Investigation of drought effects on plant growth and rhizosphere microbiota in soybean under climate change context

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIENAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY _ NGUYEN BICH NGOC INVESTIGATION OF DROUGHT EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH AND RHIZOSPHERE MICROBIOTA IN SOYBEAN UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIENAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY _ NGUYEN BICH NGOC INVESTIGATION OF DROUGHT EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH AND RHIZOSPHERE MICROBIOTA IN SOYBEAN UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: Dr HOANG THI THU DUYEN Dr KHUONG THI THU HUONG Hanoi, 2022 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is original and has not been published The use of results of other research and other documents must comply with regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis I have read and understood the plagiarism violations I pledge with personal honor that this research result is my own and does not violate the Regulation on prevention of plagiarism in academic and scientific research activities at VNU Vietnam Japan University (Issued together with Decision No 700/QD-ĐHVN dated 30/9/2021 by the Rector of Vietnam Japan University) Author of the thesis Nguyen Bich Ngoc ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Overall, I would like to thank my friends, the lecturers and staff at the MCCD-VJUVNU, for this higher education experience, leading to the completion of this thesis My appreciation also goes to my two highly dedicated supervisors, Dr Khuong Thi Thu Huong and especially Dr Hoang Thi Thu Duyen, for their immense support in every way possible during my time doing this thesis, from formulating the research questions and methodology, collecting soil and seed samples, setting up the experiment, to processing and analysing data I would like to acknowledge those who have helped me with the experiment process when I couldn’t be present at the laboratory, as well as MCCD lecturers and the reviewers of my thesis for their advice and constructive feedback My thesis was sponsored by the NAFOSTED research project titled “Assessment on microbial enzyme distribution and pH zoning in the rhizosphere, identifying the mechanism of carbon and nutrient metabolism in the rhizosphere under drought conditions– Code: 105.99-2020.23” The thesis also used materials provided by project number KCB-TS.06 of the program KCB-TS under collaboration between the Soil and Fertilizers Research Institute and Centre of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Analysis This has been quite a journey that I would have messily suffered through without the from-strangers-to-friends I have made along the way out of the sensei-gata and my schoolmates Therefore, my genuine words of affection are directed at them, for making my time here in VJU more than just an academic experience, and for making me a better person in life by casually lending me sympathetic ears and putting up with my episodes Finally, I dedicate this thesis to my family, though it is highly unlikely that they would ever come to know about its existence For mom and dad; although it was not all pretty, they tried their best My sincerest gratitude goes to all of the above-mentioned And to myself, a struggling student coming from a social background to storm into all of this, a pat well done! TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background context 1.1.1 Climate change, drought, and food security linkage in the world and Red River Delta, Viet Nam .1 1.1.2 Impact of drought on soil microbial activities and plant growth 1.1.3 Plant nutrient demands and impacts of NPK fertilisers on soil microbial activities and plant growth .7 1.1.4 Necessity of the research: Filling the scientific knowledge gap 1.2 Research overview 1.2.1 Research questions and hypotheses .9 1.2.2 Research objectives .11 1.2.3 Research object and scope 11 1.2.4 Research conceptual framework 12 CHAPTER MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGIES 13 2.1 Materials 13 2.1.1 Meteorological data .13 2.1.2 Seed origin 13 2.1.3 Soil .14 2.1.4 Fertiliser .15 2.2 Methodologies 16 2.2.1 Desk study 16 2.2.2 Trend analysis of hydro-meteorological data 16 2.2.3 Experiment design of drought and NPK fertiliser on soybean plant and soil samples 16 2.2.4 Measurements and analyses 20 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24 3.1 Weather and climate change in Thai Binh province, Red River Delta, Viet Nam.24 3.2 Drought and NPK fertiliser impacts rhizosphere microbial activities 33 3.2.1 Microbial biomass phosphorus 33 3.2.2 Enzyme activities of β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase 35 3.2.3 Relationship between microbial biomass and enzyme activities 38 3.3 Soybean growth characteristics change under drought effects and addition of NPK fertiliser 41 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .43 4.1 Conclusion 43 4.2 Recommendations 45 REFERENCES 47 APPENDIX 56 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Research questions and hypotheses 10 Table 2.1 Properties of the collected soil samples 15 Table 2.2 Parameters of interest and their respective methodology of measurement 20 Table 3.1 Monthly average temperature, total precipitation and relative humidity in Thai Binh province, from 2010 to 2021 24 Table 3.3 Annual average temperature, total precipitation and average humidity in Thai Binh province, from 2010 to 2021 24 Table 3.2 Monthly average temperature, total precipitation and relative humidity in Thai Binh province in 2021 26 Table 3.4 Change in average temperature (T) and total precipitation (R) in 61 years from 1958 to 2018 in Northern Delta by the season .29 Table 4.1 Research questions and hypotheses, compared with findings .44 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of plants to drought stress .6 Figure 1.2 Schematic representation of the impact of drought stress on microbial communities and activities Figure 1.3 Research conceptual framework 12 Figure 2.1 Soil sampling location 14 Figure 2.2 Illustration of the experiment design 18 Figure 2.3 Average monitored WHC of samples under drought treatment 19 Figure 3.1 Monthly average temperature & total precipitation in Thai Binh province, 2010-2021 25 Figure 3.2 Monthly average temperature & total precipitation in Thai Binh province in 2021 27 Figure 3.3 Annual average temperature in Thai Binh province, 27 Figure 3.4 Annual total precipitation in Thai Binh province, 2010-2021 28 Figure 3.5 Annual average relative humidity in Thai Binh province, 2010-2021 .28 Figure 3.6 Change in annual average temperature and total precipitation across Viet Nam, 1958-2018 30 Figure 3.7 Change in the number of hot days under RCP4.5 scenario 31 Figure 3.8 Change in the number of hot days under RCP8 32 Figure 3.9 Change in the number of drought months during dry season at the end of 21st century 32 Figure 3.10 Mean Microbial biomass phosphorus under optimal and drought condition, with and without addition of fertiliser .35 Figure 3.11 β-glucosidase enzyme activity under optimal and drought condition, with and without addition of fertiliser 37 Figure 3.12 Acid phosphatase enzyme activity under optimal and drought condition, with and without addition of fertiliser 38 Figure 3.13 Flow diagram of a simple enzyme-based decomposition model 39 Figure 3.14 Microbial biomass phosphorus and Acid phosphatase enzyme activity under optimal and drought condition, with and without addition of fertiliser 40 Figure 3.15 Mean Root/Shoot length under optimal and drought condition, with and without addition of fertiliser .42 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEM AP C GLU IPCC K MONRE MRD N OC P RCP RRD WHC Anion exchange membrane Acid phosphatase Carbon β-glucosidase Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Potassium Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Mekong River Delta Nitrogen Organic Carbon Phosphorus Representative Concentration Pathway Red River Delta Water holding capacity iii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background context 1.1.1 Climate change, drought, and food security linkage in the world and Red River Delta, Viet Nam It has been now widely acknowledged that negative environmental change, including human-induced climate change, is one of the most alarming development issues modern humans have faced, both a crisis and a crisis multiplier itself (UNSC, 2021) According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2021) in their latest 6th Assessment reports (AR6), the global surface temperature in the recent decade of 2011-2020 has risen by nearly 1.1oC compared to the pre-industrial level (1850-1900) While climate change is by now should be a fact, the link between climate change and natural disasters was, for a while, a complicated matter; yet this human-induced climate change has arguably caused many weather and climate extremes such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and typhoons, around the world (IPCC, 2021, 2022) As climate change continues to exacerbate, these natural hazards are predicted to be more frequent and intense Since water is unquestionably vital for plant growth (Lambers & Oliveira, 2019), drought, made more frequent and severe by human-induced climate change, is one of the major individual abiotic stresses that severely affect the distribution and productivity of crop plants (P Ahmad, 2016) IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (2019) warned against increasing aridity of land areas resulting in desertification along with land degradation due to climate change; this was reaffirmed by the IPCC’s 6th Assessment Reports, for example of WGII on Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (2022) The projected decline in soil moisture under all emissions scenarios (IPCC, 2021) can further enhance aridity through land surface temperature-relative humidity-precipitatio feedbacks Increasing temperature alone can enhance the evapotranspiration process of land surface and depletion of soil moisture; coupled with the change in precipitation and precipitation variability, they result in water stress for plants in decreases in crop yield (IPCC, 2019, 2021, 2022) Regarding this, IPCC (2019, 2022) reported that the tropics and subtropics regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central and South America would be particularly vulnerable This decline in agricultural land and crop yield in turn impacts the livelihood of farmers and both regional and global food security in general, in terms of availability alone, to feed the ever expanding human population (FAO, 2017, 2018; IPCC, 2019, 2022; Turral et al., 2011) Amid these global changes, farmers must make agronomic improvements to increase productivity and cope with the negative impacts of climate change Viet Nam is one of the countries highly vulnerable to climate change (MONRE, 2008, 2021a) with a significant agricultural sector that is inherently sensitive to climate change regardless of rainfed or irrigated cultivation (MONRE; 2021a) Specifically, the two low-lying sub-regions of Mekong River Delta (MRD) and Red River Delta (RRD) serving as the two main agricultural fields in Viet Nam (GSO, 2021) are considered to the be two most vulnerable sub-regions to climate change (MONRE, 2021a) Red River Delta of Viet Nam is located in a sub-tropical monsoon region with distinct seasons: rainy season from May to October and dry season from November to April (MONRE, 2021a) In the latest report on Climate change scenarios for Viet Nam by (MONRE, 2021b), the average temperature has increased by 0.89oC in the 19582018 period, and specifically by 0.74oC in the period after Doi Moi from 1986 to 2018 While climate change scenarios for Viet Nam (MONRE, 2021b) suggested increases in both annual average temperature and precipitation for both sub-regions, they also projected greater intra- and inter-annual variability, leading to increased risks in both unlikely floods and drought Notably, the report also indicated the increase in the number of drought months in Northern Viet Nam, with the highest increase in the Northern Delta Thai Binh province delta was established from sedimentation the of Hong-Thai Binh province river basin thousands of years ago This basin also pra ovides major source of irrigation water for Thai Binh delta However, recent studies such as Cuong, et al 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27.80 29.40 29.50 28.20 28.10 25.70 22.50 16.70 23.74 2015 17.00 18.70 21.40 24.10 29.20 30.20 29.30 29.20 27.70 25.50 24.10 18.30 24.56 2016 16.80 16.00 19.20 24.40 27.80 30.00 29.90 28.70 28.00 26.50 22.40 20.10 24.15 2017 19.20 19.20 21.00 23.90 26.70 29.50 29.00 28.80 28.60 25.10 21.50 17.40 24.16 2018 17.40 16.80 21.20 23.30 28.20 29.70 28.80 28.20 27.70 25.00 23.40 19.00 24.06 2019 17.60 21.40 21.70 26.40 27.30 30.90 30.60 29.00 28.10 25.70 22.50 18.90 25.01 2020 19.30 19.50 22.50 21.80 28.60 30.60 30.60 28.40 28.30 23.90 22.70 17.80 24.50 2021 15.90 20.10 22.00 25.00 28.50 30.60 30.00 29.80 27.70 23.70 21.60 18.40 24.44 Average 16.60 18.34 20.63 23.93 27.78 29.83 29.59 28.61 27.61 24.93 22.50 18.04 24.03 Note: 20°C and 25°C mark is used to determine hot (red) and cold (blue) months 56 Monthly and annual total rainfall in Thai Binh province, Red River Delta, Viet Nam, period from 2010 to 2021 (mm) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total annual 2010 136.0 11.6 17.5 43.1 74.9 123.1 222.1 381.2 160.9 79.8 7.1 9.2 1266.5 2011 8.5 10.7 87.8 18.4 151.9 260.9 228.9 175.4 718.4 61.9 32.0 20.8 1775.6 2012 28.9 18.2 14.5 24.7 404.6 103.6 283.6 432.7 154.9 326.6 43.5 55 1890.8 2013 12.8 18.7 5.2 27.5 217.0 74.3 277.6 372.6 390.9 93.6 73.6 23.8 1587.6 2014 0.2 26.8 75.3 97.0 114.3 184.6 174.8 352.1 192.4 245.1 68.9 24.7 1556.2 2015 24.8 38.6 24.2 20.0 96.2 305.6 156.2 290.9 441.1 75.2 279.7 43.8 1796.3 2016 179.5 10.4 36.8 187.7 40.9 146.2 446.5 396.2 266.7 133.7 9.8 2.3 1856.7 2017 29.1 5.6 81.3 78.2 84.4 237.7 265.4 317.4 263.7 359.8 45.8 21.2 1789.6 2018 21.1 13.3 53.5 103.8 113.1 56.6 522.8 288.8 237.0 209.8 15.4 63.7 1698.9 2019 18.3 22.6 57.7 44.3 173.4 78.0 98.6 266.2 113.7 106.8 22.2 2.3 1004.1 2020 120.2 15.4 49.3 31.1 25.7 95.9 54.9 496.9 139.6 375.5 80.1 6.8 1491.4 2021 0.9 45.7 51.9 101.8 126.9 102.6 307.0 175.5 776.6 250.2 27.8 3.5 1970.4 Average 48.4 19.8 46.3 64.8 135.3 147.4 253.2 328.8 321.3 193.2 58.8 23.1 1640.3 Note: the 100.00mm mark is used to determine wet (blue) and dry months 57 Seasonal average temperature in Thai Binh province, Red River Delta, Viet Nam, period from 2010 to 2021 (°C) DJF MAM JJA SON May-Oct Nov-Apr Total annual T (°C) R (mm) T (°C) R (mm) T (°C) R (mm) T (°C) R (mm) T (°C) R (mm) T (°C) R (mm) T (°C) R (mm) 2010 18.80 156.8 23.57 135.5 29.27 726.4 24.47 247.8 27.85 1042 20.20 224.5 24.03 1266.5 2011 15.37 40 21.67 258.1 28.83 665.2 24.40 812.3 27.13 1597.4 18.00 178.2 22.57 1775.6 2012 16.36 102.1 23.96 443.8 29.07 819.9 24.99 525 27.84 1706 19.35 184.8 23.60 1890.8 2013 16.49 55.3 24.90 249.7 28.65 724.5 24.31 558.1 27.50 1426 19.68 161.6 23.59 1587.6 2014 16.63 51.7 23.87 286.6 29.03 711.5 25.43 506.4 28.12 1263.3 19.37 292.9 23.74 1556.2 2015 18.00 107.2 24.90 140.4 29.57 752.7 25.77 796 28.52 1365.2 20.60 431.1 24.56 1796.3 2016 17.63 192.2 23.80 265.4 29.53 988.9 25.63 410.2 28.48 1430.2 19.82 426.5 24.15 1856.7 2017 18.60 55.9 23.87 243.9 29.10 820.5 25.07 669.3 27.95 1528.4 20.37 261.2 24.16 1789.6 2018 17.73 98.1 24.23 270.4 28.90 868.2 25.37 462.2 27.93 1428.1 20.18 270.8 24.06 1698.9 2019 19.30 43.2 25.13 275.4 30.17 442.8 25.43 242.7 28.60 836.7 21.42 167.4 25.01 1004.1 2020 18.87 142.4 24.30 106.1 29.87 647.7 24.97 595.2 28.40 1188.5 20.60 302.9 24.50 1491.4 2021 18.13 50.1 25.17 280.6 30.13 585.1 24.33 1054.6 28.38 1738.8 20.50 231.6 24.44 1970.4 Average 17.66 91.25 24.11 246.325 29.34 729.45 25.01 573.3167 28.06 1379.217 20.01 261.125 24.03 1640.342 58 Monthly and annual relative humidity in Thai Binh province, Red River Delta, Viet Nam, period from 2010 to 2021 (%) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 2010 91 89 88 94 90 81 81 90 89 80 77 82 86.0 2011 78 89 87 88 87 87 83 87 89 88 84 76 85.3 2012 91 91 90 88 88 81 82 87 87 86 87 86 87.0 2013 88 92 89 90 87 81 86 87 89 81 83 78 85.9 2014 82 88 94 91 87 84 83 88 86 82 88 78 85.9 2015 85 89 93 88 85 81 79 84 89 83 86 84 85.5 2016 88 78 89 90 86 81 81 86 85 82 81 77 83.7 2017 85 81 90 88 87 83 84 87 89 84 81 79 84.8 2018 86 80 88 89 86 78 83 87 86 83 83 88 84.8 2019 87 91 92 89 89 79 80 86 81 84 82 77 84.8 2020 85 87 90 87 84 78 80 89 89 82 82 79 84.3 2021 76 84 90 91 87 77 82 84 90 86 82 79 84.0 Average 85.17 86.58 90.00 89.42 86.92 80.92 82.00 86.83 87.42 83.42 83.00 80.25 85.16 59 Change of soil moisture during experiment period 60% WHC Week transition 30% WHC Day Avg weight (soil + rhizobox) Day 317.408 Day 317.501 Day 317.540 Day 317.724 Day 317.095 Day 11 317.408 Day 13 317.149 Day 15 317.032 Day 17 317.062 Day 19 317.084 Day 21 315.408 Day 23 312.499 Day 25 310.552 Day 27 307.548 Day 29 302.479 Day 31 299.149 Day 33 297.346 Day 35 294.171 Day 37 291.747 Day 39 291.283 Day 41 291.516 Day 43 291.906 Day 45 291.346 60 Result of microbial biomass phosphorus from the experiment Mean (μg P/ g soil) SE 30% WHC 18.73 0.53 60% WHC 3.93 0.39 30% WHC 5.46 0.10 60% WHC 20.64 0.56 Fertiliser Control Result of Enzyme activity from the experiment β-glucosidase Acid phosphatase nmol MUF g-1 soil h-1) nmol MUF SE g-1 soil h-1) 30% WHC 27.33 0.70 Fertiliser 60% WHC 30% WHC 30% WHC 59.13 0.95 60% WHC 90.47 1.42 30% WHC 67.78 4.92 60% WHC 76.29 1.17 Fertiliser 28.41 45.41 0.69 0.41 Control 60% WHC SE Control 45.81 1.00 Result of Root length and Shoot length from the experiment Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) SE Root length 30% WHC 10.17 0.17 7.67 0.88 60% WHC 10.83 0.60 15.33 0.33 30% WHC 11.33 0.88 7.67 0.33 60% WHC 11.50 0.29 16.00 2.08 SE Shoot length Fertiliser Control 61 Learning outcome matrix for the Master’s thesis Program Learning Outcome Items PLO1 PLO2 PLO3 PLO4 PLO5 PLO6 PLO7 PLO8 PLO9 Result (short-term) Evidence-based assessment on drought stress to soybean growth x x x Evaluation of the changes in soil properties, including microbial community under drought stress x x x Explanation of soybean natural mechanism with drought stress x x coping Implications of natural-based solution for sustainable agriculture Outcome (long-term) x x x x x x x Experience on how to carry out biological lab experiment x x x Skill in basic quantitative and qualitative analysis x x x Understanding of climate change in linkage natural disasters (or drought in this case) and food security x Critical thinking Planning skill x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 62 Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs) of MCCD - PLO 1: Accumulating and mastering the basic knowledge on principles of Marxism Leninism, Political Theory and Ideology of Ho Chi Minh; and general knowledge about administration and management - PLO 2: Mastering the fundamental, interdisciplinary knowledge and methodologies to assess and address actual problems (fate and features) related to CC mitigation, adaptation for sustainable development at global, national and local levels - PLO3: Understanding and developing systematic thinking; necessary knowledge on science, technology, innovation and governance related to CC response for development; identifying, analysing, assessing and forecasting the issues related to CC and CCR; predicting the developing trend of CC science - PLO 4: Applying knowledge to solve the problems in CC and CCR: planning and approaching the works in field of CC; proposing the initiatives as well as the researches on CC; implementing the solutions on science, technology, mechanism, policy and finance for CCR and development - PLO 5: Having skills of cooperation with personal, agencies, organizations domestically and internationally to solve the CC issues, communication in works, projects on CC; and organizing, managing and administrating advanced career development - PLO 6: Accumulating soft skills to self-directed and adapt to competitive working environment such as English proficiency (at level 4/6 according to English competencies Framework for Viet Nam), Japanese communication skills; having skills on time management; using the basic computer skills proficiently; working and researching independently; having skills of research and development; and using technologies creatively in academic and professional fields - PLO 7: Dynamic, confident, persistent, enthusiastic, and risk-taking and management - PLO 8: Having social/community’s responsibility and professional morality, especially for the scientific research results; being able to adapt to multicultural environment, ensure the harmony between the stakeholders, CCR and development; having good social morality, assist the vulnerable people to climate change; compliance with the law; discipline at work and positive lifestyle; having good attitude to their career in climate change response for sustainable development - PLO 9: Having responsibility for researching, creating new knowledge, and offering new ideas on climate change response in different complex situations; adapting and guiding other people and making expert decisions on climate change response; managing research, having high responsibility in learning in order to develop professional knowledge, and creating new ideas in new process; and having good lifelong learning capacity 63