An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective

An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.An investigation into the logic of artisan product innovation: An institutional logics perspective.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY  NGUYEN VAN DAI AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE LOGIC OF ARTISAN PRODUCT INNOVATION: AN INSTITUTIONAL LOGICS PERSPECTIVE PHD DISSERTATION IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (E-PHD PROGRAM) HANOI - 2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY  NGUYEN VAN DAI AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE LOGIC OF ARTISAN PRODUCT INNOVATION: AN INSTITUTIONAL LOGICS PERSPECTIVE Specialization: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (E-PhD Program) Specialization code: 9340101 PHD DISSERTATION Supervisors: PROFESSOR NGUYEN THI TUYET MAI DR NGUYEN QUYNH HOA HANOI - 2023 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that this PhD dissertation is my work To the best of my knowledge, this dissertation has never been submitted, in whole or in part, to any other educational institution for a degree or a diploma Except where specified otherwise by acknowledgment or reference, the work presented is entirely my own I also certify that all of this PhD dissertation’s references have been properly credited I have read and comprehended the University’s policy on plagiarism and academic integrity violations With my honor, I certify that the current PhD dissertation does not violate regulations on academic integrity PhD candidate (Signed) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, being part of E-PhD Program at the Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD) is a wonderful and fortunate chance for me E-PhD Program is not only a program, but also a research community of talented researchers who like to challenge themselves with PhD (Permanent Head Damage, just kidding!) Although I had an initial background in research in my previous studies, I found myself more mature, understanding more about research as well as the limitations of my research ability Professor Thang.V Nguyen, Professor Nguyen Thi Tuyet Mai, Assoc Prof Le Quang Canh, Assoc Prof Nguyen Vu Hung, Assoc Prof Bach Ngoc Thang and ISD staffs are my teachers, brothers and sisters whom I admire for their talents, research ethics, dedication and great support for PhD students like me I would like to thank leaders and staff of NEU Graduate School for their great support during my PhD journey Special thanks go to Assoc Prof Le Trung Thanh, Assoc Prof Vu Thanh Huong, Dr Giao Thi Khanh Ngoc and Dr Do Tuyet Nhung for their wonderful support I thank my colleagues at the Faculty of Planning and Development for their valued support in my PhD journey I would like to express my sincerest and deepest gratitude to my academic supervisors, Professor Nguyen Thi Tuyet Mai (Institute for Sustainable Development, NEU), Assoc Prof Phan Thi Thuc Anh (AIC, VinUniversity) and Dr Nguyen Quynh Hoa (Head of Department of Development Economics, NEU) My instructors have provided valuable support and contributions to my dissertation They not only give me suggestions and support to develop my ideas but also challenge the ideas that I come up with by a constructive and open attitude For me, Assoc Prof Phan Thi Thuc Anh has always been a great academic supervisor She created an important connection for me to access key informants in the research community I have great respect for her work ability and kindness Dr Nguyen Quynh Hoa is not only my academic supervisor, but also my great boss She supported me in the process of doing this dissertation and facilitated my work in the department allowing me to have more time for this research Thank you so much, Professor Nguyen Thi Tuyet Mai, you came at a time when I needed more research directions and you gave me more confidence in my research journey I would like to express my respect and gratitude to Professor Thang.V Nguyen who commented and challenged my early research ideas His academic ability, attitude iii towards colleagues, students and his work are a shining example for fellow students like me I would like to express my sincere thanks to the leaders of the faculty and the department as well as my colleagues in the Faculty of Planning and Development for creating a good condition for me to focus on completing the research Fellows of the EPhD Program, especially the E-PhD04 became an important part of my PhD life They bring peer pressure, smile and spirit that pushed me forward Reviewers of the boards since I presented research proposals, research essays, faculty-level defense and even reviewers of the journals have provided me with important suggestions and critiques that help me complete my dissertation and papers though I sometimes felt stressful and skeptical about my ability Thank you, Dr Trinh Mai Van, for your support and useful advice during my work and the implementation of this dissertation Thank you very much Thuy, Thao, Hieu and Ngoc for accompanying both before and during the crafting of this dissertation with delicious meals, funny hang-out and the sincerest words of encouragement Special thanks go to the local community members who have given their valuable time and enthusiasm to share information and their view on the research topic I could not have completed the research without the enthusiasm and support of lecturer-cumartist Ngo Ba Hoang and his wife, architect Van Anh, and local community member Dang Dinh Tuc I would like to express my deep gratitude to the artisans, ABOs, business owners, local citizens and customers who participated in this research as informants I would like to thank my Sweetie Thank you for accompanying me on this arduous journey with joy, happiness, smiles and tears The past journey has been both a challenge but also an important and necessary milestone for us to grow together I feel guilty for not sharing my PhD journey with my parents I would like to thank my parents and younger brother for always being there for me and because they are healthy and safe, I am able to focus on my research I have also received a generous and valuable financial support for the research process of the dissertation from the VINIF domestic master's and doctoral scholarship fund of VinGroup iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i TABLE OF CONTENTS .iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii APPENDICES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES x ABSTRACT xi GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS xii INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the research Research objectives and questions 3 Subject and scope of the research Research method Structure of the dissertation .5 CHAPTER THEORETICAL FOUNDATION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Product innovation 1.1.1 Key definitions .7 1.1.2 Significance of product innovation 1.1.3 Degrees of product innovation .10 1.1.4 Sources of product innovation 11 1.2 Institutional logics 18 1.2.1 Institutional logics as a perspective .18 1.2.2 Review of logics in the existing literature .20 1.2.3 Compatibility between logics 28 1.2.4 Hybridity 29 1.2.5 Review of responses to logics 30 1.3 Artisan business as a hybrid organization 34 1.3.1 Artisan business in the contemporary context .34 v 1.3.2 Hybridity of artisan business 35 1.4 Counter-institutional identity .38 1.4.1 Conception of counter-institutional identity 39 1.4.2 Counter-institutional identities among artisan business 40 1.5 Research gap 42 1.6 General Analytical Framework 43 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .45 2.1 Research context 45 2.1.1 Craft industry and development policy towards craft industries 45 2.1.2 Bat Trang as a Research Context 51 2.2 Research paradigm .52 2.3 Case study as research design 53 2.4 Sampling 54 2.5 Data collection .56 2.5.1 Preparatory phase 57 2.5.2 Official data collection phase 59 2.5.3 Description of Selected Cases .63 2.6 Data analysis 65 2.7 Validity and reliability of qualitative research .67 CHAPTER RESEARCH RESULTS 69 3.1 Product innovation .69 3.1.1 Product innovation as a Selective coupling 69 3.1.2 Core-Satellite as a new strategic response embedded in product innovation 74 3.2 Logics and institutional demands of logics 77 3.2.1 Matching process between practical data and ideal-type market logic and artisan logic .77 3.2.2 Institutional demands towards craft products 83 3.2.3 Compatibility between market logic and artisan logic 87 3.3 Counter-institutional identities among artisan business owners 93 vi 3.3.1 Oppositional identity 94 3.3.2 Relational identity 102 3.4 Comparative counter-institutional Identities and Product Innovation .108 3.5 Summary of research results and findings 114 CHAPTER DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION 114 4.1 Discussion of results 114 4.1.1 Varied nature of product innovation among artisan business 114 4.1.2 Fluid compatibility between logics 115 4.1.3 Ambidexterity of artisan businesses 117 4.2 Theoretical contributions of the research 118 4.2.1 Contribution to Institutional Logics Perspective 118 4.2.2 Contribution to Artisan Business Literature 120 4.3 Practical implications 120 4.3.1 Managerial implications 121 4.3.2 Government policy implications 124 4.4 Limitations and Future Research Agenda 127 4.4.1 Limitations of the research 127 4.4.2 Future Research Agenda 128 CONCLUSION 130 LIST OF WORKS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION THAT THE PHD CANDIDATE HAS PUBLISHED 131 REFERENCES 132 APPENDICES 158 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS FULL FORM ABO(s) Artisan Business Owner(s) API Artisan product innovation CSR Corporate Social Responsibility EC European Commission MNC Multinational Companies OECD The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development R&D Research and Development ROA Return on Assets SMEs Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises The UK The United Kingdom The USA The United States of America UN The United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization viii APPENDICES Appendix 1: The list of journals in the pool of reviewed papers 158 Appendix 2: Interview guideline 160 Appendix 3: Some further photos of research field trips 165 Appendix 4: Coding frame for market logic and artisan logic 166 Appendix 5: Coding frame for counter-institutional identity 167 Appendix 6: Coding frame for strategic response embedded in product innovation 167 Appendix 7: Example of coding process .168 Appendix 8: Example of Core-Satellite 172 Appendix 9: The claim of the ABO for their self 173 Appendix 10: Data triangulation that emphasizes customers’ tastes 174 Appendix 11: Matrix of nexus between identities and strategic responses embedded in product innovation among artisan businesses .174 160 Appendix 2: Interview guideline 2.1 Interview guideline for artisan business owners Objective: This interview guideline focused on some dimensions First, it explored product innovation practices among artisan businesses in the local ceramic community in Bat Trang Further, it explores market logic and artisan logic framing artisan business Finally, it clarifies the identity of artisan business when coping with logics Process: (1) The interviewer would start with warm-up communication with the interviewee, introduce the objective of the interview and/or research, ask for recording, the confidentiality issue, and ask for observation ceramic production site/showroom (2) Conducting interview (3) Further informal talks if the interviewee wants to share anything outside this interview guideline Key guiding questions for interviews with ABOs: A Demographic details Could you please introduce yourself (your name, age, how long have you been in this field, level of artisan, etc.)? Could you please introduce your business (history, business size – revenue/labor)? B Exploration of product innovation, market logic and artisan logic Could you describe your business’s main product categories? To what extent have you introduced new or improved products? Could you please describe the changes in your products over time? How frequently you innovate your products? What drove the changes in your products? What you think you should to respond to the market needs? Could you please clarify any limit for such changes and if there is any limit for changes? Why? What remained unchanged? Why? Please tell me about the meaning of artisan products to you From the view of a BO, what you think you should do? As an artisan, what you pursue? Which symbolic value you think your products can represent? Please further clarify it! 161 C Exploration of counter-institutional identity Please tell me more about how you perceive your responsibility towards artisanry Why? And how can you that? And what did you with that? What differentiate you from both an artisan and a private BO? Do you think that someday you will share the professional secret (the new ceramic glaze that branded you to the public) with others? Are you worried about the feeling or perceptions of others regarding product innovation with which they perceive you as ‘deviant’? if yes, who are they and how are you worried? Do you have any concerns regarding artisanship? All in all, which of the titles between artisan and BO/entrepreneur, you prefer other than naming or labeling you? 2.2 Interview guideline for business owners Objective: This interview guideline focused on some aspects First, it explored product innovation practices among businesses in the local ceramic community in Bat Trang Further, it further helps triangulate the data on market logic, artisan logic, and identity in the researched community by adding views around production innovation Process: (1) The interviewer would start with warm-up communication with the interviewee, introduce the objective of the interview and/or research, ask for recording, the confidentiality issue, and ask for observation ceramic production site/showroom (2) Conducting interview (3) Further informal talks if the interviewee wants to share anything outside this interview guideline Key guiding questions for interviews with business owners: A Demographic details Could you please introduce yourself (your name, age, how long have you been in this field, etc.)? Could you please introduce your business (history, business size – revenue/labor)? B View around product innovation Why did you start your business in this field? in Bat Trang, and how? 162 What value(s) ceramic products bring to your business? Could you identify any difference in the way you and artisans perceive the value of ceramic products? Why such differences exist? What changes and what remains unchanged in your products over time? Could you please give specific examples to clarify such changes or unchangedness? How frequently you innovate your products? What made changes or unchangedness in your products? How you perceive such changes and unchangedness in your products? 2.3 Interview guideline for artisans Objective: This interview guideline focused on some aspects First, it explored product innovation practices conducted by artisans in the local ceramic community in Bat Trang It also helped portray artisan logic and artisan identity Further, it further helps triangulate the data on market logic, artisan logic, identity in the researched community by adding views around production innovation Process: (1) The interviewer would start with warm-up communication with the artisans, introduce the objective of the interview and/or research, ask for recording, the confidentiality issue, and ask for observation ceramic production site (2) Conducting interview (3) Further informal talks if the interviewee wants to share anything outside this interview guideline Key guiding questions for interviews with artisans: A Demographic details Could you please introduce yourself (your name, age, how long have you been in this field, level of artisan?) B Views around product innovation Could you please summarize your journey to artisanship? Which word(s) can best represent the value of your products? What changes and what remains unchanged in your products over time? 163 Could you please give specific examples to clarify such changes or unchangedness? And why ‘change’ or ‘unchangedness’? How frequently you innovate your products? What market needs mean to you and your work? What does artisanship and artisan products mean to you? Do you think you have any responsibility for maintaining artisanry? If yes, how did you that? Do you feel any pressure from the proliferation of successful businesses in your field? And why you feel that way? Could you please describe your point of view or personal judgment regarding a phenomenon in which artisans run a business and then upscale it quickly? Given all this, imagine you can get back to the day before you chose this journey, you want to change your mind? Why? 2.4 Interview guideline for local citizens Objective: This interview guideline focused on some aspects First, it helps added views on and triangulate product innovation practices and logics in the local ceramic community in Bat Trang Process: (1) The interviewer would start with warm-up communication with the interviewee, introduce the objective of the interview and/or research, ask for recording, the confidentiality issue (2) Conducting interview (3) Further informal talks if the interviewee wants to share anything outside this interview guideline Key guiding questions for interviews with local artisans: A Demographic details Could you please introduce yourself (your name, age) B Views around product innovation What value you think artisan products represent? How local citizens like you perceive the importance of such products? 164 From your own observation, what did you find about the changes in ceramic products or production of these two craft villages where you were born? What remains unchanged? Please show me what you think or feel about such changes If you have only two options with like or dislike, which one is your preferred one when you think about such changes and unchangedness? What is your expectation for craft business and production in your village here? 2.5 Interview guideline for customers: Objective: This interview guideline focused on some aspects First, it helps added views on and triangulate product innovation practices in the local ceramic community in Bat Trang Further, it clarifies the market needs from market logic Process: (1) The interviewer would start with warm-up communication with the interviewee, introduce the objective of the interview and/or research, ask for recording, the confidentiality issue (2) Conducting interview (3) Further informal talks if the interviewee wants to share anything outside this interview guideline Key guiding questions for interviews with customers: A Demographic details Could you please introduce yourself (your name, age, buying frequency, type of ceramic products) B Views around product innovation What motivates you to buy these products? Does your specific consumption need (taste) of these products change over time? If yes, why and how? What you like the most about these products? Please be specific What is your expectation for craft ceramic business and production? How you perceive changes in ceramic products? Which one between the price of products or value of product is your priority? 165 Appendix 3: Some further photos of research field trips 166 Appendix 4: Coding frame for market logic and artisan logic 167 Appendix 5: Coding frame for counter-institutional identity Appendix 6: Coding frame for strategic response embedded in product innovation 168 Appendix 7: Example of coding process Example quotes First-order concepts - Thủ cơng đương nhiên phải có - Cịn ngành thủ công không Càng đại người ta cần tới giá trị thủ công nhiêu - Không thể thay thủ công! Cái thủ cơng khơng thay Kể dịng sản phẩm - Chúng bỏ ‘văn hóa làm gốm thủ cơng’ Craft is a must Secondorder themes Aggregate dimension - Thế sản xuất gốm sứ này, thủ cơng mang yếu tố định sản xuất hàng gốm sứ Bát Tràng Hai chữ thủ cơng quan trọng, nói đến cơng nghiệp lại khơng q - Dịng thủ cơng (mosaic) q giới Nó làm thủ cơng, chưa thể làm máy Nó giá trị - Cái làm máy móc khơng có giá trị Thì trở thành gạch vỉ hàng Trung Quốc thơi Nó khơng có hồn Những tác phẩm phải có hồn, có lượng mà người đưa vào khơng phải làm hàng loạt sản xuất ô tô - Giữ giá trị truyền thống, thủ cơng, khẳng định vài chục năm không mai một, tốt cho nghề nghiệp chưa thể mà kiểu máy móc đè, khơng có - Mình khơng thiên hàng công nghiệp giống người ta bán nhiều, người ta gọi hàng chợ Mà thiên hàng kỹ, hàng độc Thực quy mơ sản xuất khơng cần nhiều vào chất lượng khơng vào số lượng - Ví dụ xưởng anh, làm đồ gia dụng nhiều, bước, gần bước xuất lao Musthave craft The appreciation of craft values over technologybased values Oppositional identity 169 Example quotes First-order concepts động thủ công vào Nhưng mà đồ décor mỹ thuật, kỹ thuật đẹp thủ cơng 100% - Chứ nhà mà làm khuôn cốt bây giờ, theo sản xuất hàng loạt ví dụ năm trở lại hàng sản xuất hàng loạt bán chậm, bán ít, cịn hàng thủ cơng bán nhiều Đó giá trị gốm truyền thống - Bản thân thủ công truyền thống vốn đẹp rồi, tuyệt vời rồi, không cần công nghệ thêm Dùng nhiều công nghệ vào tổ làm hỏng thơi - Ở thích làm tay tự nhiên Mình muốn làm kiểu - Máy móc tạo sản phẩm nhiều giá trị chủ yếu đến từ thủ công - ‘By hand, by hand’! Còn yếu tố mà Bát Tràng sống yếu tố thủ công Màu mè, kiểu dáng mẫu mã tất nhiên nhiều gắp từ chỗ khác lại Men màu, đất cát nhập ngoại nhiều, thắng chỗ ‘by hand’ - Khi đưa vào thủ cơng, phải ngành nghệ thuật Nghệ thuật ngày hôm bỏ đồng Nghệ thuật khác với việc làm công nghiệp Công nghiệp làm ABC (kinh tế) cịn đưa máy móc đại vào, tốt vào để sản xuất nghệ thuật gì? Đưa giá trị người làm nghề, giá trị người, đưa văn hóa thủ cơng, làm gốm sứ thủ công đưa này, đưa từ cục đất tạo thành sản phẩm, tạo hoa văn họa tiết thủ công vẽ - Ngành thủ công ngành người ta gọi “hồn cốt” đưa vào sản phẩm để người chơi cảm nhận “hồn cốt” - Làm máy theo quy chuẩn mà lập trình cho máy làm làm sản “By hand, by hand” The ‘heart and soul’ of products are made of craft Secondorder themes Aggregate dimension 170 Example quotes First-order concepts Secondorder themes phẩm, 10 sản phẩm 10… Còn người làm nghề, nghề truyền thống địi hỏi người phải: thứ nhất, có tình u với gốm (đoạn ngắn bị ảnh hưởng trò chuyện nghệ nhân thợ sở sản xuất) Yêu nghề Thứ hai có tay nghề, phải hiểu nghề Khi mà hội tụ yếu tố vào người thợ thủ công người ta “sẽ thổi hồn vào sản phẩm” Mình phải thổi “hồn cốt” vào sản phẩm - Chuyên sâu nhiều năm lại màu lam, màu truyền thống cổ xưa nhiều đời Thậm chí đồ cổ màu thơi Màu khơng riêng mà màu chung cho gốm - Sản xuất cha truyền nối… Ở cha truyền nối đương nhiên Cha truyền cho con, người nghề cao truyền cho người nghề thấp Dần dần kéo lên - Nghề gốm thừa hưởng từ cha ông - Gia đình từ đời ơng, tới bố, đời dạy cho lớp trẻ để nối nghề Làng nghề mà - Thì thực tế sinh đất làng nghề từ bé đến lớn tiếp xúc với nghề nghề thấm vào người thơi Local generation-togeneration continuity of craftwork - Mình người sinh đất làng nghề đất làng nghề có nghề cổ truyền từ đời cha ơng để lại, có từ hàng trăm năm - Có, quan trọng Anh em trao đổi với giúp họ, họ giúp Anh đại diện làng nghề quy tụ với để học hỏi trao đổi kinh nghiệm giới thiệu sản phẩm với nhau, nguyên vật liệu kỹ thuật thứ, thường xuyên anh em trao đổi - Trong làng có hiệp hội làng nghề, hội nghệ nhân Anh em với có trao đổi làm thủ cơng, qua lửa khơng thể giống thuốc chiết xuất Localness Mutual knowledge sharing and support among local artisans Aggregate dimension 171 Example quotes - Các triển lãm phải có hội đưa để tiếp cận, sau trao đổi Có khúc mắc nghề gặp để trao đổi - Nhưng mà hội nghệ nhân để tổ chức cho làng nghề, tham gia đẩy thương hiệu làng nghề nhiệt tình tham gia - Có, có tham gia CLB nghệ nhân… tháng anh em lại ngồi liên hoan, trao đổi với Cái khơng lại sửa… Mình tham gia câu lạc để trao đổi, học hỏi phát triển tốt nhiều Từ sản phẩm làm hay bị hỏng, có anh em trải qua rồi, người ta bảo cách để làm - Mục đích việc thành lập câu lạc để anh em thợ, anh em nghệ nhân thảo luận, học hỏi, rút kinh nghiệm lẫn bảo ban q trình phát triển nghề Và xóm lại có câu lạc riêng Thì để anh em niên xóm, người làm nghề xóm trau dồi bảo ban vấn đề nghề Các bọn tớ thường xuyên họp mặt - Nghĩa mong muốn anh em thành lập có tiếng nói chung, bảo vệ nghề, trau dồi kiến thức First-order concepts Secondorder themes Aggregate dimension 172 Appendix 8: Example of Core-Satellite 173 Appendix 9: The claim of the ABO for their self 174 Appendix 10: Data triangulation that emphasizes customers’ tastes Appendix 11: Matrix of nexus between identities and strategic responses embedded in product innovation among artisan businesses Oppositional Identity Relational Identity Selective Coupling Core-satellite ABO-01 Weak Strong Applicable Not applicable ABO-02 Moderate Strong Applicable Not applicable ABO-03 Strong Strong Applicable ABO-04 Strong Strong Applicable ABO-05 Moderate Strong Applicable Not applicable ABO-06 Moderate Moderate Applicable Not applicable ABO-07 Strong Moderate ABO-08 Weak Strong Applicable Not applicable ABO-09 Moderate Moderate Applicable Not applicable ABO-10 Strong Moderate Applicable ABO-11 Strong Moderate Applicable ABO-12 Strong Strong Applicable ABO-13 Moderate Weak Applicable Not applicable ABO-14 Moderate Moderate Applicable Not applicable ABO-15 Strong Weak Applicable Not applicable Applicable