ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Edited by Vitaliy Zhurbenko Electromagnetic Waves Edited by Vitaliy Zhurbenko Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright John Weiss, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published June, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Electromagnetic Waves, Edited by Vitaliy Zhurbenko p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-304-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 The Physics of Electromagnetic Fields 1 Chapter 1 The Fundamental Physics of Electromagnetic Waves 3 Juliana H. J. Mortenson Chapter 2 Modern Classical Electrodynamics and Electromagnetic Radiation – Vacuum Field Theory Aspects 27 Nikolai N. Bogolubov (Jr.), Anatoliy K. Prykarpatsky Chapter 3 Electromagnetic-wave Contribution to the Quantum Structure of Matter 57 Burke Ritchie Chapter 4 Gouy Phase and Matter Waves 71 Irismar G. da Paz, Maria C. Nemes and José G. P. de Faria Part 2 Methods of Computational Analysis 97 Chapter 5 Simulation and Analysis of Transient Processes in Open Axially-symmetrical Structures: Method of Exact Absorbing Boundary Conditions 99 Olena Shafalyuk, Yuriy Sirenko and Paul Smith Chapter 6 Fractional Operators Approach and Fractional Boundary Conditions 117 Eldar Veliev, Turab Ahmedov, Maksym Ivakhnychenko Part 3 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Scattering 137 Chapter 7 Atmospheric Refraction and Propagation in Lower Troposphere 139 Martin Grabner and Vaclav Kvicera VI Contents Chapter 8 Atmospheric Attenuation due to Humidity 157 Milda Tamošiūnaitė, Mindaugas Žilinskas, Milda Tamošiūnienė and Stasys Tamošiūnas Chapter 9 Effects of Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves in Complex Particles 173 Ludmilla Kolokolova, Elena Petrova and Hiroshi Kimura Chapter 10 Models for Scattering from Rough Surfaces 203 F. Ticconi, L. Pulvirenti and N. Pierdicca Chapter 11 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Circular Tunnels 227 Osama M. Abo-Seida Part 4 Analysis and Applications of Periodic Structures and Waveguide Components 233 Chapter 12 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Thin Dielectric and Metallic Films 235 Luc Lévesque Chapter 13 Quasi-optical Systems Based on Periodic Structures 257 Gennadij Vorobjov, Yulya Shulga and Vitaliy Zhurbenko Chapter 14 Waveguide Mode Converters 283 Yoshihiro Kokubo Part 5 Electromagnetic Material Analysis and Characterization 297 Chapter 15 Resonance Properties of Scattering and Generation of Waves on Cubically Polarisable Dielectric Layers 299 Lutz Angermann and Vasyl V. Yatsyk Chapter 16 Cholesteric Elastomers with Mechanical Control of Optical Spectra 341 J. Adrián Reyes, Laura O. Palomares and Carlos G. Avendaño Chapter 17 Time Domain Reflectometry: Temperature-dependent Measurements of Soil Dielectric Permittivity 369 Wojciech Skierucha Chapter 18 The Temperature Behavior of Resonant and Non-resonant Microwave Absorption in Ni-Zn Ferrites 387 Raúl Valenzuela Contents VII Chapter 19 Complex Permittivity Measurement of High Loss Liquids and its Application to Wine Analysis 403 Z.E. Eremenko, V.N. Skresanov, A.I. Shubnyi, N.S. Anikina, V.G. Gerzhikova and T.A. Zhilyakova Part 6 Applications of Plasma 423 Chapter 20 EMI Shielding using Composite Materials with Plasma Layers 425 Ziaja Jan and Jaroszewski Maciej Chapter 21 Reduction of Reflection from Conducting Surfaces using Plasma Shielding 449 Çiğdem Seçkin Gürel and Emrah Öncü Part 7 Biological Effects and Medical Imaging 471 Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health 473 Feyyaz Özdemir and Aysegül Kargi Chapter 23 Image Resolution and Sensitivity Improvements of a Molecular Imaging Technique Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles 493 Yasutoshi Ishihara, Tsuyoshi Kuwabara and Naoki Wadamori Preface This book is dedicated to various aspects of electromagnetic wave theory and its applications in science and technology. The covered topics include the fundamental physics of electromagnetic waves, theory of electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering, methods of computational analysis, material characterization, electromagnetic properties of plasma, analysis and applications of periodic structures and waveguide components, and finally, the biological effects and medical applications of electromagnetic fields. Even though the classical electromagnetic theory is well-established and experimentally verified, it is far from being a closed subject. In spite of the fact that the theory is capable of providing explanations for all (classical) electromagnetic effects, there are several fundamental problems that remain open. These problems mainly concern the electromagnetic waves behaving like quantum particles. In order to complete the theory of electromagnetic waves, a new fundamental physics emerged suggesting novel concepts to explain observed physical phenomena. The first part of this book is dedicated to the research in this field including various aspects of vacuum field theory, electromagnetic wave contribution to the quantum structure of matter, and matter waves. Modelling and computations in electromagnetics is a fast-growing research area. The general interest in this field is driven by the increased demand for analysis and design of non-canonical electromagnetic structures and rapid increase in computational power for calculation of complex electromagnetic problems. The second part of this book is devoted to the advances in the analysis techniques such as the method of exact absorbing boundary conditions, fractional operator approach, and fractional boundary conditions. The problems of diffraction on infinitely thin surfaces are considered, and the difficulties in the analysis of axially-symmetrical open resonators are addressed. The third part of the book deals with electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering effects. The main focus is made on atmospheric refraction and propagation in the lower troposphere, atmospheric attenuation due to the humidity, interaction of electromagnetic waves with inhomogeneous media composed of complex particles, modelling of scattering from random rough surfaces, and the problems of propagation in waveguides with imperfectly reflecting boundaries. X Preface Waveguides are essential parts of millimetre and submillimetre-wave devices and systems. They are used for guiding electromagnetic energy between the components of the system. In the mentioned frequency band, periodic structures are also often used for wave guiding as well as for realization of delay lines, filter elements, and interaction structures in vacuum electron devices. The fourth part of the book starts with the description of the method of matrix formalism and its application to the analysis of planar waveguides and periodic structures. Then, the open resonators and open waveguides employing periodic structures and their implementation in vacuum electron devices are considered. The fourth part concludes with a chapter on waveguide mode converters. The fifth part of the book is dedicated to interaction of electromagnetic waves with materials and implementation of electromagnetic methods for material analysis and characterisation. This includes scattering and generation of waves on cubically polarisable dielectrics, electromagnetic properties of elastomers, temperature behaviour of microwave absorption in ferrites and permittivity of soil. Time and frequency domain measurement techniques are also considered here. Plasma technology is becoming increasingly attractive for radio communications, radio astronomy and military (stealth) applications due to electromagnetic properties of plasma medium. The shielding properties of plasma are investigated in the sixth part of this book. The final (seventh) part of this book deals with biological effects of electromagnetic radiation and its implementation to medical imaging, particularly, sensitivity and resolution improvement of molecular imaging using magnetic nanoparticles. The presented material in this book is based on recent research work conducted by the authors working within the covered topics, who deserve all the credits for the presented scientific results. Vitaliy Zhurbenko Technical University of Denmark, Denmark [...]... at the absolute temperature 12 Electromagnetic Waves 4 7.31x10 5 7.031x10 -15 erg / cm3 deg 4 3x1 010 (3734 - 2734 )" The time variables in the numerator and denominator cancelled out and Planck was seemingly able to address energy independent of time Dividing by the constant speed of light however, is the same as multiplying by time: E / ts 2 E t E 2x 3 c ts s s (12 ) where “s” is distance In... Table 1. , below): 1 1 Experimental Procedure – Distilled water (500 ml at 20° C) was placed in each of two 1, 000 ml beakers One beaker was irradiated with resonant vibrational electromagnetic frequencies of water for three (3) hours, by a light 20 Electromagnetic Waves Resonant system Thermal system Weight Dissolved (g /10 0ml NaCl) 26.0 23.8 Moles Dissolved (NaCl) 4.65 4.25 Heat of solution (kJ) 17 .4 16 .0... Part 1 The Physics of Electromagnetic Fields 1 The Fundamental Physics of Electromagnetic Waves Juliana H J Mortenson General Resonance, LLC USA 1 Introduction A new foundational physics is emerging which radically changes our concepts of electromagnetic waves The original quantum ideas of Max Planck and Albert Einstein from the... new EM waves were called “resonant Hertzian waves , based on the resonant electrical processes Hertz used to transmit and receive them 2.3 The quantum revolution By the late 18 00’s, the young Max Planck was himself a professor at the University of Berlin and was doing theoretical work on Hertz’s electromagnetic waves (Planck 18 96 and 18 97) Planck modeled the EM waves on the one hand as resonant waves. .. increased (also see Figure 1. , below): (1) Amplitude y = 1 / 1+ x 2 vr Frequency Fig 1 Fermat’s resonance curve showing an increase in vibration amplitude when forces are applied at natural resonant frequencies (“vr”) The brilliant young Isaac Newton (16 43 – 17 27) wrote his famous Principia, describing his three (3) laws of motion around the time of Fermat’s death (Newton, 18 98) The religious climate... particles or packets along the lines of Newton’s “light corpuscles”, and is absorbed in “complete units” or “quanta” The Fundamental Physics of Electromagnetic Waves 9 Although highly controversial, Einstein’s papers brought attention to Planck’s quantum hypothesis and formula A few years later, Niels Bohr (18 85 – 19 62) adopted Planck’s quantum formula in his theory of the hydrogen atom (Bohr, 19 13)... in Planck’s 19 01 blackbody paper, in which he described the experimental data and mathematical methods he used: “ 11 The values of both universal constants h and k may be calculated rather precisely with the aid of available measurement F Kurlbaum, designating the total energy radiating into air from 1 sq cm of a black body at temperature t˚ C in 1 sec, by St found that: S100 – S0 0.07 31 watt / cm2... added) (Gravesande, 17 47) The noted French Newtonian scholar, Emilie du Châtelet (17 06 – 17 49) in her 17 40 book, “Institutions Physiques” asserted that vis viva energy is proportional to the product of mass and velocity squared, based on Gravesand’s painstaking experiments While the vis viva debate raged, the Italian mathematical prodigy Maria Gaetana Agnesi (17 18 17 99), published her 17 48 book on calculus... (Helmholtz, 18 62) He also described resonant coupling as “sympathetic resonance” Helmholtz eventually rose to the highest physics position in Germany at the University of Berlin, where he influenced many young students including Max Planck (18 58 – 19 47) and Heinrich Hertz (18 57 – 18 94) (Helmholtz, 18 96 and 19 04) After Helmholtz challenged Hertz to prove the existence of Maxwell’s theoretical EM waves, Hertz... resonance curve being known as the “Witch of Agnesi” (Spencer, 19 40) 2.2 Nineteenth century physics By the nineteenth century, the brilliant Joseph Louis Lagrange (17 36 – 18 13) had organized the works of nearly every known scientist on matters of velocity, inertia, force, energy, and dynamics into his “Méchanique Analytique” (Lagrange, 18 11) Lagrange declared that for a body at constant velocity, its . IX Part 1 The Physics of Electromagnetic Fields 1 Chapter 1 The Fundamental Physics of Electromagnetic Waves 3 Juliana H. J. Mortenson Chapter 2 Modern Classical Electrodynamics and Electromagnetic. Denmark, Denmark Part 1 The Physics of Electromagnetic Fields 1 The Fundamental Physics of Electromagnetic Waves Juliana H. J. Mortenson General Resonance, LLC USA 1. Introduction A. including Max Planck (18 58 – 19 47) and Heinrich Hertz (18 57 – 18 94). (Helmholtz, 18 96 and 19 04) After Helmholtz challenged Hertz to prove the existence of Maxwell’s theoretical EM waves, Hertz succeeded