Natural Gas edited by Primož Potočnik SCIYO Natural Gas Edited by Primož Potočnik Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 Sciyo All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by Sciyo, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Nikolic Technical Editor Goran Bajac Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Kenneth V. Pilon, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from publication@sciyo.com Natural Gas, Edited by Primož Potočnik p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-112-1 SCIYO.COM WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS FREE free online editions of Sciyo Books, Journals and Videos can be found at www.sciyo.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Preface IX Natural gas 1 Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar and Rusmidah Ali Natural gas: physical properties and combustion features 39 Le Corre Olivier and Loubar Khaled The importance of natural gas reforming 71 Laédna Souto Neiva and Lucianna Gama Natural gas odorization 87 Daniel Tenkrat, Tomas Hlincik and Ondrej Prokes Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from coal and biomass: a survey of existing process technologies, open issues and perspectives 105 Maria Sudiro and Alberto Bertucco Environmental technology assessment of natural gas compared to biogas 127 Ola Eriksson Natural Gas Hydrates 147 Geir Ersland and Arne Graue The effect of H 2 S on hydrogen and carbon black production from sour natural gas 163 M. Javadi, M. Moghiman and Seyyed Iman Pishbin Soil gas geochemistry: significance and application in geological prospectings 183 Nunzia Voltattorni and Salvatore Lombardi Adsorption of methane in porous materials as the basis for the storage of natural gas 205 Cecilia Solar, Andrés García Blanco, Andrea Vallone and Karim Sapag Contents VI Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Industrial application of natural gas 245 Alejandro Sáez Combined operational planning of natural gas and electric power systems: state of the art 271 Ricardo Rubio-Barros, Diego Ojeda-Esteybar, Osvaldo Añó and Alberto Vargas Compressed natural gas direct injection (spark plug fuel injector) 289 Taib Iskandar Mohamad Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas as a fuel for engines 307 Fanhua Ma, Nashay Naeve, Mingyue Wang, Long Jiang, Renzhe Chen and Shuli Zhao Looking for clean energy considering LNG assessment to provide energy security in Brazil and GTL from Bolivia natural gas reserves 333 Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta, Jonathas Luiz de Oliveira Bernal, Geraldo Francisco Burani and José Aquiles Baesso Grimoni Practical results of forecasting for the natural gas market 371 Primož Potočnik and Edvard Govekar Statistical model of segment-specific relationship between natural gas consumption and temperature in daily and hourly resolution 393 Marek Brabec, Marek Malý, Emil Pelikán and Ondřej Konár Molecular dynamics simulations of volumetric thermophysical properties of natural gases 417 Santiago Aparicio and Mert Atilhan Static behaviour of natural gas and its flow in pipes 435 Ohirhian, P. U. Steady State Compressible Fluid Flow in Porous Media 467 Peter Ohirhian Natural gas properties and flow computation 501 Ivan Marić and Ivan Ivek Rarefied natural gas transport 531 Huei Chu Weng Consequence analysis of large-scale liquefied natural gas spills on water 549 Hideyuki Oka VII Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Risk assessment of marine LNG operations 571 Tarek Elsayed Reliability measures for liquefied natural gas receiving terminal based on the failure information of emergency shutdown system 591 Bi-Min Hsu, Ming-Hung Shu, and Min Tsao The contributions in this book present an overview of utting edge research on natural gas which is a vital component of world’s supply of energy. Natural gas is combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases, primarily methane but also heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane and butane. Unlike other fossil fuels, natural gas is clean burning and emits lower levels of potentially harmful by-products into the air. Therefore, it is considered as one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful of all energy sources applied in variety of residential, commercial and industrial elds. The book is organised in 25 chapters that are collected into groups related to technology, applications, forecasting, numerical simulations, transport and risk assessment of natural gas. The introductory chapter 1 provides a soft introduction about the background and history of natural gas, what exactly it is and where it can be found in nature, and presents an overview of applications and technologies related to natural gas. The introduction is extended in the second chapter providing the physical properties and combustion features of natural gas. The next group of chapters 3-10 is related to various technological aspects of natural gas and describes the importance of natural gas reforming, its odorisation, synthetic natural gas, comparison with biogas, natural gas hydrates, thermal decomposition of sour natural gas, soil-gas geochemistry, and storage of natural gas in porous materials. Chapter 11 provides an introduction to industrial applications of natural gas and the application topics are further discussed in chapters 12-15. The relation of natural gas to electric power systems is discussed in chapter 12. The next two chapters consider engine applications, namely compressed natural gas direct injection engine and hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas as a fuel for engines. Chapter 15 discusses clean energy considerations provided by the liquid natural gas. Two chapters are dedicated to short-term forecasting of natural gas consumption. Daily and hourly forecasting models for natural gas distributors are presented in chapter 16, and statistical daily forecasting models for households and small and medium size commercial customers are discussed in chapter 17. Chapters 18-20 are concerned with numerical simulations in the eld of natural gas and discuss molecular dynamics simulations of volumetric thermophysical properties of natural gases, static behaviour of natural gas and its ow in pipes, and simulations of steady state compressible ow in porous media. Preface X Chapters 21 and 22 are related to transport of natural gas and discuss natural gas properties and methods of precise ow computation, and transportation of rareed natural gas in pipelines. The last three chapters 23-25 are concerned with risk estimation in various natural gas operations and discuss analysis of large-scale liqueed natural gas spills on water, risk assessment of marine liquid natural gas operations, and reliability measures for liqueed natural gas receiving terminal. Editor Primož Potočnik University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia [...]... revision Natural Gas Resource Category As of January 1, 2007(Trillion Cubic Feet) Nonassociated Gas Undiscovered 373.20 Onshore 11 3. 61 Offshore 259.59 Inferred Reserves 220 .14 Onshore 17 1.05 Offshore 49.09 Unconventional Gas Recovery 644.92 Tight Gas 309.58 Shale Gas 267.26 Coalbed Methane 68.09 Associated-Dissolved Gas 12 8.69 Total Lower 48 Unproved 13 66.96 Alaska 16 9.43 Total U.S Unproved 15 36.38... NPC Study As of Jan 1, 19 91 As of Jan 1, 19 98 16 0 15 7 11 35 13 09 Old Fields (Reserve Appreciation) 236 305 New Fields 493 633 Nonconventional 406 3 71 1295 14 66 9 10 Lower 48 Resources Proved Reserves Assessed Additional Resources Total Remaining Resources Alaskan Resources Proved Reserves Assessed Additonal Resources 17 1 303 Old Fields (Reserve Appreciation) 30 32 New Fields 84 214 Nonconventional Total.. .Natural gas 1 1 X Natural gas Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar and Rusmidah Ali Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia 1 Introduction This chapter contains a description of background of natural gas: what exactly natural gas is?, how it is formed and how it is found in nature; history of natural gas: a brief history and development of modern natural gas; resources:... the composition of natural gas; Uses: application and the important of energy source; natural gas versus environment: emission from the combustion of natural gas; natural gas technology: role of technology in the evolution of the natural gas industry; Purification of crude natural gas: various technologies used to convert sour to sweet natural gas; synthesis of artificial natural gas: methanation reaction... Resources 57 57 18 0 313 Total U.S Remaining Resources 14 75 17 79 Table 4 U.S Natural Gas Resources (Trillion Cubic Feet) ( Source: National Petroleum Council - Meeting the Challenges of the Nation's Growing Natural Gas Demand, 2007) 10 Natural Gas Below (Table 5) is a third estimate completed by the Potential Gas Committee This estimate places total U.S natural gas resources at just over 1, 836 Tcf This... located in other parts of Asia, in Africa, and in Natural gas 11 Australia Natural gas reserves in the United States total 5 trillion cu m (17 7 trillion cu ft) In Asia-Oceania, natural gas reserves total 12 .6 trillion cu m (Table 6) Malaysia has the 14 th largest gas reserves as at January 2008 As at January 2008, Malaysia's gas reserves stood at 88.0 trillion standard cubic feet (tscf) or 14 .67 billion... unconventional natural gas As seen from the table, proved reserves make up a very small proportion of the total recoverable natural gas resources in the U.S The following table includes an estimate of natural gas resources compiled by the National Petroleum Council (NPC) in 19 99 in its report Natural Gas - Meeting the Challenges of the Nation's Growing Natural Gas Demand This estimate places U.S natural gas resources... Traditional Coalbed Methane Total United States 19 3.8 31 1,673.4 16 3.0 1, 836.4 Table 5 Potential Natural Gas Resources of the U.S (Trillion Cubic Feet) (Source: Potential Gas Committee - Potential Supply of Natural Gas in the United States, 2009) There are a myriad of different industry participants that formulate their own estimates regarding natural gas supplies, such as production companies, independent... different from natural gas The 'gas' in the common barbecue is actually propane, which, while closely associated and commonly found in natural gas, is not really natural gas itself While commonly 2 Natural Gas grouped in with other fossil fuels and sources of energy, there are many characteristics of natural gas that make it unique Below is a bit of background information about natural gas, what exactly... gives an idea of the proportion of natural gas use per sector The residential sector accounts for the greatest proportion of natural gas use in the most of the developing countries, with the residential sector consuming the greatest quantity of natural gas Natural gas 13 Fig 6 Natural Gas Use By Sector (Source: EIA - Annual Energy Outlook 2009) Commercial uses of natural gas are very similar to electric . Growing Natural Gas Demand, 2007) 19 92 NPC Study 19 99 NPC Study As of Jan 1, 19 91 As of Jan 1, 19 98 Lower 48 Resources Proved Reserves 16 0 15 7 Assessed Additional Resources 11 35 . Growing Natural Gas Demand, 2007) 19 92 NPC Study 19 99 NPC Study As of Jan 1, 19 91 As of Jan 1, 19 98 Lower 48 Resources Proved Reserves 16 0 15 7 Assessed Additional Resources 11 35 . storage of natural gas 205 Cecilia Solar, Andrés García Blanco, Andrea Vallone and Karim Sapag Contents VI Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter