ADVANCES IN BIOMIMETICS Edited by Anne George Advances in Biomimetics Edited by Anne George Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Stéphane Bidouze, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Biomimetics, Edited by Anne George p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-191-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Preface IX A Cultural Perspective on Biomimetics 1 Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent Biomineralization and Biomimetic Synthesis of Biomineral and Nanomaterials 13 Ming-Guo Ma and Run-Cang Sun The Biomimetic Mineralization Closer to a Real Biomineralization 51 Binbin Hu, Zhonghui Xue and Zuliang Du The Biomimetic Approach to Design Apatites for Nanobiotechnological Applications 75 Norberto Roveri and Michele Iafisco Recent Advances in Biomimetic Synthesis Involving Cyclodextrins 103 Y. V. D. Nageswar, S. Narayana Murthy, B. Madhav and J. Shankar Bioinspired Assembly of Inorganic Nanoplatelets for Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites 127 Tzung-Hua Lin, Wei-Han Huang, In-kook Jun and Peng Jiang Beyond a Nature-inspired Lotus Surface: Simple Fabrication Approach Part I. Superhydrophobic and Transparent Biomimetic Glass Part II. Superamphiphobic Web of Nanofibers 145 Hyuneui Lim Learning from Biosilica: Nanostructured Silicas and Their Coatings on Substrates by Programmable Approaches 159 Ren-Hua Jin and Jian-Jun Yuan Biomimetic Fiber-Reinforced Compound Materials 185 Tom Masselter and Thomas Speck Contents Contents VI Creating Scalable and Addressable Biomimetic Membrane Arrays in Biomedicine 211 Jesper Søndergaard Hansen and Claus Hélix Nielsen Cerasomes: A New Family of Artificial Cell Membranes with Ceramic Surface 231 Jun-ichi Kikuchi and Kazuma Yasuhara Biomimetic Model Membrane Systems Serve as Increasingly Valuable in Vitro Tools 251 Mary T. Le, Jennifer K. Litzenberger and Elmar J. Prenner Biomimetic Membranes as a Tool to Study Competitive Ion-Exchange Processes on Biologically Active Sites 277 Beata Paczosa-Bator, Jan Migdalski and Andrzej Lewenstam Mechanism of Co-salen Biomimetic Catalysis Bleaching of Bamboo Pulp 297 Yan-Di Jia and Xue-Fei Zhou Bioinspired Strategies for Hard Tissue Regeneration 305 Anne George and Chun-Chieh Huang Biomimetics in Bone Cell Mechanotransduction: Understanding Bone’s Response to Mechanical Loading 317 Marnie M Saunders Novel Biomaterials with Parallel Aligned Pore Channels by Directed Ionotropic Gelation of Alginate: Mimicking the Anisotropic Structure of Bone Tissue 349 Florian Despang, Rosemarie Dittrich and Michael Gelinsky Bioinspired and Biomimetic Functional Hybrids as Tools for Regeneration of Orthopedic Interfaces 373 Gopal Pande, R. Sravanthi and Renu Kapoor Advances in Biomimetic Apatite Coating on Metal Implants 397 C.Y. Zhao, H.S. Fan and X.D. Zhang Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Deposition on Titanium Oxide Surfaces for Biomedical Application 429 Wei Xia, Carl Lindahl, Jukka Lausmaa and Håkan Engqvist Biomimetic Topography: Bioinspired Cell Culture Substrates and Scaffolds 453 Lin Wang and Rebecca L. Carrier Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Contents VII Bioengineering the Vocal Fold: A Review of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Applications 473 Rebecca S. Bartlett and Susan L. Thibeault Design, Synthesis and Applications of Retinal-Based Molecular Machines 489 Diego Sampedro, Marina Blanco-Lomas, Laura Rivado-Casas and Pedro J. Campos Development and Experiments of a Bio-inspired Underwater Microrobot with 8 Legs 505 Shuxiang Guo, Liwei Shi and Kinji Asaka Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Pref ac e Biomimetics is the science of emulating nature’s design. In nature, living organisms synthesize mineralized tissues and this process of biomineralization is under strict bio- logical control. It involves the interactions of several biological macromolecules among themselves and with the mineral components. Generally, natures design principles are based on a “Bo om-Up” strategy. Such processes lead to the formation of hierarchically structured organic-inorganic composites with mechanical properties optimized for a given function. A common theme in mineralized tissues is the intimate interaction be- tween the organic and inorganic phases and this leads to the unique properties seen in biological materials. Therefore, understanding natures design principles and ultimately mimicking the process may provide new approaches to synthesize biomaterials with unique properties for various applications. Biomimetics as a scientifi c discipline has experienced an exceptional development. Its potential in several applications such as medical, veterinary, dental science, material science and nanotechnology bears witness to the importance of understanding the processes by which living organisms exert an exquisite control on the fabrication of various materials. Despite several breakthroughs, there exist only a limited number of methods for the preparation of advanced materi- als. Consequently, precisely controlling the architecture and composition of inorganic materials still remain enigmatic. Biological organisms have the extraordinary ability to fabricate a wide variety of inorganic materials into complex morphologies that are hi- erarchically structured on the nano, micro and macroscales with high fi delity. The next generation of biologically inspired materials fabrication methods must draw inspiration from complex biological systems. The interaction between cells, tissues and biomaterial surfaces are the highlights of the book “Advances in Biomimetics”. In this regard the eff ect of nanostructures and nano- topographies and their eff ect on the development of a new generation of biomaterials including advanced multifunctional scaff olds for tissue engineering are discussed. The 2 volumes contain articles that cover a wide spectrum of subject ma er such as diff erent aspects of the development of scaff olds and coatings with enhanced performance and bioactivity, including investigations of material surface-cell interactions. Anne George University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Oral Biology, Chicago, USA [...]... Force – A Verdict from the Chemists, Ambix, 15 , 84 11 4 Canguilhem, G [19 47] Machine et organisme, In: La connaissance de la vie, Vrin, Paris, 19 71, p 10 1 -12 7 Emerton, N (19 94)The Scientific Reinterpretation of Form, Ithaca, Cornell University Press Endy D (2005) Foundations for engineering biology Nature, 438, 25 November, 449-453 Fox Keller, E (19 95) Refiguring Life Metaphors of Twentieth century Biology,... in 19 77 (Cameron et al., 19 77), and made clinical bone fill experiment in 19 78 Using β-TCP in bone regeneration experiment was first reported in 19 81 (Groot & Mitchell, 19 81) In recent years, it was found that β-TCP is a good tissue engineering scaffold material in biomedical field This type of material has some advantages including the gradual degradation in the organisms’ metabolic process, the process... Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 99, April 16 , 2002, 4769–4774 12 Advances in Biomimetics Whitesides G.M.; Grzybowski B (2002) Self-assembly at all scales, Science, 295, March 19 , 2002, 2 418 - 21 Zhang, S (2003) Fabrication of novel biomaterials through molecular self-assembly, Nature Biotechnology, 21, 10 , Oct 2003, 11 71- 78 2 Biomineralization and Biomimetic Synthesis of Biomineral... things that need to be explored, such as the interaction mechanism of inorganic nanoparticles and cancer cells, the biological effects from nanoparticles, and so on Using nanoparticles in cell separation, cell staining, special drugs and new antibodies for the locally oriented therapy is currently in the initial stage Biomineralization and Biomimetic Synthesis of Biomineral and Nanomaterials 21 Using... apatite nanoparticles can inhibit a variety of cancer cells and has promising potential applications in various fields HA nanoparticles had no effect on normal cell activity in cell culture experiments in 19 92 (Li et al., 19 92) HA crystallite can inhibit the growth of cancer cells in 19 94 (Kano et al., 19 94) It was found that the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration of W-256 carcinosarcoma cells increased under... understanding of the differences between nature and technology Bio-inspired designers having to elucidate the principles at work in biomaterials, have to sort out the main variables and constraints operating in the natural world and are gradually able to confront them with the variables and constraints of technological design In reality, we take inspiration from our understanding of nature, which in itself... structure, and function biomineral synthesis It is well known that the structure determines property and the morphology is the external display of structure Here, we intend to review recent progress in biomineral synthesis of other nanomaterials 14 Advances in Biomimetics 2 Biomimetic synthesis of calcium-based inorganic biodegradable nanomaterials 2 .1 Background The biomineral in nature with different... research in the 19 90s To this end, 4 Advances in Biomimetics programs on smart or intelligent materials were launched On a basic level, intelligent materials are structures whose properties can vary according to changes in their environment or in the operating conditions For example, materials whose chemical composition varies according to their surroundings are used in medicine to make prostheses Some materials,... machines, non living entities assembled by human beings from components that humankind has made… In the 21st century, scientists will introduce a manufacturing strategy based on machines and materials that virtually make themselves; what is called self-assembly is easiest to define by what it is not.”(Whitesides, 19 95) How can we make machines and materials build themselves without active human intervention?... “bionics”, a term coined in 19 58, and defined by Jack Steele of the US Air Force as “the science of systems whose function is based on living systems, or which have the characteristics of living systems, or which resemble these” (quoted in Vogel, 19 98, p 250) Bionics was thus centred on systems, while biomimetics was more concerned with mechanics According to Waren Mc Culloch in 19 62, biomimetics encompassed . ADVANCES IN BIOMIMETICS Edited by Anne George Advances in Biomimetics Edited by Anne George Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2 011 InTech All chapters. published March, 2 011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Biomimetics, . Carrier Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Contents VII Bioengineering the Vocal Fold: A Review of Mesenchymal