The comparison of two vietnamese translated versions of the picture of dorian gray by oscar wilde

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY - THE COMPARISON OF TWO VIETNAMESE TRANSLATED VERSIONS OF THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY BY OSCAR WILDE Submitted to the Faculty of English Language in partial fulfillment of the Master’s degree in English Language Course code: 60220201 By TRAN QUYNH NHU Supervised by HUYNH VAN TAI, Ph.D HO CHI MINH CITY, JULY 2020 The thesis entitled THE COMPARISON OF TWO VIETNAMESE TRANSLATED VERSIONS OF THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY BY OSCAR WILDE was successfully defended and approved on ………….………… at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH) Academic supervisor ………………………… HUYNH VAN TAI, Ph.D Examination Committee ……………………………………………………… Chair …………………………………………… ………… Reader ……………………………………………………… Reader ……………………………………………………… Member ……………………………………………………… Secretary Member On behalf of the Examination Committee Chair (Full name, title, signature) ii HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE HCMC, 30/04/2020 MASTER’S THESIS REPORT Student name: TRAN QUYNH NHU Sex: Female Date of birth: 05/06/1987 Place of birth: Ho Chi Minh City Major: Student code: 1841900004 English Language I- Thesis title: THE COMPARISON OF TWO VIETNAMESE TRANSLATED VERSIONS OF THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY BY OSCAR WILDE II- Objectives and contents: The research aims at comparing the two translated versions, by Thien Luong and Nguyen Tuan Linh, of The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde in order to examine the differences and similarities of the two versions Research results reveal how differently two translators render their versions in terms of relative clauses, personal pronouns, foreign terms and idiomatic expressions III- Starting date: 30/10/2019 IV- Completing date: 30/04/2020 V- Academic supervisor: HUYNH VAN TAI, PH.D ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR FACULTY DEAN (Full name, signature) (Full name, signature) HUYNH VAN TAI, PH.D NGUYEN THI KIEU THU, PH.D iii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the Master’s Thesis submitted today entitled: THE COMPARISON OF TWO VIETNAMESE TRANSLATED VERSIONS OF THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY BY OSCAR WILDE In terms of the statement of requirements for Thesis in Master’s programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee of Faculty of English Language, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology Ho Chi Minh City, April 2020 TRAN QUYNH NHU iv RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, TRAN QUYNH NHU, being a candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (English Language) accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Thesis deposited in the Library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my Master’s Thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Librarian for the care, loan, and reproduction for theses Ho Chi Minh City, April 2020 TRAN QUYNH NHU v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Huynh Van Tai, my supervisor, for his patience, guidance, insightful advice, and constant encouragement through the whole research process Without his support and guidance, this thesis would never have been completed I also would like to express my gratitude to Dr Nguyen Thi Kieu Thu and the Faculty of English Language of Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, who have offered me and my classmates all the knowledge and materials we need for our theses vi ABSTRACT Since the period of global integration, translation has been being an activity of enormous importance In order to learn from the translators who are experienced and to draw some insights into the translation process, this thesis aims at comparing and contrasting two translated versions of the novel The picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde Thence, differences and similarities between the two were drawn out The corpus-based methodology was applied for the research Data collection was carried out manually and convenient sampling procedure was adopted Research results revealed how differently two translators render their versions in terms of relative clauses, personal pronouns, foreign terms and idiomatic expressions Translator 1, Thien Luong, showed his tendency in translating every component of a relative clause by using the Vietnamese “mà” thoroughly to transfer this structure Meanwhile, translator 2, Nguyen Tuan Linh, chose to domesticate this structure by limiting the usage of “mà” In terms of personal pronouns, translator chose a set of neutral pronouns instead of a more intimate as well as emotion-provoking set like translator did The comparison also demonstrated how two translators coped with foreign terms and idiomatic expressions Each translated version showed its advantages and disadvantages that would benefit translation learners (205 words) Keywords: translation studies; contrastive analysis; English to Vietnamese translation; literary translation; linguistic distinction vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page MASTER’S THESIS REPORT iii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY iv RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi ABSTRACT vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page viii LIST OF ABBREVIATION xi LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Scope of the Study 1.6 Significance of the Study 1.7 Definitions of Key Terms 1.7.1 Idiomatic expression 1.7.2 Personal pronoun 1.7.3 Relative clause 1.7.4 Translation 1.8 Organization of the Thesis viii CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 What is Translation? 2.2 A Brief History of Translation Studies 2.3 Literary Translation Theories 2.3.1 Linguistic Theory of Translation 11 2.3.2 Domestication versus Foreignization 12 2.3.3 Unit of Equivalence in Prose 14 2.3.4 The Significance of Literary Analysis in Translation 15 2.4 Contrastive Analysis 15 2.4.1 Relative Clause 16 2.4.2 Vietnamese conjunction MÀ 16 2.4.3 Viewpoint on Translation of Idiom and Metaphorical Expression 17 2.5 Previous Studies 19 2.5.1 Contrastive Analysis Studies on English and Vietnamese 19 2.5.2 Other Studies on Translation 20 2.6 Conceptual Framework 21 2.7 Summary 23 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 24 3.1 Research Design 24 3.2 Research Site 24 3.3 Sample and Sampling Procedure 24 3.4 Research Instruments 24 3.5 Data Collection Procedure 25 3.6 Data Analysis Procedure 25 ix 3.6.1 The Coding System 25 3.6.2 Notes on Text Presentation 26 3.7 Validity and reliability 27 3.8 Ethical issues 27 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 4.1 Relative Clauses 28 4.2 Personal Pronouns 38 4.3 Idiomatic Expressions 45 4.4 Foreign Terms 48 4.5 Other Discusion 50 4.6 Summary 53 4.7 Suggestion 54 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 56 5.1 Summary of the main findings of the thesis 56 5.2 Implications of the research 57 5.3 Limitation of the research 57 5.4 Recommendations for further research 58 LIST OF REFERENCES 59 APPENDICES 62 Appendix A 62 Appendix B 63 Appendix C 65 Appendix D 66 Appendix E 68 x 4.7 Suggestion In case of relative clause, I suggest another way to deal with this kind of structure, that is to use the adverb vốn Vốn can plays roles of a noun or an adverb in a sentence with different senses In this study, we investigate vốn by its role of adverb, whose meaning in Tu dien Tieng Viet (Nguyen Kim Than, 2006:1323) is defined as “nguyên từ trước hay nguyên trước là…” (ST: with the implication to make a comparison with the latter clause) Vốn determines a feature or a characteristic of the preceding noun, hence it is an appropriate way to translate some cases of relative clause We can see some of the examples below The organization, which was the governing body for professional cycling in Great Britain, had recently hired Dave Brailsford as its new performance director ST: Tổ chức này, vốn quan quản lý vận động viên đua xe đạp chuyên nghiệp Vương quốc Đại Anh, lúc vừa thuê Dave Brailsford làm giám đốc hiệu The relative adjective which clarify the function that the organization is in charge of In this case, the fact that vốn shows the state that the organization has been being up to present matches with the original connotation of that relative clause In the following instance, similar way to deal with which clause is used Of course, these pursuits also indirectly improve our odds of survival and reproduction, which is the deeper motive behind everything we ST: Tất nhiên mưu cầu gián tiếp cải thiện hội sống sót tái sinh sản, vốn động lực thúc đẩy sâu thẳm đằng sau thứ ta làm In this case, which here connects our odds of survival and reproduction with a deeper motive to clarify their characteristic Vốn is used to show that undergoing relation between the noun phrase and the phrase that follows One last instance below will demonstrate the more persuasive usage of vốn in order to translate relative clause 54 Take a break from the space where you your daily work, which is also linked to your current thought patterns ST: Hãy tạm xa không gian cũ nơi bạn thường làm việc ngày vốn gắn chặt với mô thức tư With the above sentence, vốn works well because it shows in Vietnamese translation how closely the space connects with current thought patterns, from the past up to now On the contrary, it is the limitation of vốn, which is the implication of “the feature or charateristic that the object has before” (nguyên từ trước hay nguyên trước là…), that makes it unable to translate relative adjectives in some cases Those are the cases that don’t have the connotation of “the feature that it has before” Let us look at some examples from the book being analyzed in Chapter First is the (1) example from the very beginning of the story (1) From the corner of the divan of Persian saddle-bags on which he was lying, […], Lord Henry […] Here it seems forced and unnatural if we use vốn to translate which here However, there is one example T1 adopt this way of vốn to translate RP that, we can see it in the following instance OB: […] the medium of an art that is necessarily immobile TV1: […] nhờ vào trung gian nghệ thuật tất yếu bất động […] (p.16) In general, vốn can be used to translate relative clause of which and that in order to limit the usage of mà or mà, hence, to enrich translation techniques used in a translation text 55 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of the main findings of the thesis In limitation of time and resources, this thesis only aims at comparative research on the following sections: translation of relative clauses, of personal pronouns, of idiomatic expressions and foreign terms The difference of relative clause in the two languages has led to two relatively different approaches by translators Thien Luong and Nguyen Tuan Linh as we have investigated Thien Luong tends to translate every component of a relative clause by using the Vietnamese mà thoroughly to transfer this structure This translation tactic shows its strength of clear sentences, which are less misleading and obscure But the weak point is that Thien Luong's sentence creates a feeling of cumbersome or redundancy Meanwhile, Nguyen Tuan Linh chooses to domesticate this structure by limiting the usage of mà whenever the TL allows This practice results in smoother writing style but also leaves a couple of ambiguous sentences Especially considering the style of Wilde, the sentences with many relative clauses and commas herein might create a feeling of abruptness when translated by Nguyen Tuan Linh Observation on how two translators deal with RC contributes some advices Beside using mà to translate RC, we can turn RC into verb phrase or adjective phrase that functions as a modifier for head noun, as Nguyen Tuan Linh did in his rendering Whose can be quite easily rendered using có or mang, or be turned into adjective phrase as well to denote the property of head noun And finally, vốn or can be an alternative to switch to when the translation is full of mà Differences in personal pronoun of two translations are interesting as well Every translator can choose a safe approach by using a set of neutral personal pronouns of TL in their translation In return, the flexibility and the sense of emotions might be sacrificed On the other hand, if they want to add a more emotional ambient background to their own versions, they can as T2 has done, that is to adopt a set of PP that are more intimate between pairs of characters or those sets which shows greater feelings towards the story 56 Idiomatic expressions, which are big challenge to translators of any language, are treated quite successfully in the two versions The tip for translating this special feature of linguistics is to deal with it by textual correspondence that optimizes the figurative meaning to target language version The research also explores some other differences between the two versions Some translation errors happened in the two translated versions, so caution of reviewing must be taken thoroughly in order to decrease undesirable misunderstandings However, it is obvious that English and Vietnamese not differentiate only in terms of criteria mentioned in this thesis There are still many differences between the two languages that can lead to translation difficulties; and they have not been investigated yet, such as gerund or present participles, reversing structures, adverbial phrases, etc which are employed widely in Wilde’s style 5.2 Implications of the research The researcher hopes to contribute insights on how experienced translators have been dealing with relative clauses and personal pronouns, so that those who are learning translation would adopt those approaches in their study and practice This research also demonstrates some unfortunate errors here and there in the translated texts, so carefulness is never enough for this task 5.3 Limitation of the research Within the allotted time frame, the researcher has been trying to examine some aspects that she thought were grammatically important points which could affect the quality of translation, and more importantly, these were merely technically focal points that can be improved completely through raising awareness, researching and learning from the perspective of translation learners The thesis' limitation of resources lies in limits on dictionary references being used The two primary bases that the thesis’ author used to contrast are vocabulary dictionary and grammatical reference books Firstly, the vocabulary dictionary only gives the explanation of single words, or at most compound words Currently there is rarely reference to the meaning of the phrase or sentence, so references to translation 57 units bigger than words largely depend on the grammatical books and the limited knowledge and comprehension of the writer Secondly, either English or Vietnamese is a living language, which results in the fact that theirs evolutional speed cannot be caught up by any dictionary, even by the most updated dictionaries up to now There is always a gap or a delay between what are put in dictionaries and real-day usage of languages Hence the reviews and suggestions in this thesis are of relativity nature and can always be updated in the future 5.4 Recommendations for further research Due to the above reasons to the limitation, there are deeper and more comprehensive research directions towards available translation analysis to enhance the translation capacity of future translators A more systematic methodology such as adopting computer-assisted translation software or involving computational linguistics is recommended to enhance the accuracy of data collection procedure In conclusion, the thesis hopes to show advantages and disadvantages in the two official translated versions by Thien Luong and Nguyen Tuan Linh from The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, with the desire to contribute a piece of insight about translation work, particularly literary translation 58 LIST OF REFERENCES Abihssira, L (2014) Dolet's five principles Retrieved September 28, 2018, from https://notegraphy.com/Laeticia/note/1272920 Azar, B.S (1989) Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Edition) Regents Publishing Co Baker, M (1992) In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation London and New York: Routledge Catford, J C (1965) A Linguistic Theory of Translation London: Oxford University Press Bassnett, S (2002) Translation Studies (3rd ed.) New York/London: Routledge Duong, Thanh Binh (1971) A Tagmemic Comparison of the Structure of English and Vietnamese Sentences The Hague: Mouton Hewings, M (2005) Advanced Grammar in Use (2nd Edition) Cambridge University Press Ho, Dac Tuc (2012) Dich thuat va Tu [Translation and Freedom] Ho Chi Minh City: Hồng Đức Publisher Holmes, J S (1972/1994) The name and nature of translation studies In Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies (2nd ed.) Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp 66-80 Huddleston, R D & Pullum, G K (2018) A student's introduction to English grammar Cambridge (GB): Cambridge university press Huu Viet (2014, November 6) Sach dich va dich sach Nhan Dan Online Retrieved September 26, 2018, from http://www.nhandan.com.vn/vanhoa/item/24768802sach-dich-va-dich-sach.html Lado, R (1957) Linguistics across Cultures: Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers University of Michigan Press Larson, M L (1984) Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence London and New York: University Press of America 59 McArthur, T., Lam-McArthur, J., Fontaine, L & McArthur, R (2018) The Oxford companion to the English language Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press Neubert, A & Shreve, G (1992) Translation as Text Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press Newmark, P (2005) A Textbook of Translation Harlow: Longman Nida, E., & Tabert, C (1974) The Theory and Practice of Translation Leiden: United Bible Society Nguyen, Dinh Hoa (1997) Vietnamese = Tieng Viet Khong Son Phan (Vietnamese without Veneer) Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub Co Nguyen, Kim Than (2006) Tu dien tieng Viet NXB Van Hoa Sai Gon Nguyen, Le Uyen Minh (2019) Difficulties in translating TV programs in English into Vietnamese: A study at Lam Dong Radio-Television Station MA Thesis Nguyen, Thanh Huong (2002) Translation of relative clauses from Eng into Vietnamese Essay Nguyen, Dang Liem (1967) A Contrastive Grammatical Analysis of English and Vietnamese Vol Canberra: Australian National University Nguyen, Van Hiep (2017) Cú pháp tiếng Việt Hanoi: Hanoi National University Press Nida, E.A (1975) Language Structure and Translation: Essays Stanford: Stanford University Press Pym, A (2017) Translation Solutions for Many Languages: Histories of a Flawed Dream S.l.: Bloomsbury Academic Steiner, G (1992) After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation Oxford: Oxford University Press Tran, Trong Kim (1942) Viet Nam Van Pham NXB Lê Thăng Tran, Xuan Tien (2018, January 20) Sách dịch: Bức tranh cịn mảng tối The World and Vietnam Report Retrieved September 26, 2018, from http://baoquocte.vn/sach-dich-buc-tranh-con-do-nhung-mang-toi-64472.html 60 Waddington, C (2001) Different methods of evaluating student translation Translator's Journal: 46(2), pp 311-325 Waddington, C (2017) Should translations be assessed holistically or through error analysis? HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 14(26), 15-37 Wang, F (2009) The Relationship between Chinese learning and Western learning according to Yan Fu (1854-1921) Knowledge and Society Today (Multiple Modernity Project), Sep 2009, LYON, France pp.47-56 Zhong, W.H (2003) An overview of translation in China: Practice and theory Translation Journal, Vol 7, No April 2003 Retrieved August 22, 2019 from https://translationjournal.net/journal/24china.htm 61 APPENDICES Appendix A Oscar Wilde’s writing style Back to The Picture of Dorian Gray, its author – Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) – was an Irish writer who lived in the nineteenth century Wilde had his own artistic manner of writing style that it would stand out not just in theme but in his mastery of words Wilde himself often emphasized that style outweighed sincerity or substance His style was like a decorative art rather than a practical object In the Preface of the story, Wilde made clear of his declaration of artist as the creator of beautiful things (Wilde, p.3) Wilde deeply believed that thought and language are to the artist instruments of an art (Wilde, p.3) Under that belief, Wilde wrote for the sake of writing, for that sake of art Through and through the novel, Wilde exploited a lot of commas and semi-colons, with few full-stops, which means many long sentences He used long passages as well as to vividly describe people The realism and fantasy intertwined appealingly throughout the story One the most stunning scene in the story was the murder of Basil Wilde depicted the scene so expressive and memorable that it was like coming straight from the cinema […] and dug the knife into the great vein that is behind the ear, crushing the man’s head down on the table, and stabbing again and again There was a stifled groan, and the horrible sound on someone choking with blood (Wilde, p.144) Wilde's writing is poetic, with words carefully selected to simulate music and rhythm, making his work very similar to prose poetry This can be a big challenge for those who want to translate Wilde into their native languages On the summary, Wilde's writing style is not an easy object to render into Vietnamese It can be boldly stated that Wilde's style is precisely the purpose he aimed at - a manifesto of art A thorough understanding of the style and content of the work is the right approach to translating literature in general, and Oscar Wilde's work in particular 62 Appendix B Summary of the Story The story was about a young and beautiful lad named Dorian Gray and his picture which was painted by Basil Hallward the artist Basil was so in love with Dorian’s beauty that made the picture the most precious thing to himself, and he did not want to introduce it to the luxurious public at that time Basil’s closest friend, Lord Henry Wotton, an aristocratic man who have a wild and cavalier lifestyle, met Dorian by chance in Basil’s studio As the plot evolved, Dorian was affected by Lord Henry Wotton points of view and by how his beauty was embodied in the picture His portrait was so alluring that he started to believe that his beauty was eternal, and he bitterly resented of the fact that time went by and left its marks on him Dorian decided to made a pray, a kind of evil deal that he wished time would leave him alone and did its all work on the picture instead And so granted was his pray Dorian never aged and kept his young and glamour appearance through time, but his mind started to be stained with wicked desires and intentions He caused the suicidal of his lover and murdered Basil to hide his secret At the end, though his crimes were well covered, Dorian could not bear the excruciating burden of obsession and stabbed the picture, which lead him to death Stylistically in The picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde stands out in the following three main points Firstly, the grammatical aspect is complex but not complicated Wilde was a poet, the number of poems and screenplays he wrote are greater than long novels Therefore, his style of poetry is characterized by poetic nature with balanced sentences in parallel way He especially favors long sentences that contain closely related clauses, which is a very typical British literary style Secondly, the lexicon he used in descriptive passages is rich He described the scenery and people with an amazingly large spectrum of vocabulary with careful choice to add poetic feature to the sentences Thirdly, the rhetorical devices in Wilde’s work are applied flexibly and elegantly Simile, metaphor, pun, etc are some of the figures of speech he uses for the story He 63 is adept at embedding historical, cultural, and mythical references into the story to allude to characters In addition, he lets his characters cite lots of French quotes from Shakespeare and Gautier This not only makes his work attractive but also makes his characters has depth and appealing The picture of Dorian Gray is Oscar Wilde's only long novel, so it seems that all essence of his prose writing has been fully performed in the work Those three points combine into a literary masterpiece and thus a challenging conquest for those who aspire to translate it into their mother-tongues 64 Appendix C Translation survey With the following sentence in English, which translation version you prefer? OB: The generation into which I was born was tedious (p.42) TV1: Thế hệ mà tơi sinh chán (p.90) TV2: Thế hệ mà sinh nhạt nhẽo (p.63) Vote for the option that give you the more comfortable feeling when you read it Please note that the meaning of tedious does not matter whether it is translated as chán or nhạt nhẽo in this survey 65 Appendix D D Relative Clause Grammar Point D.1 Who, whom, which, that The head noun that is modified by a relative clause can be the subject or object of the sentence With subject to be the modified target, we can use who, which or that E.g I thanked the woman who/that helped me Or The book which/that is on the table is hers Who is used for people, which is used for things, and that can be used for both people and things On the other hand, we use who(m), which or that to modify an object E.g The man who (m)/that I saw was Lucas Or The book which/that I read last night was excellent Note that firstly, either who or whom is used as an object pronoun, but who is more popular, especially in speaking Secondly, object pronouns here in this case (modifying an object), the relative pronoun is often omitted from an adjective clause And lastly, who(m) is used for people, which is used for things, and that can be used for both people and things D.2 Whose, when, where Whose is used to imply the possession state? In relative clause, whose means similarly with other possessive pronouns such as: her, his, its, and theirs; and it always connects with a noun as well Whose cannot be ommited and stands at the beginning of the adjective clause E.g We were going to meet the man whose book was nominated for the grand prize Besides, where and when have quite similar usage The former is used to modify a place Note that if where is ommited, the preposition of place must be included E.g The town where he lives is beautiful /The town he lives in is beautiful The latter, when, is used to modify a noun of time D.3 Defining and non-defining relative clause There are two types of relative clauses: defining relative clauses and unspecified relational clauses Defining relative clause identifies the noun that precedes them A defining clause is a necessary proposition for the meaning of a sentence, without 66 which the sentence would not be sufficient It is used when a noun is an indefinite noun and does not use a comma to separate it from the main clause Non-defining relative clause is a clause that provides additional information about a defined person, object, or event An indefinite clause is a clause that is not necessarily in the sentence, without which the sentence is still meaningful It is used when a noun is a definite noun and is separated by the main clause by one or two commas (,) or dashes (-) I met a professor who is from Stanford (Tôi gặp vị giáo sư từ Stanford.) vs I met the professor, who is from Stanford (Tôi gặp vị giáo sư rồi, vị từ Stanford.) D.4 Using adjective clauses to modify pronouns Adjective clause or relative clause can be used to modify indefinite pronouns (e.g someone, the one, everybody); whom or which is used in this case Rarely does relative clause modify personal pronouns except in some formal cases (Azar B.S, 1989) Note that in The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde used this type of relative clause 26 times E.g It is not he who is revealed by the painter […] (p.9) 67 Appendix E Table Commonly-used Vietnamese translation of relative clause Commonly-used Vietnamese translation Who/ whom/ that (cái) người mà Which/ that (cái) mà When Khi mà Where Nơi mà Why Lý mà On/in which Mà trên/ Whose Mà [đồ vật] [người/vật đó] 68