(Luận Văn) Research On The Correlation Between Forest Management And Climate Change In Bao Thang District, Lao Cai Province Local Peoples Perception And Potential Uses Of Gis Technology.pdf

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY DO THI HIEN a lu TOPIC TITLE: RESEARCH ON CORRELATION BETWEEN n n va FOREST MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN BAO THANG tn to DISTRICT, LAO CAI PROVINCE: LOCAL PEOPLE'S PERCEPTION AND p ie gh POTENTIAL USES OF GIS TECHNOLOGY oa nl w BACHELOR THESIS d f an nv a lu Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: International Training and Development Center Batch: K42-AEP oi lm ul Study Mode: at nh z z om l.c gm @ an Lu Thai Nguyen, 20 January 2015 n va ac th I si Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Full name DO THI HIEN Student ID DTN1053040044 Research on the correlation between forest management and climate change in Bao Thang district, Lao Cai Thesis title province: local people's perception and potential uses of GIS technology Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Hung Supervisor Abstract a lu Bao Thang, located in the central of Lao Cai province and having Red river flowed n n va through, is a typical industrial district which is essential to the socio-economic development of the province As a result of industrial zone expansion, Bao Thang tn to environment and biodiversity are declined both in quality and quantity, especially forest p ie gh communities Bao Thang forests recover from past clearing or heavy harvest, and forest carbon stores are growing larger over time However, the industrial emissions from oa nl w burning fossil fuels in the this district is captured only about 10% by forests Although private forest use in Bao Thang has been regulated, illegal deforestation still takes d place This study seeks to assess current status of forest management practices and a lu nv effects of climate change by observing local people's perception on these fields as well f an as to find out potential uses of GIS technology at local level The results showed that oi lm ul Bao Thang residents are highly aware of the climate change impacts and willingly to take actions though some constraints still exist Moreover, GIS is also applying in Lao at nh Cai as a whole, which promisingly will come to local level (Bao Thang in specific) in the near future In addition, the study suggested some recommendations specifically z z suitable for study areas in order to improve sustainable forest management practice for @ Bao Thang, GIS, Lao Cai, perception, sustainable forest om l.c Keywords gm forest owners and managers management 50 Date of submission January 20, 2015 n va ac th an Lu Number of pages si ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author thanks Mr Do Van Hai for making this report accomplished A special appreciation to the local people who provided information, and to many K42 classmates, teachers from AEP office and lecturers including MSc Nguyen Huu Tho, Dr Nguyen Manh Ha and Dr Ho Ngoc Son, who provided guidance, critics and encouragement And finally, thanks to Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Hung, who a lu enthusiastically reviewed and corrected this report into its final form n n va p ie gh tn to Student oa nl w DO THI HIEN d f an nv a lu oi lm ul at nh z z om l.c gm @ an Lu n va ac th si TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PART I INTRODUCTION .8 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research's objectives 10 1.3 Research questions 11 1.4 Limitations 11 PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 12 a lu 2.1 Theoretical background 12 n 2.2.1 Researches in the world 20 n va 2.2 Practical background 20 tn to 2.2.2 Researches in Vietnam 21 p ie gh PART III METHODS 22 3.1 Material 22 oa nl w 3.2 Methods 22 3.2.1 Survey questionnaires .22 3.2.2 Observation .23 d a lu 3.2.3 Data collection 23 nv PART IV RESULTS 24 f an 4.1 General description of the study area 24 ul oi lm 4.1.1 Topography .24 4.1.2 Geology .24 at nh 4.1.3 Meteorology 25 4.1.4 Extreme events 25 z z 4.1.5 Ecology .25 @ 4.2 Current status and climate change impacts 26 gm 4.3 Roles of forest in climate change 30 om l.c 4.4 Survey results 31 4.3.1 Importance of climate change 31 an Lu 4.3.2 Impact of climate change 32 4.3.3 Adaptation and mitigation .33 n va ac th si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology 4.3.4 Support for climate change 34 4.4 Potential uses of GIS technology 34 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 39 5.1 Discussion 39 5.2 Recommendation 41 5.3 Conclusions 43 REFERENCES 44 APPENDIX 47 Appendix Survey questionnaires 47 Appendix Survey result summary (in percentage) 52 a lu n n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w f an nv a lu oi lm ul at nh z z om l.c gm @ an Lu n va th (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Bao Thang map Figure 2: Lao Cai map Figure 3: Land surface temperature map Figure 4: Land cover map a lu Figure 5: Aspect map n n va p ie gh tn to Figure 6: Contour map Figure 7: Digital Elevation Map d oa nl w f an nv a lu oi lm ul at nh z z om l.c gm @ an Lu n va th (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology LIST OF TABLES Table I: Forest status quo of study areas in Bao Thang district, 2013 (ha) Table II: Temperature and precipitation changes in 21st century Table 1: Gender Table 2: Time living and working in this Bao Thang Table 3: Residents' awareness of climate change over the last few decades a lu Table 4: The trends of changes, driven by climate change and/or other forces n n va Table 5: The importance of climate change compared to the other challenges tn to Table 6: Effects of climate change p ie gh Table 7: Aspects affected by climate change in the next decade Table 8: Awareness of national policies, strategies or legislation aimed at climate oa nl w change that have a direct or indirect impact on the forest sector d Table 9: Respondent percentage implemented modifications to forest management a lu f an nv plans or practices due to the impacts of climate change oi lm ul Table 10: Awareness of effects of climate change on forests and the options for climate change adaptation and mitigation nh at Table 11: Willingness to undertake climate change adaptation and mitigation actions z z Table 12: The greatest constraints limiting forest managers' ability to undertake @ gm climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in Bao Thang om l.c Table 13: Necessary assistance to address climate change in your area? Table 14: Support acquisition to forest management and climate change issues an Lu n va th (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS UNEP: United Nations Environment Program RS: Remote Sensing GIS: Geographic Information System LULC: Land Use and Land Cover a lu AR4: The fourth Assessment Report n n va IPCC: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tn to p ie gh UNDP: United Nations Development Program oa nl w REDD+: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation GHGs: Greenhouse Gases d a lu f an nv RECOFTC: Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the Pacific ul oi lm NGOs: Non-governmental Organizations at nh z z om l.c gm @ an Lu n va th (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Almost every nation has been addressing the threat of severe climate change, mostly through policies aimed at reducing the buildup of greenhouse gases Natural ecosystems, counting forests - a critical link in the global carbon cycle, play a vital role in the mitigation of global warming Forests are crucial both for their large existing reservoirs of carbon (called “pools” or “sinks”) and because of the ongoing net flow of carbon from the atmosphere into that forest reservoir called “flux” As a lu n consensus grows about the accumulative, grave impacts of climate change, the role of n va forests in carbon storage is increasingly recognized as one of the easiest options to deal tn to with these effects Better or sustainable forest management is thus one of the foremost p ie gh strategies to mitigate global climate change oa nl w Forest is a precious resource needed to maintain current conditions of environment as well as to meet the needs of human beings by supplying multiform of d a lu resources It is a part several cycles on Earth such as water and carbon ones However, f an nv since human population increases with considerable growing rate and high density ul oi lm particularly in urban areas, people tend to exploit more and more to ensure food at nh security, firewood and raw material for the socio-economic development, putting z pressure on natural resources in general and forests in specific Thus, the decline of z @ forest resources has become a common and pressing issue of the world, especially for gm om l.c developing countries including Vietnam which is well-known with high hills and mountains and 14th place in population Recently, overexploitation and natural an Lu disasters such as landslides and fires are causing forest resources deteriorated n va th (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology substantially in both quantity and quality, leading to air, water and soil problems due to the loss of CO2 storages, soil erosion, land use change, and unbalanced natural cycles, which results in the influence on economic, public health, and social benefits that these ecosystems provide The challenge for humans and modern science is to understand and regulate the effects of these changes, and the complex interaction between human and biotic systems at various scales, typically at local level to acquire more accuracy Improving local people's understanding and knowledge of the consequences of land use and land cover change is a critically important to address the a lu n current major science issues relating to climate change va n Contemporary, Vietnam is facing with many environmental problems that have tn to impacts on socio-economic development at local and national levels The increase of p ie gh carbon dioxide in the atmosphere exaggerates climate change process, thus more oa nl w extreme weather events, such as tropical storms, floods and droughts take place Those natural disasters have become a pressing issue for Vietnam government who is in d a lu charge of the people’s prosperity as well as for future development of the country nv f an Lao Cai, one of the provinces situated on the Sino-Vietnamese borderline in the ul oi lm northwestern part of the country, is home to some vast expanse of primal forests with at nh several kinds of rare timber plants such as Po Mu ( Fukiena), Lat Hoa (Chukrasia Tabularis), and Cho Chi The province is also the habitat of many kinds of medicinal z z gm @ herbs and rare animals including deer, wild boar, tigers and others However, the rate of forest degradation in the area is exacerbated by human activities Topography of om l.c Lao Cai is very diversified with rivers, high mountain peaks, steep and high mountain an Lu passes, deep streams and wide valleys but it is also one of the obstacles to apply th n va modern technology in environmental monitoring Bao Thang, located in the central of (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology economic sectors, particularly the energy sector, industry, and agriculture The adaptation strategy should aim to minimize the negative consequences of climate change, and to support ecological and productive functions of the forests through supporting their role in the biochemical cycles, biodiversity, agricultural landscape protection, soil and water protection, production of wood and non-wood forest products, and other social services Listed below are some recommendations that should be taken into consideration for sustainable forest management: a lu n The improvement of forest protection methods against wildfires; the application n va of more advanced measures aimed at forest protection against pests; the introduction tn to of resistant tree species, and supporting the highest productivity in the forecast p ie gh climatic conditions are essential for local people to directly and effectively carry out oa nl w the adaptation and mitigation approaches that benefits both sides The development of the scientific and methodological knowledge for forest d a lu protection against pests and diseases and enhancement of scientific research work dealing nv f an with the selection and introduction of new forest species which is resistant to the forecast ul at nh development oi lm climate changes are long-term strategies for sustainable forest management and z Increase in forest user responsibility for forest preservation and creation of a z gm @ stimulus system aimed at supporting forest management activity directed at supporting om l.c social and ecologically important functions of the forests are action plan in order to deal with incentive and finance issues an Lu n va th 42 (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology It is crucially important to conduct personnel training and support sustainable forest management systems Plus, additional research is needed to help us better understand carbon cycles under different forest types and management regimes Combining GIS technology and local people's knowledge may bring us positively surprising results 5.3 Conclusions Bao Thang residents' activities have significant impacts on Bao Thang forest ecosystems, thus they become more and more vulnerable to climate change The local a lu n people are highly aware of the impacts, drivers and future trends of climate change n va over the last few decades as well as in the next one The forestry sector needs to tn to evaluate the long-term effects of climate change on forests and determine what the p ie gh community might now and in the future to respond to this threat Vietnam forest oa nl w management has been affecting the timing and direction of forest adaptation at national level, but in many situations, including Bao Thang circumstance, society will d a lu have to adjust to forests adapt at local level Adapting to climate change in the face of nv f an the uncertain timing of impacts means we must have a suite of readily available options ul oi lm A high priority will be coping with and adapting to forest disturbance while maintaining at nh the genetic diversity and resilience of forest ecosystems As Vietnam develops a long- z term strategy to reduce climate change impacts, it is also individual's responsibility to z gm @ protect our existing stores of forest carbon as well as to enhance the forest capacity to fix om l.c additional carbon in the future In addition, GIS application at local level combining with the involvement of local people will promisingly become one of effective strategies an Lu for future management practices n va th 43 (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology REFERENCES Book Benson N (2008) Climate Change, Effects (In Philander S G edited) Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Vol -3, Sage Publications, Inc Heltberg, R., P B Siegel and S L Jorgensen (2010) Social Policies for Adaptation to Climate Change, in Social Dimensions of Climate Change: equity and vulnerability in a warming world (edited by R.Mearns 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45 (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology Gregg Marland (2003) The climatic impacts of land surface change and carbon management, and the implications for climate-change mitigation policy Retrieved from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.175.717 (accessed on 21/10/2014) Jack Dangermond (2010) The Geographic approach to climate change.Retrieved from: http://geospatialtoday.com (accessed 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United States Environmental Protection Agency (2013) Glossary of Climate Change Terms 13/10/2014) (accessed on 23/10/2014) at nh USGS (2014) Bao Thang satellite images Retrieved from http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ z the Universe (2012) @ to z Windows Climate Retrieved (accessed gm http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/climate.html on om l.c 22/09/2014) from: Winfried Schroder and Roland Pesch (2007 ) Mapping carbon sequestration in Forests at the an Lu regional scale- a climate bio-monitoring approach by example of Germany Retrieved from: http://www.enveurope.com/content/23/1/31 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report th 46 n va (accessed on 11/10/2014) (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology APPENDIX Appendix Survey questionnaires LOCAL PEOPLE'S PERCEPTION ON FOREST MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE SURVEY FIELD DATA SHEETS Researcher: DO THI HIEN I GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION Please fill in your information and circle the correct answer about yourself Date of interview:………………………………………………………………… a lu Full name:…………………………………………Gender: Male n n va Female Under 18 tn to Age group: 18-65 Over 65 Commune:…………………………………………………………………… p ie gh II BACKGROUND ON LAND MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE oa nl w CHANGES Please circle the correct answer about yourself How long have you stayed in the village? d b 5-9 years c 10-15 years d Over 15 years nv a lu a - years Do you feel that the climate in your district has changed over the last few f an ul decades (or during the time you live and work here)? b No oi lm a Yes nh If yes, in what ways you think the following trends, driven by climate at change and/or other forces, have impacted the forests that you own or are z z responsible for? @ Please rate the following questions by means of checking each as: gm Low impact Don't know Medium impact No impact om l.c High impact an Lu n va th 47 (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology ac si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology Increase in extreme weather events (e.g storms, droughts, landslides) Increase/decrease water availability More frequent and severe forest fires More outbreaks and damage by pests and diseases Changes in forest habitat and biodiversity lu an Altered forest productivity and ecosystem services n va gh tn to How important would you consider climate change when compares to the other challenges faces in forest management p ie Please rate the following questions by means of checking each as: w Extremely important Somewhat important d oa nl Important fu an v an lu Land use conflicts Not important m ll Governance issues oi Limiting or perverse government policies nh Economic feasibility at z Access to financial resources z @ Lack of information and/or technical assistance om l.c gm an Lu n va a th 48 c si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology What effects of climate change in your district would you consider particularly important from a forest owner's perspective? Please rate the following questions by means of checking each as: Very important Somewhat important Important No effects Don't know Increase in extreme weather events (e.g storms, droughts, landslides) Increase/decrease water availability lu an More frequent and severe forest fires n va More outbreaks and damage by pests and diseases gh tn to Changes in forest habitat and biodiversity Altered forest productivity and ecosystem services p ie Increase in extreme weather events (e.g storms, droughts, landslides) w d oa nl How might forests and people in your district be affected by climate change in the next decade? High impact v an lu Please rate the following questions by means of checking each as: fu an Medium impact Low impact Don't know No impact m ll oi at Loss of forest ecosystem services nh Change in quantity and quality of wood supply z z Increased uncertainty in the supply of wood and non-wood forest products @ l.c Loss of forest based employment gm Higher production and delivery costs for forest products an REGULATION ROLE OF GOVERNMENT Lu III om Loss of biodiversity n va a th 49 c si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology Has your government developed national and local policies, strategies or legislation aimed at climate change that have a direct or indirect impact on the forest sector? a Yes b No c Don't know Have you made any modifications to forest management plans and/or practices due to the impacts of climate change on the forests you manage or lu an own? n va a Yes gh tn to b No c Don't know p ie Do you understand the effects of climate change on forests and the options for w climate change adaptation and mitigation? Please rate the following questions by means of checking each as: d oa nl Well understood v an lu Somewhat understood Not understood fu an Don't know Effects of climate change on forests nh at Forest adaptation options oi m ll z z Forest mitigation options @ l.c adaptation and mitigation actions? gm Do you feel that you have the capacity to undertake climate change om a Yes b No Lu an c Don't know n va a th 50 c si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology In your view, what are the greatest constraints limiting forest managers' ability to undertake climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in your district? a Lack of finances or financial incentives b Lack of technical knowledge c Lack of clarity of existing regulations d Lack of conviction that it is important e Lack or poor access to information an lu f Lack of interest In your opinion, what assistance would you require to address climate change va in your area? n gh tn to a Policy and financial incentives to undertake adaptation b Policy and financial incentives to undertake mitigation p ie c Improved public awareness on forests and climate change w d Improved access to training and technical assistance e Improved access to technical information d oa nl f Access to loans v an lu Do you receive any support (e.g technical and financial assistance, capacity building etc) related to forest management and climate change issues? oi m ll b No fu an a Yes nh at z z @ om l.c gm an Lu n va a th 51 c si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology Appendix Survey result summary (in percentage) Table 1: Gender Response Count Male 82 Female 18 Table 2: Time living and working in this Bao Thang Response Count an lu 0-4 years 5-9 years 10-14 years 15 years or more n va gh tn to 15 Count 16 17 52 Table 3: Residents' awareness of climate change over the last few decades p ie d oa nl w Response Count 100 No Don't know v an lu Yes fu an Table 4: The trends of changes, driven by climate change and/or other forces No impact Don’t know 28 51 16 44 18 21 11 25 10 z 28 at z 36 24 37 16 50 gm 26 23 an Lu 23 om 32 l.c 29 @ More frequent and severe forest fires More outbreaks and damage by pests and diseases Changes in forest habitat and biodiversity Altered forest productivity and ecosystem services Low impact nh Increase/decrease water availability Medium impact oi Increase in extreme weather events (e.g storms, droughts, landslides) m ll High impact n va a th 52 c si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology Table 5: The importance of climate change compared to the other challenges Land use conflicts Extremely important 28 Important Governance issues Limiting or perverse government policies Economic feasibility Access to financial resources an lu n va Lack of information and/or technical assistance 37 Somewhat important 27 Not important 23 42 27 24 43 24 26 45 23 27 40 25 32 42 20 gh tn to Table 6: Effects of climate change p ie Increase in extreme weather events (e.g.storms, droughts, landslides) Increase/decrease water availability More frequent and severe forest fires More outbreaks and damage by pests and diseases Changes in forest habitat and biodiversity d oa nl w Important Somewhat important No effects Don’t know 41 44 11 44 32 18 40 31 21 37 24 3 39 19 23 26 30 oi nh 26 at 27 40 40 z z @ om l.c gm Increase in extreme weather events (e.g storms, droughts, landslides) 33 m ll Altered forest productivity and ecosystem services fu an v an lu Very important an Lu n va a th 53 c si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology Table 7: Aspects affected by climate change in the next decade an lu Medium Impact Low impact No impact Don’t know 28 34 29 39 33 19 29 37 23 23 35 28 11 25 27 33 11 45 38 Change in quantity and quality of wood supply Loss of forest ecosystem services Increased uncertainty in the supply of wood and non-wood forest products Higher production and delivery costs for forest products Loss of forest based employment Loss of biodiversity n va High Impact gh tn to Table 8: Awareness of national policies, strategies or legislation aimed at climate p ie change that have a direct or indirect impact on the forest sector w Response Count d oa nl 60 Count No 24 Don't know 17 fu an v an lu Yes Table 9: Respondent percentage implemented modifications to forest management m ll plans or practices due to the impacts of climate change oi nh Response Count at Count 42 No 47 Don't know 12 z Yes z @ om l.c gm an Lu n va a th 54 c si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology Table 10: Awareness of effects of climate change on forests and the options for climate change adaptation and mitigation Well understood Somewhat understood Not understood Don’t know 54 42 44 49 49 44 Effects of climate change on forests Forest adaptation options Forest mitigation options an lu n va Table 11: Willingness to undertake climate change adaptation and mitigation actions gh tn to Response Count Count 65 23 12 p ie Yes No Don't know w Table 12: The greatest constraints limiting forest managers' ability to undertake d oa nl climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in Bao Thang v an lu Response Count Count 76 fu an Lack of finances or financial incentives Lack of technical knowledge 62 m ll 46 oi Lack of clarity of existing regulations nh 45 at Lack of conviction that it is important z 45 z Lack or poor access to information @ gm Lack of interest om l.c an Lu n va a th 55 c si (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology (Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology(Luận.văn).research.on.the.correlation.between.forest.management.and.climate.change.in.bao.thang.district lao.cai.province.local.peoples.perception.and.potential.uses.of.gis.technology