WASTE WATER ͳ TREATMENT AND REUTILIZATION Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag Waste Water - Treatment and Reutilization Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Jonutis, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Waste Water - Treatment and Reutilization, Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag p. cm. ISBN 978-978-953-307-249-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Bioremediation of Waste Water 1 Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Effluents: An Overview of Applications 3 Mustafa Evren Ersahin, Hale Ozgun, Recep Kaan Dereli and Izzet Ozturk Removal of Endocrine Disruptors in Waste Waters by Means of Bioreactors 29 Nadia Diano and Damiano Gustavo Mita Evaluation of Anaerobic Treatability of Between Cotton and Polyester Textile Industry Wastewater 49 Zehra Sapci-Zengin and F. Ilter Turkdogan Fungal Decolourization and Degradation of Synthetic Dyes Some Chemical Engineering Aspects 65 Aleksander Pavko Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in Waste Water -An Isotope Hydrological Perspective 89 Yangping Xing and Ian D. Clark Measurement Techniques for Wastewater Filtration Systems 109 Robert H. Morris and Paul Knowles Excess Sludge Reduction in Waste Water Treatment Plants 133 Mahmudul Kabir, Masafumi Suzuki and Noboru Yoshimura Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment 151 Liliana Alzate-Gaviria Contents Contents VI Perchlorate: Status and Overview of New Remedial Technologies 171 Katarzyna H. Kucharzyk, Terence Soule, Andrzej, J.Paszczynski and Thomas F. Hess Application of Luffa Cylindrica in Natural form as Biosorbent to Removal of Divalent Metals from Aqueous Solutions - Kinetic and Equilibrium Study 195 Innocent O. Oboh, Emmanuel O. Aluyor and Thomas O. K. Audu Physicochemical Methods for Waste Water Treatment 213 Degradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Homogeneous AOPs 215 Fernando S. García Einschlag, Luciano Carlos and Daniela Nichela Ferrate(VI) in the Treatment of Wastewaters: A New Generation Green Chemical 241 Diwakar Tiwari and Seung-Mok Lee Purification of Waste Water Using Alumina as Catalysts Support and as an Adsorbent 277 Akane Miyazaki and Ioan Balint Absolute Solution for Waste Water: Dynamic Nano Channels Processes 299 Rémi Ernest Lebrun Immobilization of Heavy Metal Ions on Coals and Carbons 321 Boleslav Taraba and Roman Maršálek Waste Water Reuse and Minimization 339 Low-Value Maize and Wheat By-Products as a Source of Ferulated Arabinoxylans 341 Claudia Berlanga-Reyes, Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan, Guillermo Niño-Medina, Agustín Rascón-Chu, Benjamín Ramírez-Wong and Elisa Magaña-Barajas Possible Uses of Wastewater Sludge to Remediate Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil 353 Luc Dendooven Waste-Water Use in Energy Crops Production 361 Cecilia Rebora, Horacio Lelio, Luciana Gómez and Leandra Ibarguren Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Part 2 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Part 3 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Contents VII Using Wastewater as a Source of N in Agriculture: Emissions of Gases and Reuse of Sludge on Soil Fertility 375 Mora Ravelo Sandra Grisell and Gavi Reyes Francisco Biotechnology in Textiles – an Opportunity of Saving Water 387 Petra Forte Tavčer Wastewater Minimization in a Chlor-Alkali Complex 405 Zuwei Liao, Jingdai Wang and Yongrong Yang Using Seawater to Remove SO 2 in a FGD System 427 Jia-Twu Lee and Ming-Chu Chen Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Pref ac e The steady increase in industrialization, urbanization and enormous population growth are leading to production of huge quantities of wastewaters that may frequent- ly cause environmental hazards. Raw or treated waste water is very o en discharged to freshwaters and results in changing ecological performance and biological diversity of these systems. About 70% of water supplied ends up as wastewater and several natu- ral water reservoirs are being contaminated by untreated sewage/industrial effl uents. This makes waste water treatment and waste water reduction very important issues. The problem of water pollution is very complex. The major sources of wastewater can be classifi ed as municipal, industrial and agricultural. Therefore, effl uents may have high contents of harmful organic compounds, heavy metals and biohazards that may have serious health implications. Thus, according to the nature of the waste water, diff erent treatment strategies should be used. Available techniques are used to reduce the amount of effl uents as well as the impact on the environment, but threats on the ecosystem continue and fresh water resources are limited. Although wastewater treat- ments have reduced contamination and improved the quality of rivers, the generated waste product or sludge remains diffi cult to eliminate and poses serious safety and quality aspects of environmental concern. The reuse of municipal wastewater for land irrigation constitutes a practical method of disposal which is expected to decisively contribute to the handling and minimization of environmental problems arising from the disposal of wastewater effl uents on land and into aquatic systems. Water reuse is of vital importance, mostly in water scarce re- gions, hence, marginal-quality water will become and increasingly important compo- nent of agricultural water supplies. In addition, many waste waters contain relatively high concentrations substances with commercially important applications, thus, such waste waters may be used as potential sources of added-value molecules. The book off ers an interdisciplinary collection of studies and fi ndings concerning waste water treatment, minimization and reuse. An a empt has been made through this book to provide a gist of current, relevant and comprehensive information on various aspects of waste water treatment technologies and waste water reutilization strategies. The book chapters were invited by the publisher and the authors are re- sponsible for their statements. The accuracy of each chapter was checked by the au- thors through proof reading stages. Most of the chapters are based upon the ongoing research in the fi eld. The book, which covers a wide spectrum of topics about waste water treatment technologies and waste water minimization strategies, is grouped in X Preface three diff erent sections. The fi rst section are related to bioremediation methods for waste water, the second section is focused on physicochemical methods for waste wa- ter treatment and the last section covers diff erent issues concerning waste water reuse and minimization. We hope that this book will be helpful for graduate students, environmental profes- sionals and researchers. I especially appreciate the support and encouragement from Prof. Katarina Lovrecic throughout the whole publishing process and I would also like to thank the authors for their contributions to the book. Fernando García Einschlag La Plata University Argentina [...]... 30,7 4,9 2,3 6,6 583 835 475 810 14 75 - - 2349 16 75 4980 274 13 2 3 485 250-350 17 ,3-48,2 3500-5300 23420 14 70 10 0 2940 15 193 11 96 206 20 ,1 - 11 85 250 21 - TOC: Total organic carbon; TN: Total nitrogen Table 2 Characterization of the effluent from the baker’s yeast industry 4.2.3 Anaerobic treatment applications for the treatment of Baker’s yeast wastewaters Anaerobic processes appears to be economically... colour to the wastewater (Buyukkamaci & Filibeli, 2002) Molasses is the source of the most of contaminants in the wastewater with its content of 45-50% residual sugars, 15 -20% non-sugar organic substances, 10 -15 % ash (minerals) and about 20% water Yilmaz and Ozturk (19 95) determined the initial soluble inert COD fraction of soluble COD in baker’s yeast industry wastewaters between 10 -15 % under aerobic... were 2,65 m3/ton corn processed and 1, 41 m3/ton product 4 .1. 3 Anaerobic treatment applications for the treatment of corn processing wastewaters High strength and biodegradable character of the corn processing wastewaters makes biological treatment systems appropriate for the treatment of this type of effluents (Howgrave-Graham et al., 19 94) Generally two stage biological treatment, an anaerobic stage... removed during the anaerobic treatment stage Gulmez et al (19 98) investigated the feasibility of anaerobic treatment technology for baker’s yeast industry wastewater which was combined with the wastewater generated from pharmaceutical industry The study was performed at a lab-scale UASB reactor with 12 Waste Water - Treatment and Reutilization an effective volume of 10 ,35 L and a sedimentation volume... baker’s yeast and pharmaceutical industry wastewaters at different dilution ratios between 1/ 50 and 1/ 1000 (pharmaceutical industry wastewater volume/the total wastewater volume) The combination of pharmaceutical industry wastewater with baker’s yeast industry wastewater at the lower dilutions resulted in a decrease in terms of COD removal Ciftci & Ozturk (19 95) presented the performance of a full-scale... 2840-6220 5000 2500-5400 18 40-4 910 3200 33-55 8,6-65 260-440 17 7 4-5 ,1 6 - (Ozturk & Altinbas, 2008) 19 900 10 50 - Table 3 Characterization of the wastewater discharged from the confectionery industry 4.3.3 Anaerobic treatment applications for the treatment of confectionery wastewaters An UASB reactor may be a viable alternative for the primary treatment of the confectionery wastewater as this technology... al., 2 010 b) 2009) et al., 19 98) et al., 19 97) 19 92) Potato chips2 Potato starch Potato maize Potato chips Potato chips3 5250 – 5750 11 00 – 4500 5500 – 18 100 4000 – 7000 389 – 5899 (3638)4 2500 – 3000 - 3200 – 7400 - - 4000 – 5000 2000 – 2500 7,0 – 8,0 200 – 250 50 – 60 40 – 50 90 – 10 0 4800 – 5000 4400 – 4500 - 5,0 – 8,5 8,9 – 48,5 - 6,0 – 11 ,0 2700 – 710 0 14 00 – 6600 2000 – 3000 10 00 – 3000 - 15 5 –... 3000 10 00 – 3000 - 15 5 – 3465 (19 77) 88 – 509 (296) 6 – 51 (25) - TS: Total solids; TVS: Total volatile solids Potato peeling and cutting process wastewater 3 Process wastewater which is a mixture of potato washing water after sand separation and potato fruit water after starch recovery 4Values in paranthesis represent the average values 1 2 Table 4 Characteristics of wastewaters resulting from various... mesophilic conditions with three different types of wastewater sources including synthetic wastewater containing molasses, baker’s yeast industry wastewater and meat processing industry wastewater HRT was kept constant at 2 days and the OLR was approximately 9 kg/m3.day during the study Average COD, TOC, and colour removal efficiencies were 78%, 76%, and 12 % respectively Krapivina et al (2007) studied... third alternative preferable for the treatment of sulphate-rich yeast wastewaters A mass balance study for the wastewater treatment plant of a baker’s yeast industry which had an evaporation process was presented in Fig 6 (Ozturk et al., 2 010 ) Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Effluents: An Overview of Applications 13 Fig 6 Mass balance study for a wastewater treatment plant of the baker’s yeast industry . Luciana Gómez and Leandra Ibarguren Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Part 2 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Part 3 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Contents VII Using Wastewater as a. WASTE WATER ͳ TREATMENT AND REUTILIZATION Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag Waste Water - Treatment and Reutilization Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag Published. Knowles Excess Sludge Reduction in Waste Water Treatment Plants 13 3 Mahmudul Kabir, Masafumi Suzuki and Noboru Yoshimura Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment 15 1 Liliana Alzate-Gaviria Contents Contents VI Perchlorate: