MASS TRANSFER IN MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Edited by Mohamed El-Amin Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems and its Applications Edited by Mohamed El-Amin Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright timy, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published February, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems and its Applications, Edited by Mohamed El-Amin p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-215-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling 1 Jennifer Niessner and S. Majid Hassanizadeh Solute Transport With Chemical Reaction in Singleand Multi-Phase Flow in Porous Media 23 M.F. El-Amin, Amgad Salama and Shuyu Sun Multiphase Modelling of Thermomechanical Behaviour of Early-Age Silicate Composites 49 Jiří Vala Surfactant Transfer in Multiphase Liquid Systems under Conditions of Weak Gravitational Convection 67 Konstantin Kostarev, Andrew Shmyrov, Andrew Zuev and Antonio Viviani Mass Transfer in Multiphase Mechanically Agitated Systems 93 Anna Kiełbus-Rąpała and Joanna Karcz Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in an Unbaffled Vessel Agitated by Unsteadily Forward-Reverse Rotating Multiple Impellers 117 Masanori Yoshida, Kazuaki Yamagiwa, Akira Ohkawa and Shuichi Tezura Toward a Multiphase Local Approach in the Modeling of Flotation and Mass Transfer in Gas-Liquid Contacting Systems 137 Jamel Chahed and Kamel M’Rabet Mass Transfer in Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow in a Tube and in Channels of Complex Configuration 155 Nikolay Pecherkin and Vladimir Chekhovich Contents Contents VI Laminar Mixed Convection Heat and Mass Transfer with Phase Change and Flow Reversal in Channels 179 Brahim Benhamou, Othmane Oulaid, Mohamed Aboudou Kassim and Nicolas Galanis Liquid-Liquid Extraction With and Without a Chemical Reaction 207 Claudia Irina Koncsag and Alina Barbulescu Modeling Enhanced Diffusion Mass Transfer in Metals during Mechanical Alloying 233 Boris B. Khina and Grigoriy F. Lovshenko Mass Transfer in Steelmaking Operations 255 Roberto Parreiras Tavares Effects of Surface Tension on Mass Transfer Devices 273 Honda (Hung-Ta) Wu and Tsair-Wang Chung Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficient for Wood Drying Curves Predictions 301 Rubén A. Ananias, Laurent Chrusciel, André Zoulalian, Carlos Salinas-Lira and Eric Mougel Transport Phenomena in Paper and Wood-based Panels Production 313 Helena Aguilar Ribeiro, Luisa Carvalho, Jorge Martins and Carlos Costa Control of Polymorphism and Mass-transfer in Al 2 O 3 Scale Formed by Oxidation of Alumina-Forming Alloys 343 Satoshi Kitaoka, Tsuneaki Matsudaira and Masashi Wada Mass Transfer Investigation of Organic Acid Extraction with Trioctylamine and Aliquat 336 Dissolved in Various Solvents 367 Monwar Hossain New Approaches for Theoretical Estimation of Mass Transfer Parameters in Both Gas-Liquid and Slurry Bubble Columns 389 Stoyan Nedeltchev and Adrian Schumpe Influence of Mass Transfer and Kinetics on Biodiesel Production Process 433 Ida Poljanšek and Blaž Likozar Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Contents VII Condensation Capture of Fine Dust in Jet Scrubbers 459 M.I. Shilyaev and E.M. Khromova Mass Transfer in Filtration Combustion Processes 483 David Lempert, Sergei Glazov and Georgy Manelis Mass Transfer in Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane for As and Hg Removal from Produced Water in Upstream Petroleum Operation in the Gulf of Thailand 499 U. Pancharoen, A.W. Lothongkum and S. Chaturabul Mass Transfer in Fluidized Bed Drying of Moist Particulate 525 Yassir T. Makkawi and Raffaella Ocone Simulation Studies on the Coupling Process of Heat/Mass Transfer in a Metal Hydride Reactor 549 Fusheng Yang and Zaoxiao Zhang Mass Transfer around Active Particles in Fluidized Beds 571 Fabrizio Scala Mass Transfer Phenomena and Biological Membranes 593 Parvin Zakeri-Milani and Hadi Valizadeh Heat and Mass Transfer in Packed Bed Drying of Shrinking Particles 621 Manoel Marcelo do Prado and Dermeval José Mazzini Sartori Impact of Mass Transfer on Modelling and Simulation of Reactive Distillation Columns 649 Zuzana Švandová, Jozef Markoš and Ľudovít Jelemenský Mass Transfer through Catalytic Membrane Layer 677 Nagy Endre Mass Transfer in Bioreactors 717 Ma. del Carmen Chávez, Linda V. González, Mayra Ruiz, Ma. de la Luz X. Negrete, Oscar Martín Hernández and Eleazar M. Escamilla Analytical Solutions of Mass Transfer around a Prolate or an Oblate Spheroid Immersed in a Packed Bed 765 J.M.P.Q. Delgado and M. Vázquez da Silva Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Pref ac e This book covers a number of developing topics in mass transfer processes in multi- phase systems for a variety of applications. The book eff ectively blends theoretical, numerical, modeling, and experimental aspects of mass transfer in multiphase sys- tems that are usually encountered in many research areas such as chemical, reactor, environmental and petroleum engineering. From biological and chemical reactors to paper and wood industry and all the way to thin fi lm, the 31 chapters of this book serve as an important reference for any researcher or engineer working in the fi eld of mass transfer and related topics. The fi rst chapter focuses on the description and modeling of mass transfer processes occurring between two fl uid phases in a porous medium, while the second chapter is concerned with the basic principles underlying transport phenomena and chemical reaction in single- and multi-phase systems in porous media. Chapter 3 introduces the multiphase modeling of thermomechanical behavior of early-age silicate composites. The surfactant transfer in multiphase liquid systems under conditions of weak gravita- tional convection is presented in Chapter 4. In the fi h chapter the volumetric mass transfer coeffi cient for multiphase mechani- cally agitated gas–liquid and gas–solid–liquid systems is obtained experimentally. Further, gas-liquid mass transfer analysis in an unbaffl ed vessel agitated by unsteadily forward-reverse rotating multiple impellers is provided in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 dis- cuses the kinetic model of fl otation based on the theory of mass transfer in gas-liquid bubbly fl ows. The eighth chapter deals with experimental investigation of mass trans- fer and wall shear stress, and their interaction at the concurrent gas-liquid fl ow in a vertical tube, in a channel with fl ow turn, and in a channel with abrupt expansion. The laminar mixed convection with mass transfer and phase change of fl ow reversal in channels is studied in the ninth chapter, and the tenth chapter exemplifi es the theoreti- cal aspects of the liquid-liquid extraction with and without a chemical reaction and the dimensioning of the extractors with original experimental work and interpretations. The eleventh chapter introduces analysis of the existing theories and concepts of solid- state diff usion mass transfer in metals during mechanical alloying. In Chapter 12 the mass transfer coeffi cient is given for diff erent situations (liquid-liquid, liquid-gas and liquid-solid) of two-phase mass transfer of steelmaking processes. Chapter 13 discuss- es the eff ect of Marangoni Instability on thin liquid fi lm, thinker liquid layer and mass transfer devices. X Preface Chapter 14 provides a review of model permi ing the determination of wood drying rate represented by an overall mass transfer coeffi cient and a driving force. Moreoever, transport phenomena in paper and wood-based panels’ production are discussed in Chapter 15. In the sixteenth chapter the eff ect of lutetium doping on oxygen permeability in poly- crystalline alumina wafers exposed to steep oxygen potential gradients was evaluated at high temperatures to investigate the mass-transfer phenomena. Mass transfer in- vestigation of organic acid extraction with trioctylamine and aliquat336 dissolved in various solvents is introduced in Chapter 17. Chapter 18 is focused on the development of semi-theoretical methods for calculation of gas holdup, interfacial area and liquid-phase mass transfer coeffi cients in gas-liquid and slurry bubble column reactors. Chapter 19 investigates the infl uence of mass trans- fer and kinetics on biodiesel (fa y acid alkyl) production process. The physical-mathematical model of heat and mass transfer and condensation capture of fi ne dust on fl uid droplets dispersed in jet scrubbers is suggested and analyzed in Chapter 20, while Chapter 21 is devoted to investigate mass transfer in fi ltration com- bustion processes. The twenty-second chapter describes the merits of using hollow fi ber supported liquid membranes (HFSLM), one of liquid membranes in supported (not clear) structures, and how mass transfer involves step-by-step in removing arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg). The twenty-third chapter presents an overview of the various mechanisms contribut- ing to particulate drying in a bubbling fl uidized bed and the mass transfer coeffi cient corresponding to each mechanism. A mathematical model and numerical simulation for hydriding/dehydriding process in a tubular type MH reactor packed with LaNi5 were provided in the twenty-fourth chapter. Chapter 25 is dedicated to the mass trans- fer coeffi cient around freely moving active particles in the dense phase of a fl uidized bed. Chapter 26 is aimed at reviewing transport across biological membranes, with an emphasis on intestinal absorption, its model analysis and permeability prediction. The objective of the twenty-seventh chapter is to provide comprehensive information on theoretical-experimental analysis of coupled heat and mass transfer in packed bed drying of shrinking particles. The twenty-eighth chapter focuses on vapour-liquid mass transfer infl uence on the prediction of RD column behaviour neglecting the liq- uid-solid and intraparticle mass transfer. Mass transfer through catalytic membrane layer is studied in Chapter 29. In chapter 30 three types of bioreactors and stirred tank applied to biological systems are introduced and a mathematical model is developed. Finally in Chapter 31 analytical solutions of mass transfer around a prolate or an oblate spheroid immersed in a packed bed are obtained. Mohamed Fathy El-Amin Physical Sciences and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) [...]... Gray (19 90; 19 93b) which includes both fluid–fluid and fluid–solid interfacial areas in order to describe mass transfer in a physically-based way We can (1) (2) wetting non−wetting mass transfer wetting non−wetting heat transfer Fig 6 Mass transfer takes place across fluid–fluid interfaces (left hand side) and heat transfer across fluid–fluid as well as fluid–solid interfaces (right hand side) 14 14 Mass Transfer. .. differences between wetting and non-wetting phase (left hand side) and between non-wetting and solid phase (right hand side) after 17 s 17 17 Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling 5.2 Drying of a porous medium As a second example, we consider the drying of an initially almost water-saturated... focus on in the next section t = t0 t = t1 t = t2 solid phase solid phase solid phase fluid phase 1 fluid phase 1 fluid phase 2 C C fluid phase 2 C 2 2 C1,eq C1,eq 2 C1,eq fluid phase 1 fluid phase 2 1 C2,eq 1 C2,eq 1 C2,eq x Fig 4 Pore-scale picture of interphase mass transfer x x Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase... 293.6 293.4 Fig 17 Temperatures of the phases using the interfacial area-based model (three pictures on left hand side) and the classical model (right hand side picture) Tl − Tg Tg − Ts dTnTs T[K] T[K] dTwTn 0 -0. 01 -0.02 -0.03 -0.04 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07 -0.08 -0.09 -0 .1 -0 .11 -0 .12 -0 .13 -0 .14 -0 .15 -0 .16 -0 .17 0 .15 0 .14 0 .13 0 .12 0 .11 0 .1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0. 01 0 Fig 18 Temperature... Research 39 (12 ) Gray, W & Hassanizadeh, S (19 89) Averaging theorems and averaged equations for transport of interface properties in multiphase systems, International Journal of Multi-Phase Flow 15 : 81 95 Gray, W & Hassanizadeh, S (19 98) Macroscale continuum mechanics for multiphase porous-media flow including phases, interfaces, common lines, and common points, Advances in Water Resources 21: 2 61 2 81 Gray,... are obtained from a local equilibrium assumption at the fluid–fluid interface If, for example, we consider a two-phase–two-component air–water system solubility limits with respect to mole fractions are given by Eqs (1) and (2) Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling 11 11 3.3... 0 1 Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling Jennifer Niessner1 and S Majid Hassanizadeh2 1 Institute 2 Department of Hydraulic Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 1 Germany 2 The Netherlands 1 Introduction 1. 1 Motivation This chapter focusses on the description and modeling... 2.2E-05 2 .18 E-05 2 .16 E-05 2 .14 E-05 Xl 2.36E.6 2.24E−6 Fig 9 Mass fraction of air in the liquid phase after 17 s Left: results using the interfacial area-based model, middle: equilibrium values given by the interfacial area-based model, right: results given by the classical model 16 16 Mass Transfer Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems and its Applications w Xw from interfacial area model g w Xg,s from interfacial... soil Fig 2 Four applications of flow and transport in porous media where interphase mass transfer is important Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling 3 3 (a) Carbon capture and storage (Fig 2 (a)) is a recent strategy to mitigate the greenhouse effect by capturing the greenhouse... pore 4 4 Mass Transfer Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems and its Applications n w non−wetting fluid phase wetting fluid phase s solid phase macro scale pore scale Fig 3 Pore-scale versus macro-scale description of flow and transport in a porous medium scale From there, we try to get a better understanding of the macro-scale physics of mass transfer, which is our scale of interest In Fig 1 we have . MASS TRANSFER IN MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Edited by Mohamed El-Amin Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems and its Applications Edited by Mohamed El-Amin Published by InTech Janeza. 2 C x t = t 2 C 2 1, eq Fig. 4. Pore-scale picture of interphase mass transfer. 4 Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems and its Applications Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media. Valizadeh Heat and Mass Transfer in Packed Bed Drying of Shrinking Particles 6 21 Manoel Marcelo do Prado and Dermeval José Mazzini Sartori Impact of Mass Transfer on Modelling and Simulation