215 Gaubert Jean, Battista Marc, Fourquin Olivier And Bourdel Sylvain CPW ultra-wideband circuits for wireless communications 237 Mourad Nedil, Azzeddine Djaiz, Mohamed Adnane Habib and Tayeb Ahmed Denidni Contents VI Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Filter bank transceiver design for ultra wideband 267 Christian Ibars, Mònica Navarro, Carles Fernández–Prades, Xavier Artiga, Ana Moragrega, Ciprian George–Gavrincea, Antonio Mollfulleda and Montse Nájar Passive devices for UWB systems 297 Fermín Mira, Antonio Mollfulleda, Pavel Miškovský, Jordi Mateu and José M. González-Arbesú UWB radar for detection and localization of trapped people 323 Egor Zaikov and Juergen Sachs Design and characterization of microstrip UWB antennas 347 Djamel Abed and Hocine Kimouche UWB antennas: design and modeling 371 Yvan Duroc and Ali-Imran Najam On the Design of a Super Wide Band Antenna 399 D. Tran, P. Aubry, A. Szilagyi, I.E. Lager, O. Yarovyi and L.P. Ligthart A small novel ultra wideband antenna with slotted ground plane 427 Yusnita Rahayu, Razali Ngah and Tharek Abd. Rahman Slotted ultra wideband antenna for bandwidth enhancement 445 Yusnita Rahayu, Razali Ngah and Tharek Abd. Rahman Ultra wideband (UWB) radar systems were rst developed as a military tool due to their enhanced capability to penetrate through obstacles and ultra high precision ranging at the centimeter level. Recently, UWB technology has been focused on consumer electronics and communications. The UWB technology development was enhanced in 2002 due to the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) denition of a spectral mask allowing operation of UWB radios at the noise oor over a huge bandwidth up to 7.5 GHz. According to the FCC decision, the unlicensed frequency band between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz is reserved for indoor UWB wireless communication systems. UWB technology is used in wireless communications, networking, radar, wireless personal area networks (WPAN), imaging, positioning systems, etc. UWB systems are characterized by low power, low cost, very high data rates, precise positioning capability and low interference. The UWB also improves a channel capacity due to its large bandwidth. UWB systems have a low power spectral density (PSD) and consequently can coexist with cellular systems, wireless local area networks (WLAN) and global positioning systems (GPS). Unfortunately, the UWB communication transmission distances are limited due to the FCC constraints on allowed emission levels. Recently a novel approach based on the UWB radio-over- optical ber (UROOF) technology has been proposed combining the advantages of the ber optic communications and UWB technology. UROOF technology increases the transmission distance up to several hundred meters. The objective of this book, consisting of 19 chapters, is to review the state-of-the-art and novel trends in UWB technology. The book can be divided into three parts. The rst part of the book, consisting of Chapters 1-7, is related to the fundamentals of UWB communications and operation performance of UWB systems. In Chapter 1 the background of UWB, basic UWB characteristics, advantages and benets of UWB communications, architecture of typical UWB transceiver are discussed. In Chapter 2 the inuence of UWB interference on different types of receivers operating in microcells is investigated. In Chapter 3 the UWB frequency multiplexing techniques implementations based on printed circuit board technologies are presented. In Chapter 4 a novel approach for the evaluation of the UWB system performance including an additive white Gaussian noise channel is proposed. In Chapter 5 the analog optical link for UWB signal transmission is analyzed in detail, and it is shown that the quantum dot devices can improve its performance. In Chapter 6 the performance of UWB localization technologies is investigated. A methodology for autonomous end-to-end navigation of mobile wireless robots for automated construction applications is presented. In Chapter 7 the UWB pulse propagation through different kinds of lossy, dispersive and layered media is discussed. Preface VIII The second part of the book, consisting of Chapters 8-14, concerns the design and implementation of different UWB elements, such as UWB oscillators, transceivers and passive components. In Chapter 8 the UWB pulse generators architectures are presented and compared. Design issues are discussed. In Chapter 9 the analysis and design of integrated oscillator circuits for UWB applications are presented. In Chapter 10 the UWB CMOS low noise ampliers design and implementation are described. In Chapter 11 the analysis of microstrip and coplanar waveguide (CPW) UWB circuits such as transitions, lters, directional couplers and antennas is presented. In Chapter 12 the implementation and analysis of the impulse radio (IR) UWB lter bank based receiver are presented. In Chapter 13 the design, fabrication and measurement of the key passive components such as antennas, lters, shaping networks, inverters, power combiners and splitters for UWB communications are presented. In Chapter 14 the UWB radar system and the corresponding algorithms for the detection and localization of trapped people are developed. Finally, in the third part of the book, consisting of Chapters 15-19, development of novel microstrip UWB antennas is reviewed. In Chapter 15 the printed UWB monopole antennas, slot antennas, notched band antennas are proposed and thoroughly investigated. In Chapter 16 an overview of UWB antennas is presented and singularities of UWB antennas are discussed. In Chapter 17 the concept and design of a novel planar super wideband (SWB) are reported. In Chapter 18 a novel electrically, physically and functionally small UWB antenna is proposed. In Chapter 19 a small compact T slots UWB antenna is presented. We believe that this book will attract the interest of engineers and researchers occupied in the eld of UWB communications and improve their knowledge of the contemporary technologies and future perspectives. August 2010, Editor Boris Lembrikov Holon Institute of Technology (HIT), P.O. Box 305, 58102, 52 Golomb Str., Holon Israel Ultra wideband preliminaries 1 Ultra wideband preliminaries M A Matin X Ultra wideband preliminaries M A Matin North South University Bangladesh 1. Introduction “Ultra-wideband technology holds great promise for a vast array of new applications that have the potential to provide significant benefits for public safety, businesses and consumers in a variety of applications such as radar imaging of objects buried under the ground or behind walls and short- range, high-speed data transmission”[FCC,2002] This quote focuses the level of importance of UWB technology as its applications are various. The FCC outlined possible applications of this technology such as imaging systems, ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems, wall-imaging systems, through-wall imaging systems, medical systems, surveillance systems, vehicular radar systems and communications and measurements systems. The spectrum allocation for UWB is in the range from 1.99 GHz- 10.6 GHz, 3.1 GHz- 10.6 GHz, or below 960 MHz depending on the particular application [FCC,2002]. The global interest in this technology is huge especially in communications environment due to the potential delivery of ultra high speed data transmission, coexistence with existing electrical systems (due to the extremely low power spectrum density) with low power consumption using a low cost one-chip implementation. There are many advantages and benefits of UWB systems as shown in Table 1 over narrowband technologies. Therefore, with the approval of FCC regulations for UWB, several universities and companies have jumped into the realm of UWB research [Nokia, 2006]. Advantage Benefit Coexistence with current narrowband and wideband radio services Avoids expensive licensing fees Huge data rate High bandwidth can support real-time high definition video streaming Low transmit power Provides low probability of detection and intercept. Resistance to jamming Reliable to hostile environments High performance in multipath channel Delivers higher signal strengths in adverse conditions Simple transceiver architecture Enables ultra-low power, smaller form factor at a reduced cost Table 1. Advantages and benefits of UWB communication 1 Ultra Wideband 2 UWB offers many advantages over narrowband technology where certain applications are involved. Improved channel capacity is one of the major advantages of UWB. The channel is the RF spectrum within which information is transferred. Shannon’s capacity limit equation shows capacity increasing as a function of BW (bandwidth) faster than as a function of SNR (signal to noise ratio). )1(log* 2 SNRBWC (1) C = Channel Capacity (bits/sec) BW = Channel Bandwidth (Hz) SNR= Signal to noise ratio. The above Shannon’s equation shows that increasing channel capacity requires a linear increase in bandwidth while similar channel capacity increases would require exponential increases in power. This is why, UWB technology is capable of transmitting very high data rates using very low power. It is important to notice that UWB can provide dramatic channel capacity only at limited range which is shown in Fig. 1. This is due mainly to the low power levels mandated by the FCC for legal UWB operation. UWB technology is most useful in short-range (less than 10 meters) high speed applications. Longer-range flexibility is better served by WLAN applications such as 802.11a, whose narrowband radio might occupy a BW of 20 MHz with a transmit power level of 100 mW. The power mask, as defined for UWB by the FCC, allows up to –41.3 dBm/MHz (75 nW). From Fig. 2, it is observed that the emitted signal power can’t interfere with current signals even at short propagation distances since it appears as noise. Fig. 1. Range Vs Data rate [Source WiMedia] SNR = P/ (BW*N 0 ) P = Received Signal Power (watts) N 0 = Noise Power Spectral Density (watts/Hz) Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show the typical “narrowband” and “UWB” transceiver. UWB radios can provide lower cost architectures than narrow band radios. Narrow band architectures use high quality oscillators and tuned circuits to modulate and de-modulate information. UWB transmitters, however, can directly modulate a base-band signal eliminating components and reducing requirements on tuned circuitry. On the other hand, UWB receivers may require more complex architectures and may take advantage of digital signal processing techniques. Reducing the need for high quality passively based circuits and implementing sophisticated digital signal processing techniques through integration with the low cost CMOS processes will enable radio solutions that scale in cost/performance with digital technology [Intel,2002]. Fig. 2. Emitted signal power vs. Frequency Emitted Signal Power -41.3 dBm (75 nw) G PS P CS Bluetooth, 802.11b Cordless Phones Microwave Ovens 802.11a + 20 dB “Part 15 Limit” UWB Spectrum 1 .6 1 .9 2 .4 3 .1 5 f c 1 0.6 Frequency (GHz) T he UWB Spectrum: Narrowban d Co-existence and interference [...]... Spreading rate 53.3 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 1/ 3 4 55 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 11 /32 4 80 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 1/ 2 4 10 6.7 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 1/ 3 2 11 0 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 11 /32 2 16 0 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 1/ 2 2 200 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 5/8 2 320 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 1/ 2 1 400 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 5/8 1 480 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 3/4 1 Table 3 Data rate dependent parameters [ Batra et al., 2004] Ultra wideband preliminaries 13 6 UWB applications Fig 10 Potential application scenarios... rudiments for the construction of an impulse radar or communications system [Bennet et al., 19 78] The term “UWB” was not adopted until approximately 19 89 Prior to this Harmuth conducted revolutionary work in the late 19 60´s [Harmuth ,19 68; 19 84; 19 79; 19 77 ;19 72, 19 77; 19 81; Harmuth et al., 19 83] In the early 19 70s, hardware likes the avalanche transistor and tunnel diode detectors were constructed in... The UWB Spectrum: Narrowband Co-existence and interference PCS GPS Emitted Signal Power Bluetooth, 802 .11 b Cordless Phones Microwave Ovens 802 .11 a + 20 dB Part 15 Limit” - 41. 3 dBm (75 nw) UWB Spectrum 1. 6 1. 9 2.4 3 .1 5 Frequency (GHz) Fig 2 Emitted signal power vs Frequency fc 10 .6 4 Data Input Ultra Wideband PA Modulator LNA RF Filter De-mod Data Output IF RF RF RF Filter BPF Fig 3 Typical “narrowband”... Emc- 25, no .1, pp 13 -24 D L Black (19 92) "An overview of Impulse Radar Phenomenon," IEEE AES Systems Magazine, pp 6 -11 M G M Hussain (19 96) "An Overview of the Principles of Ultra- wideband impulse Radar," CIE International Conference of Radar, pp 24-28 M G M Hussain (19 98) "Ultra- Wideband Impulse Radar-An overview of the Principles," IEEE Aerospace and Electronics Systems Magazine, vol 13 , pp 9 -14 I Immoreev... Table 1 Impact of ultra wide band (UWB) on highways microcells downlink of UMTS, GSM -18 00 and GSM-900 systems 19 A Maximum link transmit power dBm 33 B Transmitter gains dB 18 C Transmitter local losses dB 1 D Transmitter EIRP dB A+B-C E Receiver noise figure dB 6 F Thermal noise density dBm/Hz G Noise power dBm H Load value 0.5 to 1 I Noise rise dB -10 *log10 (1- H) J Interference power dBm 10 *log10 (10 ^((G+I) /10 )... -10 *log10 (1- H) J Interference power dBm 10 *log10 (10 ^((G+I) /10 ) -10 ^(G /10 )) K Noise and interference dBm 10 *log10 (10 ^(G /10 ) +10 ^(J /10 )) L Number of users = Noise rise dB M Processing gain (Gp) dB N (Eb/No)req dB O Indoor loss dB 10 dB P Maximum path loss dB D-L-K+M-N Q Log normal fade margin dB 6 dB R Path-loss dB P-Q E+F*log10(4x106) Table 1 UMTS microcell downlink power budget To account for UWB, an... Immoreev and B Vovshin (19 95) "Features of Ultra wideband Radar Projecting," IEEE international Radar Conference, pp 720-725 L Y Astanin and A A Kostylev (19 92) "Ultra Wideband Signals -A New Step in Radar Development," IEEE AES Systems Magazine, pp 12 -15 J D Taylor (19 95) Introduction to Ultra -Wideband Radar Systems: Boca Raton, Fl.: CRC Press C Leonard Bennett and G F Ross (19 78) "Time-Domain electromagnetics... by a person (Lextra = 10 dB) 22 Ultra Wideband In Fig 1 the UWB interference power on the UMTS downlink (i.e the interference seen at the UMTS mobile) is plotted for the three cases mentioned above, assuming voice service and a PUWB of -60 dBm/MHz within the UMTS bandwidth of 5 MHz -70 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 UWB Interference (dBm) -80 -90 -10 0 -11 0 -12 0 -13 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Seperation between... of 5 to 10 m located in the base station DCS -18 00 is a Digital Communications System based on GSM, working on a radio frequency of 18 00 MHz Also known as GSM -18 00, this digital network operates in Europe and Asia Pacific The DCS -18 00 band provides for a DCS uplink in the range 17 10 -17 85 MHz, a DCS downlink in the range 18 05 -18 80 MHz The GSM 900 band provides for a GSM uplink in the range 890- 915 MHz,... vol 66, no.3, pp 299- 318 Intel (20 01) . "Ultra- wideband Technology for short- or Medium- Range Wireless Communications," ftp://download.intel.com/technology/itj/q220 01/ pdf/ art_4 .pdf Ofcom (2005) "Ofcom consultation document on a position to adopt in Europe on Ultra wideband devices," B Allen, A Ghorishi, and M Ghavami (2004) "A Review of Pulse Design for Impulse Radio," IEE Ultra wideband workshop A Batra, . OFDM/QPSK 12 8 1/ 3 4 55 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 11 /32 4 80 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 1/ 2 4 10 6.7 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 1/ 3 2 11 0 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 11 /32 2 16 0 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 1/ 2 2 200 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 5/8 2 320 OFDM/QPSK 12 8 1/ 2 1. Signal Power - 41. 3 dBm (75 nw) G PS P CS Bluetooth, 802 .11 b Cordless Phones Microwave Ovens 802 .11 a + 20 dB Part 15 Limit” UWB Spectrum 1 .6 1 .9 2 .4 3 .1 5 f c 1 0.6 Frequency. al., 19 78]. The term “UWB” was not adopted until approximately 19 89. Prior to this Harmuth conducted revolutionary work in the late 19 60´s [Harmuth ,19 68; 19 84; 19 79; 19 77 ;19 72, 19 77; 19 81;