Wind Turbines Part 1 doc

WIND TURBINES Edited by Ibrahim Al-Bahadly Wind Turbines Edited by Ibrahim Al-Bahadly Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Nikolic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Wind Turbines, Edited by Ibrahim Al-Bahadly p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-221-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Windmills 1 Special Issues on Design Optimization of Wind Turbine Structures 3 Karam Maalawi Productivity and Development Issues of Global Wind Turbine Industry 25 Ali Mostafaeipour Adaptive Bend-Torsional Coupling Wind Turbine Blade Design Imitating the Topology Structure of Natural Plant Leaves 51 Wangyu Liu and Jiaxing Gong A Ducted Horizontal Wind Turbine for Efficient Generation 87 I.H. Al-Bahadly and A.F.T. Petersen Small Wind Turbine Technology 107 Oliver Probst, Jaime Martínez, Jorge Elizondo and Oswaldo Monroy Innovative Concepts in Wind-Power Generation: The VGOT Darrieus 137 Fernando Ponta, Alejandro Otero and Lucas Lago Wind Turbine Simulators 163 Hossein Madadi Kojabadi and Liuchen Chang Analysis and Mitigation of Icing Effects on Wind Turbines 177 Adrian Ilinca Contents Contents VI An Experimental Study of the Shapes of Rotor for Horizontal-Axis Small Wind Turbines 215 Yoshifumi Nishizawa Selection, Design and Construction of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations 231 Sanjeev Malhotra Wind Turbine Controls 265 Control System Design 267 Yoonsu Nam Using Genetic Algorithm to Obtain Optimal Controllers for the DFIG Converters to Enhance Power System Operational Security 307 João P. A. Vieira, Marcus V. A. Nunes and Ubiratan H. Bezerra Intelligent Approach to MPPT Control Strategy for Variable-SpeedWind Turbine Generation System 325 Whei-Min Lin and Chih-Ming Hong A Simple Prediction Model for PCC Voltage Variation Due to Active Power Fluctuation for a Grid Connected Wind Turbine 343 Sang-Jin Kim and Se-Jin Seong Markovian Approaches to Model Wind Speed of a Site and Power Availability of a Wind Turbine 355 Alfredo Testa, Roberto Langella and Teresa Manco Modelling and Control Design of Pitch-Controlled Variable Speed Wind Turbines 373 Marcelo Gustavo Molina and Pedro Enrique Mercado Wind Park Layout Design Using Combinatorial Optimization 403 Ivan Mustakerov and Daniela Borissova Genetic Optimal Micrositing of Wind Farms by Equilateral-Triangle Mesh 425 Jun Wang, Xiaolan Li and Xing Zhang Wind Turbines Integration with Storage Devices: Modelling and Control Strategies 437 Samuele Grillo, Mattia Marinelli and Federico Silvestro Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Part 2 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Contents VII Wind Turbine Generators and Drives 463 Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Full-Power Converters: Modelling, Control and Simulation 465 Rui Melício, Victor M. F. Mendes and João P. S. Catalão Reactive Power Control of Direct Drive Synchronous Generators to Enhance the Low Voltage Ride-Through Capability 495 Andrey C. Lopes, André C. Nascimento, João P. A. Vieira, Marcus V. A. Nunes and Ubiratan H. Bezerra Electromagnetic Calculation of a Wind Turbine Earthing System 507 Yasuda Yoh and Fujii Toshiaki Rotor Speed Stability Analysis of a Constant Speed Wind Turbine Generator 529 Mitalkumar Kanabar and Srikrishna Khaparde Power Quality in Grid-Connected Wind Turbines 547 J.J. Gutierrez, J. Ruiz, P. Saiz, I. Azcarate, L.A. Leturiondo and A. Lazkano Optimal Selection of Drive Components for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Based Wind Turbines 571 Davide Aguglia, Philippe Viarouge, René Wamkeue and Jérôme Cros Wind Turbine Model and Maximum Power Tracking Strategy 593 Hengameh Kojooyan Jafari and Ahmed Radan High-Temperature Superconducting Wind Turbine Generators 623 Wenping Cao Small Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems 639 Mostafa Abarzadeh, Hossein Madadi Kojabadi and Liuchen Chang Part 3 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Pref ac e The need for energy consumes our society. As technology has advanced in certain areas the ability to produce power has had to keep pace with the ever increasing de- mands. There always seems to be energy-crisis whether contrived or real, and society allows the pollution of our environment in the name of power production. Power production with traditional means has polluted our planet. Hydro power dams re- lease carbon that was locked up in the trees and plants that were drowned during the fi lling of the dam. Any sort of fossil fuel powered plant releases carbon into the environment during the combustion process. Renewable, environmentally friendly, clean, safe, even wholesome, are the types of adjectives we should be using to de- scribe power production. Wind energy is the closest we may have at present that may be considered to fi t into these criteria. There is a tremendous amount of free energy in the wind which is available for en- ergy conversion. The use of wind machines to harness the energy in the wind is not a new concept. The early machines were used for pumping water for irrigation pur- poses and later developed as windmills for grinding grain. The power in the wind at any moment is the result of a mass of air moving at speed in a particular direction. To capture this power or should we say part of it, it is necessary to place in the path of the wind a machine, a wind turbine, to transfer the power from the wind to the ma- chine. It has only really been in the last century that the intensive research and devel- opment have gone into the use of wind energy for electricity generation. A number of diff erent types of wind machines, or wind turbines, exist today. They can generally be categorized into two main categories. Turbines, whose rotor sha rotates around a horizontal axis and those whose rotor rotates around a vertical axis. The area of wind energy is a rapidly evolving fi eld and an intensive research and development has taken place in the last few years. Therefore, this book aims at pro- viding an up-to-date comprehensive overview of the current status in the fi eld to the research community. The research works presented in this book could be divided into three main groups. One group deals with the diff erent types and design of the wind mills aiming for effi cient, reliable and cost eff ective solutions. The second group deals with works tackling the use of diff erent types of generators for wind energy. The third group is focusing on improvement in the area of control. Each chapter of the book off ers detailed information on the related area of its research with the main objectives of the works carried out as well as providing a comprehensive list of refer- ences which should provide a rich platform for research of the fi eld. X Preface The editor has been privileged by the invitation of INTECH to act as editor of the book “Wind Turbines” which encompasses high quality research works form inter- nationally renowned researchers in the fi eld. The editor is glad to have had the op- portunity of acknowledging all contributing authors and expresses his gratitude for the help and support of INTECH staff particularly the Publishing Process Manager Ms Ana Nikolic. Dr. Ibrahim Al-Bahadly, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand [...]... 1. 0 ) ˆ IN ˆ Ky 0.0 01 0. 01 0 .1 1.0 3 .16 25 0.9988 0. 316 0.099 (0.688,0.6, 2. 315 ) (0.863,0.463,2.489) (1. 0, 0.4, 2.5) (1. 0,0.538 ,1. 8 61) 4.0663 2.833 0.9879 0. 313 7 0 .1 (0.088 ,1. 10,2.9) (0.30,0.875,2.467) (1. 0, 0.4, 2.5) (1. 0, 0.4, 2.5) 4.08 51 3.476 2. 210 5 0.9036 1. 0 (0.075 ,1. 113 ,2.495) (0 .18 8,0.988,2.485) (0.438,0.738,2.497) (1. 0, 0.4, 2.5) 4.0909 3. 519 1 2.4859 1. 412 2 10 .0 (0.075 ,1. 113 ,2.495) (0 .17 5 ,1. 0,2.488)... rectangular planform (Δ =1) : ˆ ˆ3 ˆ ˆ ˆ ω tan ω = K s /(h o C o) Active pitch: ˆ 3ω( 3 + γδ ) 2 - 3 γ 2 ( 1 + Δ 2 ) + 9( 1 + γδ ) ( γδ ) (18 b) ˆ ( 1 - 3θ )( 3ω - γ δ 2 ) - 3 γ 2 δθ 3γδ( 1 - 3θ ) + ( 3 - δ 2 )( 1 - 3θ + θ γ 2 ) (18 c) ˆ tan ω = • Inactive pitch: ˆ tan ω = 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Rotor speed (rpm) 25 rpm 20 15 10 Pitch 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 Pitch angle (deg.) • (18 a) 25 Wind speed (m/s) (a)... structures 1. 75 Dimensionless thickness at tower base 1. 50 1. 25 1. 00 0.75 0.50 0.0 0 .1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Taper ratio ˆ ˆ Fig 6 Frequency chart for a locked yawing mechanism ( M = 1 , I N = 1. 0 ) 1. 0 15 Special Issues on Design Optimization of Wind Turbine Structures Max fundamental frequency (Dimensionless) 4.5 IN=0.0 01 4 3.5 IN=0. 01 3 2.5 IN=0 .1 2 1. 5 IN =1. 0 1 0.5 0 0. 01 0 .1 1 10 10 0 Dimensionless... I=second moment of area and L=total column’s length Ns (rk, Lk), k =1, 2,… ,Ns Pcr,max Gain (%) 1 (1, 1) 2.467 0 2 (1. 117 ,0.75), (0.65,0.25) 3.072 24.5 3 (1. 185,0.507), (0.935,0.333), (0.555, 0 .16 1) 3.248 31. 62 4 (1. 195,0.495), (0.988, 0.283), (0.687, 0 .14 6), (0.395, 0.077) 3.348 35.70 5 (1. 214 ,0.392), (1. 098,0.207), (0. 916 ,0. 217 ), (0.629, 0 .10 9),(0.399, 0.075) 3.368 36.5 Table 4 Optimum tower patterns under... 0.763,0. 513 ,2.497) 4.0 915 3.52 41 2. 515 1. 50 (∞) Locked (0.075 ,1. 113 ,2.495) (0 .17 5 ,1. 0,2.49) (0.375,0.8,2.474) (0.7,0.55,2.4 91) 0. 01 ˆ ˆ ˆ Table 3 Maximum yawing frequency, ω 1, max and optimum design variables ( Δ , h o , r o ) 4.2 Frequency optimization of blades with variable pitch In strong wind conditions it is necessary to waste part of the excess energy of the wind in order to avoid damaging the wind. .. (refer to Table 1) Introducing the transformation 12 Wind Turbines ˆ x= 1 1 - y ; (β≠0) ˆ β ω (10 ) Equation(6) takes the form: d 2 Φ 4 dΦ + +Φ = 0 d y 2 y dy (11 ) which can be further transformed to the standard form of Bessel’s equation by setting Φ = ( y ) 3 2 θ , to get y2 dθ 9 d2 θ +y + ( y 2 - )θ = 0 2 dy 4 dy (12 a) which has the solution θ(y)=C 1 J 3 2+C 2 J -3 2 (12 b) where C1 and C2 are constants... optimization may be cast in the following standard form (Rao, 2009): Find the design variables Xnx1 that minimize k F( X ) = ∑W fi F i ( X ) i =1 subject to (1a) Gj(X) ≤ 0 , j =1, 2,………I (1b) Special Issues on Design Optimization of Wind Turbine Structures 5 Gj(X) = 0 , j=I +1, I+2,….m (1c) 0 ≤W fi 1 k ∑W fi = 1 i =1 (1d) If it is required to maximize Fi(X), one simply minimizes –Fi(X) instead The weighting... Materials and Structures, Vol.2, No.7, 13 811 394 Maalawi, K & Badawy, M (20 01) A direct method for evaluating performance of horizontal axis wind turbines Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.5, No.2, 17 5 -19 0 Maalawi, K & Negm, H (2002) Optimal frequency design of wind turbine blades Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol.90, No.8, 9 61- 986 Maalawi, K (2002) Buckling optimization... 978-047 018 3526, New York Spera, D (2009) Wind Turbine Technology: Fundamental Concept in Wind Turbine Engineering, 2nd edition, ASME Press, ISBN -13 : 978-07 918 026 01, New York Venkataraman, P (2009) Applied Optimization with MATLAB Programming, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 978-0470084885, New York Wei Tong (2 010 ) Wind Power Generation and Wind Turbine Design, WIT Press, ISBN: 97 818 456420 51, United... optimum wind rotors International Journal of Renewable Energy, Vol.28, No.5, 803-822 Maalawi, K (2007) A model for yawing dynamic optimization of a wind turbine structure International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol.49, No .10 , 11 30 -11 38 Maalawi, K (2009) Optimization of elastic columns using axial grading concept Engineering Structures, Vol. 31, No .12 , 2922-2929 Maalawi, K & Badr, M (2 010 ) Frequency . 2 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Contents VII Wind Turbine Generators and Drives 463 Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous. Zhang Wind Turbines Integration with Storage Devices: Modelling and Control Strategies 437 Samuele Grillo, Mattia Marinelli and Federico Silvestro Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Part 2 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter. WIND TURBINES Edited by Ibrahim Al-Bahadly Wind Turbines Edited by Ibrahim Al-Bahadly Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2 011 InTech All chapters